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Fig. 2 in Fatal infection caused by Cytauxzoon felis in a captive-reared jaguar (Panthera onca)

Fig. 2. Gross findings of Cytauxzoon felis fatal infection in a jaguar. The spleen is severely enlarged.

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Fig. 1 in Fatal infection caused by Cytauxzoon felis in a captive-reared jaguar (Panthera onca)

Fig. 1. Gross findings of Cytauxzoon felis fatal infection in a jaguar. Moderate icterus in the ocular mucosa. The enophthalmos indicates severe dehydration.

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Fig. 3 in Fatal avian malaria in captive Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) in Switzerland

Fig. 3. Modified Wright-stained peripheral blood smear of a captive Atlantic puffin (case 5). Intra-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium relictum: trophozoites (short arrows); mature meront (long arrow) with marked displacement of the erythrocyte's nucleus; pigment granules (arrowheads). Picture: Veterinary Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich.

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Fig. 1. H&E in Fatal avian malaria in captive Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) in Switzerland

Fig. 1. H&E-stained histological sections of the liver (A, B, C) and the spleen (D) of captive Atlantic puffins at 400x magnification. A: Case 1, multiple protozoan Plasmodium schizonts of up to 20 μm in diameter (arrows). B: Case 2, periportal infiltration with lymphocytes and presence of multiple intracytoplasmic Plasmodium schizonts, which contain numerous merozoites (arrows). C: Case 3, Plasmodium merozoites within the liver parenchyma (arrow). D: Case 5, multiple histiocytes with intracytoplasmic brown, finely granular pigment (accumulation of iron-based pigment). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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Fig. 2. H&E in Fatal avian malaria in captive Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) in Switzerland

Fig. 2. H&E-stained histological sections of the liver (A, B, D) and the spleen (C) of captive Atlantic puffins at 1000x magnification, showing Plasmodium schizonts of up to 15 μm in diameter, containing multiple merozoites of 1–2 μm (arrows): A: Case 2, B: Case 4, C: Case 6, D: Case 7.

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic relationship among the S in Fatal hepatic sarcocystosis in three captive and one free-ranging pinniped

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic relationship among the S. canis-like variants from two Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) and two California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), a Pacific harbor seal (MT460246) compared against S. canis sequences from two black bears (OR336049, MW136927), a polar bear (DQ176645) and various other Sarcocystis spp. at the complete ITS1 locus. Evolutionary distances were computed using the Tamura-Nei genetic distance model. A Neighbor-Joining midpoint rooted bootstrap consensus tree was inferred from 1000 MUSCLE alignment iterations. Bootstrap percentage values are indicated at the branch points.

Fig. 2 in Fatal hepatic sarcocystosis in three captive and one free-ranging pinniped

Fig. 2. TEM of a schizont with protozoa similar to S. canis in the hepatocyte of a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) "CSL 1". Merozoites contained micronemes (Mn), a conoid (Co), and a prominent nucleus (Nu), but no rhoptries. Bar = 500 nm.

Fig. 1 in Fatal hepatic sarcocystosis in three captive and one free-ranging pinniped

Fig. 1. Histologic liver sections of a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) "CSL 2" with numerous coalescing foci of acute necrosis. A. Lower magnification of acute necrosis with Sarcocystis schizonts (black arrow). B. Higher magnification of mature protozoal schizonts with a rosette of merozoites (red arrow) and a schizont with greater than 30 free merozoites (black arrow) within a foci of hepatic necrosis.

Fig. 3 in Fatal hepatic sarcocystosis in three captive and one free-ranging pinniped

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationship of the S. canis-like variant isolate CSL-2 that infects pinnipeds from a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) compared against S. canis from a black bear isolate 11–3173 (OR654898) and various other Sarcocystis spp. Within a 994 nucleotide fragment of the 18S rRNA locus. Evolutionary distances were computed using the Tamura-Nei genetic distance model. A Neighbor-Joining bootstrap consensus tree was inferred from 1000 MUSCLE alignment iterations. Bootstrap percentage values are indicated at the branch points. Toxoplasma gondii was used as an outgroup.

Fig. 9 in Fatal toxoplasmosis in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) from Penguin Island, Western Australia

Fig. 9. Similarity of Toxoplasma gondii from Little Penguins with representative strains from Archetypals I, II, and III in the B1 gene. A: shows polymorphisms at the 366 nucleotide. B: shows polymorphisms at the 504 nucleotide. Declaration of competing interest

Fig. 6 in Fatal toxoplasmosis in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) from Penguin Island, Western Australia

Fig. 6. (And detail) – four parasites in a cyst within the cytoplasm of a host cell, spleen (x3810, bar = 2 μm) Image left: E - erythrocyte, Ph - phagocyte, P - protozoa; image right (detail): N - nucleus.

