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182 results for “exudates”
Data from: Root-exuded benzoxazinoids can alleviate negative plant-soil feedbacks
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Mycorrhizal fungi alter root exudation to cultivate a beneficial microbiome for plant growth
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Data from: Rhizodeposition through root senescence and root exudation of atmospheric C and N by legumes is controlled by traits indicative of resource acquisition and root development
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Natural variation in root exudate composition in the genetically structured Arabidopsis thaliana in the Iberian Peninsula
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Data from: The Automated Root Exudate System (ARES): a method to apply solutes at regular intervals to soils in the field
1) Root exudation is a key component of nutrient and carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. Exudation rates vary widely by plant species and environmental conditions but our understanding of how root exudates affect soil functioning is incomplete, in part because there are few viable methods to manipulate root exudates in situ. To address this, we devised the Automated Root Exudate System (ARES), which simulates increased root exudation by applying small amounts of labile solutes at regular intervals in the field. 2) The ARES is a gravity-fed drip irrigation system comprising a reservoir bottle connected via a timer to a micro-hose irrigation grid covering c. 1 m2; 24 drip-tips are inserted into the soil to 4-cm depth to apply solutions into the rooting zone. We installed two ARES subplots within existing litter removal and control plots in a temperate deciduous woodland. We applied either an artificial root exudate solution (RE) or a procedural control solution (CP) to each subplot for 1 min d-1 during two growing seasons. To investigate the influence of root exudation on soil carbon dynamics, we measured soil respiration monthly and soil microbial biomass at the end of each growing season. 3) The ARES applied the solutions at a rate of c. 2 L m-2 wk-1 without significantly increasing soil water content. The application of RE solution had a clear effect on soil carbon dynamics but the response varied by litter treatment. Across two growing seasons, soil respiration was 25% higher in RE compared to CP subplots in the litter removal treatment, but not in the control plots. By contrast, we observed a significant increase in microbial biomass carbon (33%) and nitrogen (26%) in RE subplots in the control litter treatment. 4) The ARES is an effective, low-cost method to apply experimental solutions directly into the rooting zone in the field. The installation of the systems entails minimal disturbance to the soil and little maintenance is required. Although we used ARES to apply root exudate solution, the method can be used to apply many other treatments involving solute inputs at regular intervals in a wide range of ecosystems.
Nitrogen fixation and crop productivity enhancements codriven by intercrop root exudates and key rhizosphere bacteria
<p>1. Crop diversity management is widely used to increase agricultural productivity and sustainability. Recent studies have demonstrated that maize root exudates can drive interspecific facilitation to enhance N<sub>2</sub> fixation of bean in intercropping systems. However, the mechanisms of N<sub>2</sub> fixation enhancement stimulated by root exudates in the intercropping systems remain unclear.</p> <p>2. Four experiments were designed to provide a progressively deeper understanding of how root exudates stimulate microbial-mediated N<sub>2</sub> fixation. First, the effects of faba bean/maize intercropping on yields and soil microbial communities were determined in a field experiment. Second, root-derived interspecific facilitation was evaluated using a root partitioning approach. Third, the key microbial taxa in the faba bean rhizosphere were traced using<sup> 13</sup>C-labeled maize root exudates. Fourth, the codriven mechanism of maize root exudates and microorganisms in the faba bean rhizosphere were explored.</p> <p>3. Faba bean/maize intercropping with maize residue return increased the yields of faba bean (26%), maize (27%), and broccoli (9.1%) compared to that under monocropping. Nodulin-like 4 (NODL4), chalcone-flavanone isomerase (CFI), and early nodulin-like (ENODL2) gene expression in faba bean roots intercropped with maize increased by 1.5-2.3-fold compared to that observed under monoculture. More than half of the N<sub>2</sub> fixation of faba bean increase under intercropping was due to interactions with microorganisms. Nine key bacterial genera in the faba bean rhizosphere were identified by <sup>13</sup>C-DNA based stable isotope probing analysis. Among them <i>Agromyces</i>, <i>Arthrobacter</i>, <i>Bacillus</i>, <i>Lysobacter</i>, and <i>Paenibacillus</i> directly fix N<sub>2</sub>, while <i>Gemmatimonas</i>, <i>Heliobacillus</i>, <i>Natronocella</i>, and <i>Sorangium</i> increase the N<sub>2</sub> fixation capacity of Azotobacter by providing additional carbon sources. These key bacteria triggered by maize root exudates played an important role in the rhizosphere facilitation of intercropping.</p> <p>4. <i>Synthesis and applications</i>. We demonstrated a novel root-root facilitation of N<sub>2</sub> fixation and increased crop yields codriven by root exudates and rhizosphere bacteria under faba bean/maize intercropping, and nine key bacteria associated with this process were identified by <sup>13</sup>C-DNA based stable isotope probing. We recommend the adoption and optimization of intercropping systems with residue return to reduce the shortcomings of continuous cropping and to increase the sustainability of crop <a>production</a>.</p>
FIGURES 20–23 in A new species of Alipumilio Shannon (Diptera, Syrphidae) found in association with the exudate resin of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae)
FIGURES 20–23. Alipumilio athesphatus sp. n., pupae. (20) Pupa, initial stage of development. (21) Pupa into a drop of exudate resin. (22) Pupa, final stage of development (note the adult emerging). (23) Detail of pupal spiracle. Scale bar: Figs (20–22): 1 mm; Fig. (23): 0.25 mm. (psc) pupal spiracle. (tdc) tubercle of differentiated cuticle.
