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149 results for “field cricket”
Pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection increase offspring quality but impose survival costs to female field crickets
<p><span>Whether sexual selection increases or decreases fitness is under ongoing debate. Sexual selection operates before and after mating. Yet, the effects of each episode of selection on individual reproductive success remain largely unexplored. We ask how disentangled pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection contribute to fitness of field crickets Gryllus bimaculatus. Treatments allowed exclusively for i) pre-copulatory selection, with males fighting and courting one female, and the resulting pair breeding monogamously, ii) post-copulatory selection, with </span>females<span> mating consecutively to multiple males, and iii) relaxed selection, with enforced pair monogamy. While standardizing the number of matings, we estimated a number of fitness traits across treatments and show that females experiencing sexual selection were more likely to reproduce, their offspring hatched sooner, developed faster and had higher body mass at adulthood, but females suffered survival costs. Interestingly, we found no differences in fitness of females or their offspring from pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection treatments. Our findings highlight the potential for sexual selection in enhancing indirect female fitness while concurrently imposing direct survival costs. By potentially outweighing these costs, increased offspring quality could lead to beneficial population-level consequences of sexual selection.</span></p>
Data from: A well-studied parasitoid fly of field crickets uses multiple alternative hosts in its introduced range
<p>Organisms and their natural enemies can have dynamic coevolutionary trajectories, but anthropogenic effects like species introductions interrupt existing coevolutionary relationships. For parasites in particular, if they are introduced to a location without their hosts, they can only persist in the new environment if alternative hosts are 1) present, 2) detectable to parasites, and 3) capable of sustaining parasites. The circumstances surrounding the addition of alternative hosts to a parasite's repertoire are rarely observed. The parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea locates its field cricket hosts by orienting acoustically to their conspicuous mating songs. In Hawaii, O. ochracea is only known to parasitize one species, Teleogryllus oceanicus, but rapid evolution of T. oceanicus mating song over the past 20 years has led to several prevalent morphs of the cricket that produce no song or novel songs that the flies cannot detect. Yet flies persist in populations that lack ancestral singing T. oceanicus, prompting us to investigate the possibility of alternative hosts in Hawaii. We demonstrate first that three potential alternative hosts (Gryllodes sigillatus, Gryllus bimaculatus, and Modicogryllus pacificus) are present. Second, O. ochracea exhibits a positive phonotactic response to all three species' songs in the field and in the lab. And third, O. ochracea can successfully develop to pupae and emerge as adults in all three species. Our discovery of alternative hosts for O. ochracea in Hawaii infuses the system with intriguing complexity and offers extensive opportunities for future work.</p>
Age, but not an immune challenge, triggers terminal investment in the Pacific field cricket
<p>The terminal investment hypothesis proposes that, when individuals are faced with a threat to survival, they will increase investment in current reproduction. The level of the threat necessary to elicit terminal investment (the dynamic terminal investment threshold) may vary based on other factors that also influence future reproduction. Here, we tested whether there is an interactive effect of age and an immune challenge on the dynamic terminal investment threshold in the Pacific field cricket, <em>Teleogryllus</em> <em>oceanicus</em>. We measured the courtship call, mating attractiveness, ejaculate size and offspring production of <em>T. oceanicus</em> males. We found only limited support for the dynamic terminal investment threshold: there was no consistent evidence of a positive interaction between male age and immune challenge intensity. However, we found evidence for age-related terminal investment: older males produced a larger spermatophore than younger males. Older males also had a slower calling rate compared to younger males, suggesting a potential trade-off between these two pre- and post-copulatory traits. As some, but not, all reproductive traits responded plastically to cues for terminal investment, our research highlights the importance of considering a broad range of pre-and post-copulatory traits when exploring the potential for terminal investment to occur.</p>
Age, but not an immune challenge, triggers terminal investment in the Pacific field cricket
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Data from: A well-studied parasitoid fly of field crickets uses multiple alternative hosts in its introduced range
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Consistent traffic noise impacts few fitness-related traits in a field cricket
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Data from: Stable directional sexual selection and repeatable choosiness for song preference in the Pacific field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus
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Data from: Texas field crickets (Gryllus texensis) use visual cues to place learn but perform poorly when intra- and extra-maze cues conflict
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Pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection increase offspring quality but impose survival costs to female field crickets
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Mitochondrial plasticity and life history in field crickets
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Data from: Mapping reduced introgression loci to the X chromosome of the hybridizing field crickets, Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus
The genomic architecture of barriers to gene exchange during the speciation process is poorly understood. The genomic islands model suggests that loci associated with barriers to gene exchange prevent introgression of nearby genomic regions via linkage disequilibrium. But few analyses of the actual genomic location of non-introgressing loci in closely related species exist. In a previous study Maroja et al. showed that in the hybridizing field crickets, Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus, 50 non-introgressing loci are localized on two autosomal regions and the X chromosome, but they were not able to map the loci along the X chromosome because they used a male informative cross. Here, we localize the introgressing and non-introgressing loci on the X chromosome and reveal that all X-linked non-introgressing loci are restricted to a 50-cM region with 10 of these loci mapped to a single location. We discuss the implications of this finding to speciation.
