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43 results for “european starling”
Data from: Timing of egg-laying in relation to a female's social environment in European starlings
<p>It is widely assumed that female birds use non-photic supplemental cues, including social factors, to fine-tune timing of egg-laying to local conditions, but our knowledge of the nature of these social cues and how they operate remains limited. We analyzed the relationship between a female's social environment (nearest neighbor distances, residency, female -and- network familiarity, synchrony) and variation in timing of egg-laying in European starlings (<em>Sturnus vulgaris</em>) using individual, residual laying date (controlling for annual variation) and temperature-independent residual laying date (accounting for the effect of ambient temperature on laying date). Female social environment varied systematically with overall spatial distribution of nest-boxes (linear vs clumped boxes) but this was not associated with spatial variation in laying date or temperature-independent residual laying date. We found no evidence for any relationships between individual variation in social environment and individual, residual laying date and only weak evidence for any association with individual, temperature-independent residual laying date. The latter was associated with a) nearest neighbor distances in the linear habitat, with females nesting closer to neighbors laying earlier than predicted by temperature, but not in the two clumped habitats, and b) neighbor familiarity: females with an intermediate number of returning females (3/8) laid closest to the predicted date. Finally, despite the fact that synchrony was not associated with other social environment metrics, females with lower laying synchrony among neighbors laid earlier than predicted by temperature. This suggests that some components of the female-female social environment could act as supplemental cues for timing of egg-laying.</p>
European Starling categorical perception chronic ephys and behavior dataset
<p>This dataset corresponds to the currently in-press paper "Expectation-driven sensory adaptations support enhanced acuity during categorical perception" in Nature Neuroscience. </p> <p> </p> <p>This dataset corresponds to the code at <a href="https://github.com/timsainb/cdcp_paper">https://github.com/timsainb/cdcp_paper</a></p> <p>Please refer to the readme for this GitHub repo, which contains all the necessary information for reproducing our analyses or using this data for additional analyses. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <pre> </pre>
Season, anthocyanin supplementation, and flight training have mixed effects on the antioxidant system of migratory European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)
<p>Migratory birds engage in two periods of endurance flight annually as they travel between summer breeding and overwintering grounds, and such endurance flights likely incur oxidative costs. These costs may differ between fall and spring migration, especially for females who must prepare for breeding and egg laying in spring. The objective of this study of a migratory bird was to test proposed hypotheses about how key components of the female's antioxidant system differ in response to flight training in the fall and spring and to dietary antioxidant supplementation. We hand-raised female European starlings (<i>Sturnus vulgaris</i>) and then fed them either a diet supplemented with dietary anthocyanins or a diet without added anthocyanins. <a name="_Hlk53656115">We then flew females in a windtunnel for 15 days during fall and spring migration seasons and measured over time oxidative damage (d-ROMs) and three components of the antioxidant system</a>—non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (OXY), uric acid, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Prior to flight training, non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity and oxidative damage were lower in females during spring compared to fall, and females fed a low-antioxidant diet had consistently higher circulating uric acid. GPx activity decreased more in spring immediately after a long-duration flight. Females fed a high-antioxidant diet had a greater decrease in non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity after the 15-day flight training. <a name="_Hlk53656268">Flight-trained females had higher circulating uric acid than untrained females immediately after the longest-duration flight</a>, and decreased GPx activity after the 15-day flight training. In sum, females upregulated enzymatic and non-enzymatic endogenous antioxidants in spring, and females fed a diet with less antioxidants appear to compensate by increasing circulating uric acid. Our findings emphasize the important role of dietary antioxidants for birds during migration, <a name="_Hlk53656372">and that similar flights in fall and spring likely represent distinct oxidative challenges in the life history of female birds.</a></p>
Data from: Environment but not geography explains genetic variation in the invasive and largely panmictic European starling in North America
Populations of invasive species that colonize and spread in novel environments may differentiate both through demographic processes and local selection throughout the genome. European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were introduced to New York in 1890 and subsequently spread throughout North America, becoming one of the most widespread and numerous bird species on the continent. Genome-wide comparisons across starling individuals and populations can identify demographic and/or selective factors that facilitated this rapid and successful expansion. We investigated patterns of genomic diversity and differentiation using reduced-representation genome sequencing (ddRADseq) of 17 starling populations. Consistent with this species' high dispersal rates and rapid expansion history, we found low genome-wide differentiation and few FST outliers even at a continental scale. Despite starting from a founding population of approximately 180 individuals, North American starlings do not seem to have undergone a detectable genetic bottleneck: they have maintained an extremely large effective population size since introduction. We find more than 200 variants that correlate with temperature and/or precipitation. Genotype-environment associations (but not outlier scans) identify these SNPs against a background of negligible genome- and range-wide divergence. Such variants fall in the coding regions of genes associated with metabolism, stress, and neurological function. This evidence for incipient local adaptation in North American starlings suggests that it can evolve rapidly even in wide-ranging and evolutionarily young populations. This survey of genomic signatures of expansion in North American starlings is the most comprehensive to date and complements ongoing studies of world-wide local adaptation in these highly dispersive and invasive birds.