FIGURES 16–19 in A new species of Alipumilio Shannon (Diptera, Syrphidae) found in association with the exudate resin of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae)
FIGURES 16–19. Alipumilio athesphatus sp. n., posterior respiratory process, third instar larvae. (16) Anterobasal view. (17) Anterior view. (18–19) Apical tip. Scale bar: Fig. (16): 100 µm; Fig. (17): 200 µm; Fig. (18): 50 µm; Fig. (19): 10 µm. (lap) lappet. (sop) spiracular opening. (ssc) spiracular scar.
FIGURES 1–4 in A new species of Alipumilio Shannon (Diptera, Syrphidae) found in association with the exudate resin of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae)
FIGURES 1–4. Alipumilio athesphatus sp. n., egg (SEM). (1) Laterodorsal view. (2) Detail of micropyle. (3–4) Detail of chorionic surface. Scale bar: Fig. (1): 200 µm; Figs (2–3): 20 µm; Fig. (4): 10 µm.
FIGURES 29–30 in A new species of Alipumilio Shannon (Diptera, Syrphidae) found in association with the exudate resin of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae)
FIGURES 29–30. Alipumilio athesphatus sp. n., male genitalia. (29) Epandrium, cercus and surstylus, lateral view. (30) Hypandrium and associated structures, lateral view. Scale bar: 0.25 mm.
FIGURES 10–15 in A new species of Alipumilio Shannon (Diptera, Syrphidae) found in association with the exudate resin of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae)
FIGURES 10–15. Alipumilio athesphatus sp. n., third instar larvae (SEM). (10) Prothorax, anteroventral view. (11) Mandibular hook, anterior view. (12) Prothorax, dorsal view (anterior spiracle released with a square). (13) Antennomaxillary complex, anterodorsal view. (14) Anterior spiracle, anterodorsal view. (15) Tubercle of differentiated cuticle, first abdominal segment, anterior view. Scale bar: Figs (10, 11, 15): 100 µm; Fig. (12): 200 µm; Fig. (13): 20 µm; Fig. (14): 10 µm. (ant) antenna. (atc) antennomaxillary complex. (mdh) mandibular hook. (mxp) maxillary palp.
FIGURES 5–9 in A new species of Alipumilio Shannon (Diptera, Syrphidae) found in association with the exudate resin of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae)
FIGURES 5–9. Alipumilio athesphatus sp. n., immature stages. Third instar larvae: (5) lateral view: (a) detail of proleg. (6) Mandible, lateral view. Posterior respiratory process: (7) First instar larvae. (8) Second instar larvae. (9) Third instar larvae. Scale bar: Fig. (5): 1 mm; Fig. (6): 0.5 mm; Figs (7–9): 0.25 mm. (mal) mandibular apodeme fused to mandibular lobe. (mdh) mandibular hook. (ple) proleg. (tar) tentorial arm. (tdc) tubercle of differentiated cuticle.
FIGURES 31–33 in A new species of Alipumilio Shannon (Diptera, Syrphidae) found in association with the exudate resin of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae)
FIGURES 31–33. Alipumilio athesphatus sp. n., female genitalia. (31) Dorsal view. (32) Spermatheca. (33) Detail of epiproct and cercus. Scale bar: Fig. (31): 0.25 mm. Figs (32–33): 0.15 mm. (cer) cercus. (ept) epiproct. (viii) = tergum VIII.
FIGURES 25–28 in A new species of Alipumilio Shannon (Diptera, Syrphidae) found in association with the exudate resin of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae)
FIGURES 25–28. Alipumilio athesphatus sp. n., adult. Male: (25) Dorsal view. (26) Lateral view. (27) Head, anterior view. Female: (28) Head, anterior view. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 24 in A new species of Alipumilio Shannon (Diptera, Syrphidae) found in association with the exudate resin of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae)
FIGURE 24. Alipumilio athesphatus sp. n., pupal spiracle: (a) detail of circular-shaped tubercle, with five spiracular openings (which are covered by resin). Scale bar: 100 µm.
FIGURES 38–43 in Two new species of Eupholus Boisduval (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae), with observations on coloured cuticular exudates in weevils
FIGURES 38–43. Base of left elytron of Eupholini with red coloration; overview (left); detail (right): (38–39) Rhinoscapha tricolor; note white scales with red incrustations; (40–41) Eupholus fleurenti; note ferrugineous scales; (42–43) Leptopius cf. areolatus; note incrustation of red substance in centre of strial punctures partly covering white scales.
FIGURES 5–7 in Two new species of Eupholus Boisduval (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae), with observations on coloured cuticular exudates in weevils
FIGURES 5–7. Head and rostrum of Eupholus spp.: (5) E. euphrosyne; (6) E. sedlaceki; (7) E. mimicus.
FIGURES 23–31 in Two new species of Eupholus Boisduval (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae), with observations on coloured cuticular exudates in weevils
FIGURES 23–31. Female genitalia of Eupholus spp.: (23–25) sternite VIII; (26–28) tergite VIII; (29–31) spermatheca. (23, 26, 30) E. euphrosyne; (24, 27, 31) E. sedlaceki; (25, 28, 29) E. mimicus.
FIGURES 1–4 in Two new species of Eupholus Boisduval (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae), with observations on coloured cuticular exudates in weevils
FIGURES 1–4. Habitus of Eupholus spp.: (1) E. mimicus, holotype (2) E. sedlaceki, holotype; (3) E. euphrosyne, female (Aseki); (4) E. sedlaceki, female (Wau).
FIGURES 8–10 in Two new species of Eupholus Boisduval (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae), with observations on coloured cuticular exudates in weevils
FIGURES 8–10. Male genitalia of Eupholus euphrosyne: (8) aedeagus in lateral aspect; (9) aedeagus in dorsal aspect; (10) detail of transfer apparatus.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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