Fig. 5 in Fatal toxoplasmosis in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) from Penguin Island, Western Australia

Fig. 5. Splenic impression smear, erythrocytes (E), splenic stromal cells (S) and numerous protozoa (arrows) (Wright's Giemsa stain, 1000x).

Fig. 4 in Fatal toxoplasmosis in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) from Penguin Island, Western Australia

Fig. 4. Liver, intact and necrotic hepatocytes and numerous protozoa (arrows), free and within cysts (5 μm section, Martius Scarlet Blue stain, 400x). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 11 in Fatal toxoplasmosis in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) from Penguin Island, Western Australia

Fig. 11. Liver, staining of protozoan antigen in intact and necrotic hepatocytes (x400 Toxoplasma polyclonal antibody IHC).

Fig. 3 in Fatal toxoplasmosis in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) from Penguin Island, Western Australia

Fig. 3. Liver, necrotic focus (the area of relative pallor, within which numerous organisms were identifiable) (5 μm section, Haematoxylin and Eosin stain, 100x).

Fig. 10 in Fatal toxoplasmosis in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) from Penguin Island, Western Australia

Fig. 10. Liver, several foci of brown staining indicate Toxoplasma antigen within a necrotic focus (x100, Toxoplasma polyclonal antibody IHC). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Fatal spirorchiidosis in European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) in Switzerland

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic analysis, (a) Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of 206 bp of the 28S rRNA gene of members of the family Spirorchiidae, with Alaria alata as outgroup. Members of the Spirorchis genus are boxed. Parasite names are provided, followed by host names (top clade only), GenBank accession numbers and country of parasite discovery. Bootstrap values above 70 are shown, and branch lengths corresponding to the number of base substitutions are indicated by the scale bar. (b) Unrooted phylogenetic network of 274 bp of the ITS2 region of Spirorchis spp. recently described from North Amercian turtle species (Roberts et al., 2019) and Swiss Emys orbicularis. Host names, location of discovery and GenBank accession numbers are given. Note that the unnamed Spirorchis parasite described from Graptemys ernsti (AL, United States) is 100% identical in both the partial 28S rRNA (MH843487), and ITS2 (MH678746) sequences amplified from all Swiss turtle specimens.

Fig. 2 in Fatal spirorchiidosis in European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) in Switzerland

Fig. 2. Histopathological findings, (a) Five-year-old female European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis, ID2), small intestine. Multiple intravascular trematode eggs (narrow arrowheads) are present in the tunica muscularis, and submucosa associated with severe granulomatous inflammation and acute haemorrhage (large arrowheads). H&E staining, bar 500 μm. (b) Eleven-year-old female European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis, ID4), large intestine. The mucosa displays a focal deep ulceration (arrows) with replacement of the underlying submucosa and tunica muscularis by fibrous tissue (stars) and severe granulomatous coelomitis (asterisks). Multiple trematode eggs are present intravascularly, particularly in the subserosal vasculature (arrowheads). H&E staining, bar 200 μm. (c) ID2, small intestine. Focal granulomatous reaction with multinucleated giant cells (arrows) displaying intracytoplasmic, partially disrupted trematode eggs (arrowheads). H&E staining, bar 100 μm. (d) Adult male European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis ID5), testis. Interstitial granulomatous reaction composed of multinucleated giant cells (arrows) displaying intracytoplasmic embryonated (arrowheads) and non-embryonated (asterisk) trematode eggs. H&E staining, bar 50 μm.

Fig. 1 in Fatal spirorchiidosis in European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) in Switzerland

Fig. 1. Gross findings and parasitology, (a) Gastrointestinal tract from a 6-year-old female European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis, ID8) displaying large numbers of spirorchiid eggs in the subserosal vessels (arrowheads), which are more visible in the intestine. Note the focal stricture of the intestine (arrow) with proximal severe dilation. This section was filled with a large amount of necrotic material. Bar 1 cm. (b) Autolytic testis from ID5 displaying similar lesions to the ones observed in the gastrointestinal tract from ID8 (arrowheads). Bar 25 mm. (c) Aspect of a spirorchiid egg stained with methylene blue identified following sedimentation from intestinal content. Light optical microscope, Bar 10 μm. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)