Unravelling the role of thyroid hormones in seasonal neuroplasticity in European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)
<p class="MsoNormal">Thyroid hormones clearly play a role in the seasonal regulation of reproduction, but any role they might play in song behavior and the associated seasonal neuroplasticity in songbirds remains to be elucidated. To pursue this question, we first established seasonal patterns in the expression of thyroid hormone regulating genes in male European starlings employing in situ hybridization methods. Thyroid hormone transporter LAT1 expression in the song nucleus HVC was elevated during the photosensitive phase, pointing towards an active role of thyroid hormones during this window of possible neuroplasticity. In contrast, DIO3 expression was high in HVC during the photostimulated phase, limiting the possible effect of thyroid hormones to maintain song stability during the breeding season. Next, we studied the effect of hypothyroidism on song behavior and neuroplasticity using i<em>n vivo </em>MRI. Both under natural conditions as with methimazole treatment, circulating thyroid hormone levels decreased during the photosensitive period, which coincided with the onset of neuroplasticity. This inverse relationship between thyroid hormones and neuroplasticity was further demonstrated by the negative correlation between plasma T3 and the microstructural changes in several song control nuclei and cerebellum. Furthermore, maintaining hypothyroidism during the photostimulated period inhibited the increase in testosterone, confirming the role of thyroid hormones in activating the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. The lack of high testosterone levels influenced the song behavior of hypothyroid starlings, while the lack of high plasma T4 during photostimulation affected the myelination of several tracts. Potentially, a global reduction of circulating thyroid hormones during the photosensitive period is necessary to lift the brake on neuroplasticity imposed by the photorefractory period, whereas local fine-tuning of thyroid hormone concentrations through LAT1 could activate underlying neuroplasticity mechanisms. Whereas an increase in circulating T4 during the photostimulated period potentially influences the myelination of several white matter tracts, which stabilizes the neuroplastic changes. Given the complexity of thyroid hormone effects, this study is a steppingstone to disentangle the influence of thyroid hormones on seasonal neuroplasticity.</p>
Figure 2B in Coproparasitological study of European starling nestlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in Argentina
Figure 2B. Egg of a cestode containing the hexacanth embryo with 6 hooks.
Figure 1B in Coproparasitological study of European starling nestlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in Argentina
Figure 1B. Unsporulated oocyst.
