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Fig. 6 in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 6. Seeds of the Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex. A–C, Impatiens ludewigii: A & B, Seed; C, Detail of testa. D & E, Impatiens versicolor: D, Seed; E, Detail of testa. F & G, Impatiens gesneroidea: F, Seed; G, Detail of testa. — Scale bars: A, 600 μm; B, 500 μm; C, 100 μm; D, 400 μm; E, 70 μm; F, 400 μm; G, 100 μm. A–C, Fischer 13912, BG Bonn 37754; D & E, Fischer 13988, BG Bonn 34557; F & G, Fischer 11021, BG Bonn 32578.

Fig. 4 in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 4. Seeds of the Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex. A & B, Impatiens purpureoviolacea: A, Seed; B, Detail of testa. C & D, Impatiens lutzmannii: C, Seed; D, Detail of testa. E & F, Impatiens urundiensis: E, Seed; F, Detail of testa. — Scale bars: A, 300 μm; B, 60 μm; C, 500 μm; D, 80 μm; E, 500 μm; F, 90 μm. A & B, Fischer 12958, BG Bonn 36240; C & D, Fischer 13002, BG Bonn 33486; E & F, Fischer 13301, BG Bonn 35170.

Fig. 5 in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 5. Seeds of the Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex. A & B, Impatiens kivuensis: A, Seed; B, Detail of testa. C & D, Impatiens ×troupinii: C, Seed; D, Detail of testa. E & F, Impatiens elwiraurzulae: E, Seed; F, Detail of testa. — Scale bars: A, 400 μm; B, 70 μm; C, 300 μm; D, 90 μm; E, 700 μm; F, 100 μm. A & B, Fischer 13451, BG Bonn 34557; C & D, Fischer 13912, BG Bonn 37754; E & F, Dumbo & Dumbo s.n., BG Bonn 39658.

Fig. 3 in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 3. Distribution map of the two bird-pollinated species from the Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex.

Fig. 2 in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 2. Distribution map of the eight insect-pollinated species of the Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex. Dots indicate species with hairy ovaries, and stars mark species with glabrous ovaries.

Fig. 1 in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 1. Maximum clade credibility tree of the Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex as obtained via the BEAST dating analysis. Node bars indicate 95% highest posterior density confidence intervals. Support values of the MP, ML and BI analyses are shown on the branches.

openmit-licenseMar 2022View details →

MATLAB code for 'Bounds on quantum evolution complexity via lattice cryptography'

We provide the MATLAB code and data to reproduce the numerical results presented in the paper https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.13924.

dryad40/100

The evolution, complexity and diversity of models of long-term forest dynamics

1. To assess the impacts of climate change on vegetation from stand to global scales, models of forest dynamics that include tree demography are needed. Such models are now available for 50 years, but the currently existing diversity of model formulations and its evolution over time are poorly documented. This hampers systematic assessments of structural uncertainties in model-based studies. 2. We conducted a meta-analysis of 28 models, focusing on models that were used in the past five years for climate change studies. We defined 52 model attributes in five groups (basic assumptions, growth, regeneration, mortality and soil moisture) and characterized each model according to these attributes. Analyses of model complexity and diversity included hierarchical cluster analysis and redundancy analysis. 3. Model complexity evolved considerably over the past 50 years. Increases in complexity were largest for growth processes, while complexity of modelled establishment processes increased only moderately. Model diversity was lowest at the global scale, and highest at the landscape scale. We identified five distinct clusters of models, ranging from very simple models to models where specific attribute groups are rendered in a complex manner and models that feature high complexity across all attributes. 4. Most models in use today are not balanced in the level of complexity with which they represent different processes. This is the result of different model purposes, but also reflects legacies in model code, modelers' preferences, and the 'prevailing spirit of the epoch'. The lack of firm theories, laws and 'first principles' in ecology provides high degrees of freedom in model development, but also results in high responsibilities for model developers and the need for rigorous model evaluation. 5. Synthesis. The currently available model diversity is beneficial: convergence in simulations of structurally different models indicates robust projections, while convergence of similar models may convey a false sense of certainty. The existing model diversity – with the exception of global models – can be exploited for improved projections based on multiple models. We strongly recommend balanced further developments of forest models that should particularly focus on establishment and mortality processes, in order to provide robust information for decisions in ecosystem management and policymaking.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

Data: Testing the mating system model of parasite complex life cycle evolution reveals demographically driven mixed mating

