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55 results for “eye morphology”
Hainan four-eyed turtles actively select suitable stones to masquerade according to their own morphology
<p>Masquerade is a form of camouflage in which animals use their body size, shape, and coloration to resemble inanimate objects in their environment to deceive predators. However, there is a lack of experimental evidence to show that animals actively choose objects that match these body parameters. To explore how the Hainan four-eyed turtle, <em>Sacalia insulensis </em>masquerades using suitable stones, we used indoor video surveillance technology to study the preferences of juvenile <em>S. insulensis</em> for stones of different sizes, shapes, and colors. The results indicated that under normal conditions, during the day, juvenile <em>S. insulensis </em>preferred larger oval or round stones, while at night, they preferred oval stones that were closer to their own size, with no significant preference for stone color during either time. When disturbed (by a researcher swinging their arm back and forth above the experimental setup every hour to mimic a predator), the turtles showed a preference for brown stones that were closer to their size and oval in shape. These findings suggest that juvenile <em>S. insulensis</em> prefer stones that resemble their carapace size and shape to masquerade when undisturbed, and that this preference is reinforced when they masquerade to reduce the risk of predation. The preference for stones that resemble their carapace color is significant only when there is a disturbance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence that vertebrates can selectively choose objects that resemble their own morphology for masquerading to reduce predation risk.</p>
Will I stay or will I go? Eye morphology predicts individual migratory propensity in a partial migrant
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Hainan four-eyed turtles actively select suitable stones to masquerade according to their own morphology
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More than meets the eye: syntopic and morphologically similar mangrove killifish species show different mating systems and patterns of genetic structure along the Brazilian coast
<p><a name="_Hlk40344892">Different mating systems can strongly affect the extent of genetic diversity and population structure among species. Given the increased effects of genetic drift on reduced population size, theory predicts that species undergoing self-fertilization should have greater population structure than outcrossed species, however demographic dynamics may affect this scenario. </a>The mangrove killifish clade is composed of the two only known examples of self-fertilising species among vertebrates (<i>Kryptolebias marmoratus </i>and <i>K</i>. <i>hermaphroditus</i>). A third species in this clade, <i>K. ocellatus, </i>inhabits mangrove forests in southeast Brazil, however its mating system and patterns of genetic structure have been rarely explored. Here, we examined the genetic structure and phylogeographic patterns of <i>K</i>. <i>ocellatus</i> along its distribution, using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites to compare its patterns of genetic structure with the predominantly selfing and often syntopic, <i>K</i>. <i>hermaphroditus.</i> Our results indicate that <i>K</i>. <i>ocellatus</i> reproduces mainly by outcrossing across much of its known range, with no current evidence of selfing, despite being an androdioecious species. Our results also reveal a stronger population subdivision in <i>K</i>. <i>ocellatus </i>compared to <i>K</i>. <i>hermaphroditus</i>, contrary to the theoretical predictions based on reproductive biology of the two species. Our findings indicate that, although morphologically similar, <i>K</i>. <i>ocellatus </i>and <i>K</i>. <i>hermaphroditus</i> had remarkably different evolutionary histories when colonising the same mangrove areas in south-eastern Brazil, with other factors (e. g. time of colonisation, dispersal/establishment capacity) having more profound effects on the current population structuring of those species than differences in mating systems.</p>
Data from: Geographic variation in morphology of Dark-eyed Juncos and implications for population divergence
Geographic variation in morphology that develops among closely related populations can help drive genetic divergence, and eventually speciation, when those morphological traits are the basis for social interactions that influence reproduction. The North American Dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) complex is an interesting case in speciation. The numerous subspecies have distinct breeding ranges and unique plumage coloration, but based on the presence of hybrid populations and recent genetic data, can be considered to belong to a single species. Research within various populations of juncos has shown first, that wing length and the amount of white on the tail feathers ("tail white") influence an individual's dominance status and mating success, and second, that these traits can undergo rapid evolution when social and environmental conditions change. Here, I used museum specimens to examine tail white and body size, as measured by wing and tail length, of males and females within and among 13 geographically distinct Dark-eyed Junco subspecies. I documented geographic variation of mean values for each of these morphological traits, as well as patterns of trait co-variation and the degree of sexual dimorphism. I discuss these results in relation to what they may indicate about the generation and maintenance of divergence among the subspecies.
