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FIG. 19 in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 19. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of lower fourth premolars (p/4) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 7).
FIG. 5 in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 5. — Skull of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 1: A, fronto-right lateral view (as preserved naturally); B, frontal view; C, right lateral view (of face); D, dorsal view; E, inferior view. Scale bar: 10 mm.
FIG. 13 in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 13. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of lower third molars (m/3) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 6).
FIG. 9 in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 9. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of upper second molars (M2/) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 3).
FIG. 17 in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 17. — Part of the left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 30:A, buccal view;B, lingual view;C, occlusal view of m/3. Scale bar:10 mm.
FIG. 4 in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 4. — Preliminary observations concerning the breccia infilling of the "Parapapio spot" at the locus BPB: A, synthetic log of the locus BPB showing the stratigraphic position of Parapapio fossils within Unit 2; B, geological details of the "Parapapio spot" evidencing that the original bedding has been partly deformed by soft sediment deformation features at its topmost part.
FIG. 3. — Specimen BPB 1 in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 3. — Specimen BPB 1 (Parapapio broomi Jones,1937) still embedded in the in situ breccia before extraction:muzzle extremity (A); skull vault (B); skull back (C);right M3/ (D).
FIG. 16 in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 16. — Distal part of the left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 13: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm.
FIG. 20. — A, B in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 20. — A, B, Left patella of Papionina indet., specimen BPB 5: A, anterior view;B, posterior view;C, D, fragment of a right talus of Papionina indet., specimen BPB 6: C, inferior view; D, superior view. Scale bar: 10 mm.
FIG. 21 in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 21. — Anterior part of calvaria of Cercopithecoides cf. williamsi Mollett, 1947, specimen BPB 7: A, superior view; B, inferior view; C, frontal view; D, two isolated fragments of the calvaria. Scale bar: 10 mm.
FIG. 8 in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 8. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of upper first molars (M1/) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 2).
FIG. 7 in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 7. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of upper fourth premolars (P4/) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 1).
FIG. 11 in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 11. — Right mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 2: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of m/1-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm.
FIG. 1 in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 1. — Map of the locality of Brad Pit (BP). The different loci: BPA, Brad Pit A; BPB, Brad Pit B; BPE, Brad Pit Extension (newly discovered). "Parapapio spot" is indicated by a black star.
FIG. 12 in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 12. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of lower second molars (m/2) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 5).
FIG. 10 in First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt's Farm (South Africa)
FIG. 10. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of upper third molars (M3/) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 4).
Reciprocal nutritional provisioning between leafcutter ants and their fungal cultivar mediates performance of symbiotic farming systems
<ol> <li>Optimized food acquisition is challenging because foraged diet items are chemically complex and often nutritionally imbalanced. These challenges are likely magnified when foraged foods are used to provision others (e.g., offspring, nestmates, symbionts) with different nutritional requirements.</li> <li>We used a theoretical framework of nutritional niches to study these provisioning challenges in leafcutter ants that cultivate a fungal symbiont with nutrients derived from freshly foraged plant fragments. While the leaf-cutting behaviours of free-ranging foragers are well studied, little is known about how colonies use these plant fragments to produce their fungal crop within underground nest chambers.</li> <li>For instance, gardener ants are known to convert vegetation into a nutritional mulch that they plant on the fungus garden. However, it remains poorly understood how the ants use this mulch to target the specific nutritional needs of their fungal crop, and whether the cultivar signals if provisioned mulch meets its nutritional needs. Towards answers, we performed three experiments to assess the precision and specificity of nutritional regulation in farming systems of the Panamanian leafcutter ant <em>Acromyrmex</em> <em>echinatior</em>.</li> <li>A laboratory feeding experiment with nutritionally defined diets showed that ant farmers collect a specific intake target for protein and carbohydrates and then linked strict protein regulation by foragers to the cultivar's fundamental niche for protein. </li> <li>An in vitro experiment with the fungal cultivar in isolation did not detect a signal of protein stress that could be used by the ants to regulate their provisioning behaviour, but it did identify an elevated fatty acid that may reinforce optimal nutritional provisioning if detected by gardening ants.</li> <li>A feeding experiment with isotopically labelled diets then revealed nutrient-specific and caste-specific allocation timelines, with nitrogen being assimilated into the cultivar's nutritional rewards before being exclusively consumed by developing brood. In turn, these combined results help resolve the integrated behaviours that give rise to resilient leafcutter farming productivity. </li> <li>These results show how nutritional niches can help disentangle reciprocal provisioning dynamics between symbionts while providing a framework to explore the nutritional transactions that mediate symbiotic stability (e.g., sanctioning, screening, policing).</li> </ol>
