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65 results for “extra-pair paternity”
Data from: The influence of nonrandom extra-pair paternity on heritability estimates derived from wild pedigrees
Quantitative genetic analysis is often fundamental for understanding evolutionary processes in wild populations. Avian populations provide a model system due to the relative ease of inferring relatedness amongst individuals through observation. However, extra-pair paternity (EPP) creates erroneous links within the social pedigree. Previous work has suggested this causes minor underestimation of heritability if paternal misassignment is random and hence not influenced by the trait being studied. Nevertheless, much literature suggests numerous traits are associated with EPP and the accuracy of heritability estimates for such traits remains unexplored. We show analytically how non-random pedigree errors can influence heritability estimates. Then, combining empirical data from a large great tit (Parus major) pedigree with simulations, we assess how heritability estimates derived from social pedigrees change depending on the mode of the relationship between EPP and the focal trait. We show that the magnitude of the underestimation is typically small (<15%). Hence, our analyses suggest that quantitative genetic inference from pedigrees derived from observations of social relationships are relatively robust; our approach also provides a widely-applicable method for assessing the consequences of non-random EPP.
Data from: Female and male genetic effects on offspring paternity: additive genetic (co)variances in female extra-pair reproduction and male paternity success in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia)
Ongoing evolution of polyandry, and consequent extra-pair reproduction in socially monogamous systems, is hypothesised to be facilitated by indirect selection stemming from cross-sex genetic covariances with components of male fitness. Specifically, polyandry is hypothesised to create positive genetic covariance with male paternity success due to inevitable assortative reproduction, driving ongoing coevolution. However, it remains unclear whether such covariances could or do emerge within complex polyandrous systems. First, we illustrate that genetic covariances between female extra-pair reproduction and male within-pair paternity success might be constrained in socially monogamous systems where female and male additive genetic effects can have opposing impacts on the paternity of jointly reared offspring. Second, we demonstrate non-zero additive genetic variance in female liability for extra-pair reproduction and male liability for within-pair paternity success, modelled as direct and associative genetic effects on offspring paternity respectively, in free-living song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). The posterior mean additive genetic covariance between these liabilities was slightly positive, but the credible interval was wide and overlapped zero. Therefore, while substantial total additive genetic variance exists, the hypothesis that ongoing evolution of female extra-pair reproduction is facilitated by genetic covariance with male within-pair paternity success cannot yet be definitively supported or rejected either conceptually or empirically.
Data from: A likelihood-based approach for assessment of extra-pair paternity and conspecific brood parasitism in natural populations
Genotypes are frequently used to assess alternative reproductive strategies such as extra-pair paternity and conspecific brood parasitism in wild populations. However, such analyses are vulnerable to genotyping error or molecular artefacts that can bias results. For example, when using multilocus microsatellite data, a mismatch at a single locus, suggesting the offspring was not directly related to its putative parents, can occur quite commonly even when the offspring is truly related. Some recent studies have advocated an ad-hoc rule that offspring must differ at more than one locus in order to conclude that they are not directly related. While this reduces the frequency with which true offspring are identified as not directly related young, it also introduces bias in the opposite direction, wherein not directly related young are categorized as true offspring. More importantly, it ignores the additional information on allele frequencies which would reduce overall bias. In this study, we present a novel technique for assessing extra-pair paternity and conspecific brood parasitism using a likelihood-based approach in a new version of program cervus. We test the suitability of the technique by applying it to a simulated data set and then present an example to demonstrate its influence on the estimation of alternative reproductive strategies.
Individual quality and extra-pair paternity in the blue tit: sexy males bear the costs
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Adaptive explanations for the evolution of extra-pair paternity (EPP) suggest that females seek extra-pair copulations with high quality males. Still, the link between ornamentation, individual quality and paternity remains unclear. Moreover, honest signaling is essential when explaining EPP because it is needed for sexual selection to occur; yet, it is understudied in multiple ornaments. Because blue tits (<i>Cyanistes caeruleus</i>) show variable color expression in several plumage patches, we tested: (i) over two seasons, whether males in better condition, more ornamented and less infected by blood parasites gain EPP and have higher reproductive success, and (ii) over three seasons, whether mating patterns affect color change. Males with more saturated yellow feathers, brighter tails and in better condition had higher reproductive success in one of the seasons. Contrary to expectation, in another season, males that gained EPP were parasitized by blood parasites, suggesting increased vector exposure during extra-pair copulations. Our results for two seasons show that males siring more extra-pair young were older and grew brighter cheek or tail feathers for the following season. Despite the increased mating costs, in socially monogamous avian systems, high quality males incur in EPP without compromising traits that may be under sexual selection. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p> </p>
The evolutionary genetics of paternal care: how good genes and extra-pair copulation affect the trade-off between paternal care and mating success