Data and code archive for Andrews et al. 'Exposure to food insecurity increases energy storage and reduces somatic maintenance in European starlings'
<p>Data and code archive for Andrews et al. 'Exposure to food insecurity increases energy storage and reduces somatic maintenance in European starlings'</p> <p>The archive contains one R script and three .Rdata data files, relating to the mass data, the telomere data, and the food consumption data respectively.</p>
Data from: Mid-winter temperatures, not spring temperatures, predict breeding phenology in the European starling Sturnus vulgaris
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Data from: Timing of egg-laying in relation to a female's social environment in European starlings
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Data from: Physiological predictors of reproductive performance in the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
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Data from: Environment but not geography explains genetic variation in the invasive and largely panmictic European starling in North America
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Season, anthocyanin supplementation, and flight training have mixed effects on the antioxidant system of migratory European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)
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Unravelling the role of thyroid hormones in seasonal neuroplasticity in European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)
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The effects of dietary linoleic acid and hydrophilic antioxidants on basal, peak, and sustained metabolism in flight trained European Starlings
<p>Dietary micronutrients have the ability to strongly influence animal physiology and ecology. For songbirds, dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and antioxidants are hypothesized to be particularly important micronutrients because of their influence on an individual's capacity for aerobic metabolism and recovery from extended bouts of exercise. However, the influence of specific fatty acids and hydrophilic antioxidants on whole-animal performance remain largely untested. We used diet manipulations to directly test the effects of dietary PUFA, specifically linoleic acid (18:2n6), and anthocyanins, a hydrophilic antioxidant, on basal metabolic rate (BMR), peak metabolic rate (PMR), and rates of fat catabolism, lean catabolism, and energy expenditure during sustained flight in a wind tunnel in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). BMR, PMR, energy expenditure, and fat metabolism decreased and lean catabolism increased over the course of the experiment in birds fed a high (32%) 18:2n6 diet, while birds fed a low (13%) 18:2n6 diet exhibited the reverse pattern. Additionally, energy expenditure, fat catabolism, and flight duration were all subject to diet-specific effects of whole-body fat content. Dietary antioxidants and diet-related differences in tissue fatty acid composition were not directly related to any measure of whole-animal performance. Together, these results suggest that the effect of dietary 18:2n6 on performance was most likely the result of the signaling properties of 18:2n6. This implies that dietary PUFA influence the energetic capabilities of songbirds, and could strongly influence songbird ecology, given their availability in terrestrial systems.</p>
Data from: Individual variation in parental workload and breeding productivity in female European starlings: is the effort worth it?
We analyzed individual variation in work load (nest visit rate) during chick-rearing, and the consequences of this variation in terms of breeding productivity, in a highly synchronous breeder, the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) focusing on female birds. There was marked (10- to 16-fold) variation in total, female and male nest visit rates, among individuals, but individual variation in female nest visit rate was independent of environment (rainfall, temperature) and metrics of individual quality (laying date, clutch size, amount of male provisioning help), and was only weakly associated with chick demand (i.e., day 6 brood size). Female nest visit rate was independent of date and experimentally delayed birds provisioned at the same rate as peak-nesting birds; supporting a lack of effect of date per se. Brood size at fledging was positively but weakly related to total nest visit rate (male + female), with >fivefold variation in nest visit rate for any given brood size, and in females brood size at fledging and chick mass at fledging were independent of female nest visit rate, that is, individual variation in workload was not associated with higher productivity. Nevertheless, nest visit rate in females was repeatable among consecutive days (6–8 posthatching), and between peak (first) and second broods, but not among years. Our data suggest that individual females behave as if committed to a certain level of parental care at the outset of their annual breeding attempt, but this varies among years, that is, behavior is not fixed throughout an individual's life but represents an annually variable decision. We suggest females are making predictable decisions about their workload during provisioning that maximizes their overall fitness based on an integration of information on their current environment (although these cues currently remain unidentified).
Data from: Individual variation in parental workload and breeding productivity in female European starlings: is the effort worth it?
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The effects of dietary linoleic acid and hydrophilic antioxidants on basal, peak, and sustained metabolism in flight trained European Starlings
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Data and code archive for 'Time perception and patience: Individual differences in interval timing precision predict choice impulsivity in European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris'
<p>Data and code for Andrews et al. '<strong>Time perception and patience: Individual differences in interval timing precision predict choice impulsivity in European starlings, <em>Sturnus vulgaris'</em></strong></p> <p>Version of November 02 2020</p> <p>The data are presented here with different degrees of processing (i.e. from every trial on every day by every bird separately in 'timing data.Rdata', to one summary row per bird in 'timing data by bird.csv'). Separate scripts do the processing, fit polynomials, reproduce the by-bird analyses in the paper, and run the numerical model. Please see the document 'Description of R scripts and files' for details of the different versions of the data and what each script does.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Early exposure to a bacterial endotoxin advances the onset of moult in the European starling
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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