Reciprocal nutritional provisioning between leafcutter ants and their fungal cultivar mediates performance of symbiotic farming systems
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Data from: Maize-field complexity and farming system influence insectivorous birds' contribution to arthropod herbivore regulation
The contribution of insectivorous birds to reducing crop damage through suppression of herbivory remains underappreciated, despite their role as cropland arthropod predators. We examined the roles of farming system crop cover pattern and structural configuration in influencing assemblage composition of insectivorous birds and their herbivorous arthropod prey across maize fields, and determined how bird exclusion affects crop herbivory levels. To achieve these objectives, data were collected across a sample of organic and conventional small-scale non-Bt maize farms in western Kenya. Assessments of abundance, diversity and richness of insectivorous birds, and abundance of their arthropod prey, were compared between organic and conventional small-scale non-Bt maize on monocultured and intercropped farms. We also employed bird exclusion experiments to assess impacts of bird predation on herbivorous arthropod abundance. Results showed that higher structural heterogeneity supported higher insectivorous bird richness, particularly under organic systems, dense trees, large woodlots and thick hedgerows. Bird abundance further increased with crop diversity but not in relation to cropping method, hedgerow type or percent maize cover per se. Conversely, herbivorous arthropod abundance and richness increased on conventional farms and those with higher percent maize cover, but were unaffected by cropping methods, tree or hedgerow characteristics. Birds' arthropod prey were more abundant under completely closed compared to open or semi-closed plots, confirming a significant linkage between birds and herbivorous arthropod suppression. In this study, we demonstrate importance of structural heterogeneity in agricultural landscapes, including diverse croplands and on-farm trees to maximize insectivorous birds' contribution to reducing crop arthropod herbivory.
Data from: Highly diversified crop-livestock farming systems reshape wild bird communities
<p>Agricultural intensification is a leading threat to bird conservation. Highly diversified farming systems that integrate livestock and crop production might promote a diversity of habitats useful to native birds foraging across otherwise-simplified landscapes. At the same time, these features might be attractive to non-native birds linked to a broad range of disservices to both crop and livestock production. We evaluated the influence of crop-livestock integration on wild bird richness and density along a north-south transect spanning the U.S. west coast. We surveyed birds on 52 farms that grew primarily mixed vegetables and fruits alone or integrated livestock into production. Crop-livestock systems harbored higher native bird density and richness relative to crop only farms, a benefit more pronounced on farms embedded in non-natural landscapes. Crop-livestock systems bolstered native insectivores linked to the suppression of agricultural pest insects but did not bolster native granivores that may be more likely to damage crops. Crop-livestock systems also significantly increased the density of non-native birds, primarily European starlings (<i>Sturnus vulgaris</i>) and house sparrows (<i>Passer domesticus</i>) that may compete with native birds for resources. Models supported a small, positive correlation between non-native density and overall native bird density as well as between non-native density and native granivore density.<a name="_Hlk19446924">Relative to crop-only farms, on average crop-livestock systems exhibited 1.5 times higher patch richness, 2.4 times higher density of farm structures, 7.3 times smaller field sizes, 2.4 times greater integration of woody crops, and 5.3 times greater integration of pasture/hay habitat on farm.</a> Wild birds may have responded to this habitat diversity and/or associated food resources. Individual farm factors had significantly lower predictive power than farming system alone (ΔCIC = 80.2), suggesting crop-livestock systems may impact wild birds through a suite of factors that change with system conversion. Collectively, our findings suggest that farms that integrate livestock and crop production can attract robust native bird communities, especially within landscapes devoted to intensified food production. However, additional work is needed to demonstrate persistent farm bird communities through time, eco-physiological benefits to birds foraging on these farms, and net effects of both native and non-native wild birds in agroecosystems. </p>
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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