<p>We investigate the evolution of a gene for paternal care, with pleiotropic effects on male mating fitness and offspring viability, with and without extra pair copulations (EPCs). We develop a population genetic model to examine how pleiotropic effects of a male mating advantage and paternal care are affected by 'good genes' and EPCs. Using this approach, we show that the relative effects of each on fitness do not always predict the evolutionary change. We then find the line of combinations of mating success and paternal care that bisects the plane of possible values into regions of positive or negative gene frequency change. This line shifts when either good genes or EPCs are introduced, thereby expanding or contracting the region of positive gene frequency change and significantly affecting the evolution of paternal care. Predictably, a direct viability effect of 'good genes' that enhances offspring viability constrains or expands the parameter space over which paternal care can evolve, depending on whether the viability effect is associated with the paternal care allele or not. In either case, the effect of a 'good gene' that enhances offspring viability is substantial; when strong enough, it can even facilitate the evolution of <i>poor</i>paternal care, where males harm their young. When non-random mating is followed by random EPCs, the genetic regression between sire and offspring is reduced and, consequently, the relative strengths of selection are skewed away from paternal care and toward the male mating advantage. However, when random mating is followed by non-random EPCs, a situation called "trading up" by females, we show that selection is skewed in the opposite direction, away from male mating advantage and toward paternal care across the natural range of EPC frequencies.</p>
Sperm numbers on the perivitelline layers of blue tit eggs are repeatable within a clutch, but independent of the occurrence of extra-pair paternity
In many socially monogamous bird species, females produce offspring sired by males other than their social partner. A large body of research has aimed to elucidate the evolutionary causes and consequences of such extra-pair paternity, but relatively little is known about the underlying behaviour. The number of sperm on the egg's perivitelline layers (PVL) is related to recent copulation activity and may thus give some insight into the female's mating behaviour. We used a simple technique that allowed us to remove embryonic cells from the blastoderm for DNA extraction whilst keeping the PVL intact for sperm counts. Using 243 eggs from 99 blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), we show that PVL sperm numbers were repeatable within clutches (r = 0.40 [95% CI: 0.25-0.53]). However, neither overall sperm numbers, nor changes in sperm numbers across the laying sequence differed between clutches that contained extra-pair sired eggs and those that did not. Our results therefore provide no evidence that females with and without extra-pair young differ in their copulation activity.
Data from: Extra-pair paternity in two populations of the socially monogamous Thorn-tailed Rayadito Aphrastura spinicauda (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)
Studies on extra-pair paternity (EPP) are key to understanding the ecological and evolutionary drivers of variation in avian mating strategies, but information is currently lacking for most tropical and sub-tropical taxa. We describe the occurrence of EPP in two populations of a South American socially monogamous bird, the Thorn-tailed Rayadito, based on data from 266 broods and 895 offspring that were sampled during six breeding seasons in north-central and southern Chile. In the northern population, 21% of the broods contained at least one extra-pair young and 14% of all offspring were sired by an extra-pair male, while in the southern population, we detected extra-pair offspring (EPO) in 14% of the broods, and 6% of all offspring were EPO. Variation in the frequency of EPP could stem from population differences in the duration of the breeding season or the density of breeding individuals. Other factors such as differences in breeding synchrony and variation in food availability need to be evaluated. More reports on EPP rates are necessary to determine the patterns of taxonomic and geographic variation in mating strategies in Neotropical birds, and to better understand the differences in ecological dynamics between northern and southern hemisphere populations.
Extra-pair paternity explains cooperation among neighbours in a bird
<p>In many social animals, females mate with multiple males, but the adaptive role of female extra-pair mating is not fully understood. This data set tests whether male pied flycatchers (<em>Ficedula hypoleuca</em>) engaging in extra-pair copulations with neighbouring females were more likely to assist their neighbours in predator mobbing. It shows that extra-pair sires joined mobs more often, approached predators more closely, and attacked predators more aggressively than males without extra-pair offspring in the neighbouring nest. Our results support theoretical predictions suggesting that extra-pair mating incentivizes males to assist in nest defences. </p>
Extra-pair paternity in the Saffron Finch is related to song peak frequency and body condition
<p>dataset of article<br> María Juliana Benitez Saldivar, Carolina Isabel Miño & Viviana Massoni (2022)<br> Extra-pair paternity in the Saffron Finch is related to song peak frequency and body condition.<br> Emu-Austral Ornithology 122:3-4, 226-237</p>
Data from: Bi-parental versus cooperative breeding in a passerine: fitness-maximizing strategies of males in response to risk of extra-pair paternity?
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Data from: The colour of paternity: extra-pair paternity in the wild Gouldian finch does not appear to be driven by genetic incompatibility between morphs
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Data from: Extra-pair mating in a socially monogamous and paternal mouthbrooding cardinalfish
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Data from: Does perceived predation risk affect patterns of extra-pair paternity? A field experiment in a passerine bird
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Data from: Genetic covariance between components of male reproductive success: within-pair versus extra-pair paternity in song sparrows
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Data from: The influence of nonrandom extra-pair paternity on heritability estimates derived from wild pedigrees
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Strong sexual selection despite spatial constraints on extra-pair paternity
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Data from: Age-dependent trajectories differ between within-pair and extra-pair paternity success
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Female need for paternal care shapes variation in extra-pair paternity in a cooperative breeder
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Data from: Extra food provisioning reduces extra-pair paternity in the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni)
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Data from: Beyond the alpha: Extra-pair paternities and male reproductive success in a primate multilevel society
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