Figure 15. Pocillopora meandrina. A in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics
Figure 15. Pocillopora meandrina. A, field appearance of P. meandrina (side view). B, skeleton of previous variation (MTQ-G65917). C and D, scanning electron micrographs of previous specimen. E, corallum of P. meandrina (side view) (MTQ-G66117). D, in situ appearance.
Figure 12 in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics
Figure 12. Field appearance of taxa in partial sympatry, when growing as mosaic colonies or in approximate distance to each other. α, P. damicornis; β, P. acuta; γ, P. verrucosa; x, P. bairdi sp. nov.; e, P. eydouxi; m, P. meandrina.
Figure 9. Pocillopora aliciae. A, field appearance. B in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics
Figure 9. Pocillopora aliciae. A, field appearance. B, skeleton of branch. C and D, scanning electron micrographs of corallite structure. E, corallum of holotype (MTQ-G65423) (Schmidt-Roach et al., 2013). F, typical growth from on reef slope.
Figure 7 in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics
Figure 7. Illustration of morphological plasticity of the corallum of Pocillopora damicornis in different environments and at different latitudes (side views). MTQ-sample numbers: A, G66102; B, G66131; C, G66126; D, G66136; E, G66109; F, G66107; G, G66095; H, G66127; I, G66134; J, G66123; K, G66097; L, G66103; M, n/a; N, G66098; O, G66099; P, G66100; Q, G66093; R, G66094; S, G66121; T, G66091; U, G66090.
Figure 8. Pocillopora acuta. A in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics
Figure 8. Pocillopora acuta. A, in situ appearance. B, skeleton of specimen. C and D, scanning electron micrographs of specimen (photos: Paul Muir). E, side view of corallum of holotype of Pocillopora acuta Lamarck, 1816 (photo: Michel Pichon). F, drawing by Esper (1791). G, P. acuta morph in situ. H, holotype of Pocillopora apiculata Ehrenberg, 1834. I, skeleton of compact morphology of P. acuta (MTQ-G66112).
Figure 13. P in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics
Figure 13. P. bairdi sp. nov. A, in situ appearance. B, skeleton of specimen. C and D, scanning electron micrographs of specimen. E, corallum of holotype (side view) (MTQ-G65918). F, corallum of paratype (side view) (MTQ-G65919). G, mosaic colony including holotype (left), P. meandrina (upper right), and P. damicornis (lower right). H, previous colony in situ.
Figure 5. A in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics
Figure 5. A, haplotype network based on ORF DNA sequence data and incorporating published Pocillopora sequence data from other locations across the Indian and Pacific Oceans (total alignment length 594 bp). B, geographical account of these lineages on a global scale based solely on genetic lineages.
Figure 3. A in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics
Figure 3. A, DAPC of gross morphological characters. Bi-plot indication of character (see Table 1 for explanation of characters) contribution is shown in blue. Individuals are represented by dots and groups by elipses. Box, cluster-based reassignment probabilities (dotted lines indicate probabilities if Type α is excluded from calculations). B, branch-based reassignment probabilities for each cluster; bars indicate genetic lineages [probability of reassignment of a branch (N = 133) (horizontal bars, y-axis) to a certain cluster (genetic lineage) (vertical bars, x-axis) is indicated by shades: white = 0, dark grey = 1]. Clusters: α, Pocillopora damicornis; β, P. acuta; e, P. eydouxi; m, P. meandrina; δ, P. aliciae; γ, P. verrucosa; x, P. bairdi sp. nov.
Figure 1 in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of morphometric measurements taken of corallum (side view). Numbers refer to morphometric measurements taken from each colony (see Table 1).