Abstract: Many parasite species use multiple host species to complete development; however, empirical tests of models that seek to understand factors impacting evolutionary changes or maintenance of host number in parasite life cycles are scarce. Specifically, Brown et al.’s (2001) mating system model, which posits multi-host life cycles are an adaptation to prevent inbreeding in hermaphroditic parasites and thus, preclude inbreeding depression, remains untested. The model assumes loss of a host results in parasite inbreeding and predicts host loss can only evolve if there is no parasite inbreeding depression. <a name="_Hlk169780726"></a>We provide the first empirical tests of this model using a novel approach we developed for assessing inbreeding depression from field-collected, parasite samples. The method compares genetically-based, selfing-rate estimates to a demographic-based selfing rate, which was derived from the closed mating system experienced by endoparasites.  Results from the hermaphroditic trematode Alloglossidium renale, which has a derived 2-host life cycle, supported both the assumption and prediction of the mating system model as this highly inbred species had no indication of inbreeding depression. Additionally, comparisons of genetic and demographic selfing rates revealed <a name="_Hlk169781073"></a>a mixed mating system that could be explained completely by the parasite’s demography, i.e., its infection intensities.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: Species delimitation in the Gehyra nana (Squamata: Gekkonidae) complex: cryptic and divergent morphological evolution in the Australian Monsoonal Tropics, with the description of four new species.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Species delimitation in the Gehyra nana (Squamata: Gekkonidae) complex: cryptic and divergent morphological evolution in the Australian Monsoonal Tropics, with the description of four new species". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/5f73d28a-b9b5-4297-91c5-e14ce6f4db0b">https://bionomia.net/dataset/5f73d28a-b9b5-4297-91c5-e14ce6f4db0b</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/5f73d28a-b9b5-4297-91c5-e14ce6f4db0b">https://gbif.org/dataset/5f73d28a-b9b5-4297-91c5-e14ce6f4db0b</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: Taxonomy and evolution of the Convolvulus sabatius complex (Convolvulaceae).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Taxonomy and evolution of the Convolvulus sabatius complex (Convolvulaceae)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/c3aad537-5702-4cac-9f2d-dd3db172e280">https://bionomia.net/dataset/c3aad537-5702-4cac-9f2d-dd3db172e280</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/c3aad537-5702-4cac-9f2d-dd3db172e280">https://gbif.org/dataset/c3aad537-5702-4cac-9f2d-dd3db172e280</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Figure 3 in The origin of mammalian endothermy: a paradigm for the evolution of complex biological structure

Figure 3. The interrelationships of the structures and functions responsible for or affected by endothermic temperature physiology of a mammal.

Figure 2 in The origin of mammalian endothermy: a paradigm for the evolution of complex biological structure

Figure 2. The proposed effect of a small increase in the number of mitochondria per cell on several functions of endothermy.

Figure 4 in The origin of mammalian endothermy: a paradigm for the evolution of complex biological structure

Figure 4. On the left, computer-generated walks through a multi-task landscape requiring adaptation simultaneously for light interception, mechanical stability and reproductive success. On the right, some of the optimal compromise morphologies generated by different walks (from Niklas, 1995).

Figure 1. A in The origin of mammalian endothermy: a paradigm for the evolution of complex biological structure

Figure 1. A, reconstruction of the skeleton of the therocephalian therapsid Regisaurus in lateral and dorsal views (from Kemp, 1986). B, internal view of the nasal cavity of the therocephalian Glanosuchus (from Hillenius, 1994). Abbreviations: etht?, possible ethmo-turbinal ridge; mxt?, possible maxillo-turbinal ridge; nt?, possible naso-turbinal ridge.

Figs 83-88 in Classification, natural history, and evolution of Tarsosteninae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part IV. Taxonomy of the Tarsostenodes complex of Australia, New Caledonia, New Guinea, and Tasmania

Figs 83-88: Male terminalia. (83) Tarsostenodes tentus. (84) T. vesica. (85) Tarsostenus antehelvis. (86) T. bicolor. (87) T. hilaris. (88) T. univittatus.

Figs 71-82 in Classification, natural history, and evolution of Tarsosteninae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part IV. Taxonomy of the Tarsostenodes complex of Australia, New Caledonia, New Guinea, and Tasmania

Figs 71-82: Male terminalia. (71) Blackburniella apicula. (72) B. intricata. (73) Paratillus carus. (74) P. atali. (75) Tarsostenodes albonotatus. (76) T. cribripennis. (77) T. gibbus. (78) T. guttulus. (79) T. howensis. (80) T. leucogramma. (81) T. morulus. (82) T. simulator.

Figs 63-66 in Classification, natural history, and evolution of Tarsosteninae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part IV. Taxonomy of the Tarsostenodes complex of Australia, New Caledonia, New Guinea, and Tasmania

Figs 63-66: Habitus. (63) Tarsostenodes tentus. (64) T. vesica. (65) Tarsostenus antehelvis. (66) T. bicolor.

Figs 67-70 in Classification, natural history, and evolution of Tarsosteninae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part IV. Taxonomy of the Tarsostenodes complex of Australia, New Caledonia, New Guinea, and Tasmania

Figs 67-70: Habitus. (67) Tarsostenus hilaris. (68) T. kanak. (69) T. tricolor. (70) T. univittatus.

Figs 22-40 in Classification, natural history, and evolution of Tarsosteninae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part IV. Taxonomy of the Tarsostenodes complex of Australia, New Caledonia, New Guinea, and Tasmania

Figs 22-40: Pronota. (22) Paratillus carus. (23) Tarsostenodes cribripennis. (24) T. guttulus. (25) T. albonotatus. (26) Blackburniella apicula. (27) B. intricata. (28) Tarsostenodes simulator. (29) T. bullatus. (30) T. tentus. (31) T. gibbus. (32) T. leucogramma. (33) T. howensis. (34) T. vesica. (35) Tarsostenus hilaris. (36) Tarsostenus. univittatus. (37) T. morulus. (38) T. bicolor. (39) T. kanak. (40) Paratillus atali.