Highly variable (no clear pattern). All portions of the dorsal views were equally used. In head images the area around the eye, the top of the head, the snout and the throat were all used in similar proportions. P. carbonelli Variable for both views. Snout and middle of the dorsum used in dorsal view. Top of the head most frequently (but not strictly) used in lateral view. P. guadarramae Whole body used for dorsal view (but variable); either throat (most common) or ear region used in head lateral views. P. hispanicus Variable. Anterior portion of snout used more frequently than in other species for both dorsal and head lateral views. P. liolepis Highly variable. Whole body used in most dorsal images, area around the eye and throat used in head lateral views, but other patterns common. P. lusitanicus Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used (but frequently the most posterior part); area around the ear frequently used in head lateral images. P. tunesiacus Highly variable. Dorsal area near the insertion of the posterior limbs used more frequently than in other species; different regions of the head used, often simultaneously. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. Different regions of dorsum (from head to the posterior region) used in dorsal images, all portions of the head, but most frequently the throat, used in lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All parts of both images used. Head and anterior part of the dorsum more used than in other species. in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study
Highly variable (no clear pattern). All portions of the dorsal views were equally used. In head images the area around the eye, the top of the head, the snout and the throat were all used in similar proportions. P. carbonelli Variable for both views. Snout and middle of the dorsum used in dorsal view. Top of the head most frequently (but not strictly) used in lateral view. P. guadarramae Whole body used for dorsal view (but variable); either throat (most common) or ear region used in head lateral views. P. hispanicus Variable. Anterior portion of snout used more frequently than in other species for both dorsal and head lateral views. P. liolepis Highly variable. Whole body used in most dorsal images, area around the eye and throat used in head lateral views, but other patterns common. P. lusitanicus Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used (but frequently the most posterior part); area around the ear frequently used in head lateral images. P. tunesiacus Highly variable. Dorsal area near the insertion of the posterior limbs used more frequently than in other species; different regions of the head used, often simultaneously. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. Different regions of dorsum (from head to the posterior region) used in dorsal images, all portions of the head, but most frequently the throat, used in lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All parts of both images used. Head and anterior part of the dorsum more used than in other species.
Highly variable. Mid-portion of the dorsum used frequently (although other areas as well). Tip of the snout used often, but area around the ear and throat are also relevant. P. carbonelli Variable. In the dorsal view, the tip of the snout is frequently used. In the head lateral view, the tip of the snout is also com- monly used, as well as the most posterior region of the head. P. guadarramae Variable. Mid portion of the dorsum and tip of the snout are the regions used more frequently in dorsal and head lateral views, respectively. P. hispanicus Variable. The head and most anterior part of the dorsum are frequently used in the dorsal view. Snout and/or top of posterior region of head used. P. liolepis Variable. Different parts of the dorsum are used, whereas the tip of the snout is used in most head lateral images. P. lusitanicus Anterior dorsum, in the dorsal view, and both snout and posterior side of the head (in head lateral views) frequently used. P. tunesiacus Variable. Tip of the snout and posterior part of the trunk more used than in other species; snout and top head region behind the eye used with some frequency. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used in dorsal images, various parts of the head (but frequently snout and throat combined) used in head lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All portions of the dorsum used in dorsal images, region around and behind the ear more used than in other species for head lateral images. in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study
Highly variable. Mid-portion of the dorsum used frequently (although other areas as well). Tip of the snout used often, but area around the ear and throat are also relevant. P. carbonelli Variable. In the dorsal view, the tip of the snout is frequently used. In the head lateral view, the tip of the snout is also com- monly used, as well as the most posterior region of the head. P. guadarramae Variable. Mid portion of the dorsum and tip of the snout are the regions used more frequently in dorsal and head lateral views, respectively. P. hispanicus Variable. The head and most anterior part of the dorsum are frequently used in the dorsal view. Snout and/or top of posterior region of head used. P. liolepis Variable. Different parts of the dorsum are used, whereas the tip of the snout is used in most head lateral images. P. lusitanicus Anterior dorsum, in the dorsal view, and both snout and posterior side of the head (in head lateral views) frequently used. P. tunesiacus Variable. Tip of the snout and posterior part of the trunk more used than in other species; snout and top head region behind the eye used with some frequency. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used in dorsal images, various parts of the head (but frequently snout and throat combined) used in head lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All portions of the dorsum used in dorsal images, region around and behind the ear more used than in other species for head lateral images.
Influence of Pupillary Behavior During Eye Surgery on Morphological and Functional Outcome
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06160960. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
Data from: Geographic variation in morphology of Dark-eyed Juncos and implications for population divergence
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Data from: Plastic hatching timing by red-eyed treefrog embryos interacts with larval predator identity and sublethal predation to affect prey morphology but not performance
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More than meets the eye: syntopic and morphologically similar mangrove killifish species show different mating systems and patterns of genetic structure along the Brazilian coast
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