Data from: Sexual signal loss in field crickets maintained despite strong sexual selection favoring singing males
Evolutionary biologists commonly seek explanations for how selection drives the emergence of novel traits. While trait loss is also predicted to occur frequently, few contemporary examples exist. In Hawaii, the Pacific field cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus) is undergoing adaptive sexual signal loss due to natural selection imposed by eavesdropping parasitoids. Mutant male crickets ("flatwings") cannot sing. We measured the intensity of sexual selection on wing phenotype in a wild population. First, we surveyed the relative abundance of flatwings and "normal-wings" (non-mutants) on Oahu. Then, we bred wild-mated females' offspring to determine both female genotype with respect to the flatwing mutation and the proportion of flatwing males that sired their offspring. We found evidence of strong sexual selection favoring the production of song: females were predominantly homozygous normal-wing; their offspring were sired disproportionately by singing males; and at the population level, flatwing males became less common following a single sexual selection event. We report a selection coefficient describing the total (pre- and postcopulatory) sexual selection favoring normal-wing males in nature. Given the maintenance of the flatwing phenotype in Hawaii in recent years, this substantial sexual selection additionally suggests an approximate strength of opposing natural selection that favors silent males.
Evidence for genetic isolation and local adaptation in the field cricket Gryllus campestris
<p>Understanding how species can thrive in a range of environments is a central challenge for evolutionary ecology. There is strong evidence for local adaptation along large-scale ecological clines in insects. However, potential adaptation among neighbouring populations differing in their environment has been studied much less. We used RAD-sequencing to quantify genetic divergence and clustering of ten populations of the field cricket <i>Gryllus campestris </i>in the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain, and an outgroup on the coastal plain. Our populations were chosen to represent replicate high and low altitude habitats. We identified genetic clusters that include both high and low altitude populations indicating that the two habitat types do not hold ancestrally distinct lineages. Using common-garden rearing experiments to remove environmental effects, we found evidence for differences between high and low altitude populations in physiological and life-history traits. As predicted by the local adaptation hypothesis, crickets with parents from cooler (high altitude) populations recovered from periods of extreme cooling more rapidly than those with parents from warmer (low altitude) populations. Growth rates also differed between offspring from high and low altitude populations. However, contrary to our prediction that crickets from high altitudes would grow faster, the most striking difference was that at high temperatures, growth was fastest in individuals from low altitudes. Our findings reveal that populations a few tens of kilometres apart have independently evolved adaptations to their environment. This suggests that local adaptation in a range of traits may be commonplace even in mobile invertebrates at scales of a small fraction of species' distributions.</p>
Fig. 5 in Relationship between body size and reproductive capacity in females of the black field cricket (Orthoptera, Gryllidae)
Fig. 5: Relationship between the number of ovarioles and female body mass (N = 50).
Fig. 4 in Relationship between body size and reproductive capacity in females of the black field cricket (Orthoptera, Gryllidae)
Fig. 4: Relationship between ovary mass and female body mass (N = 50).
Beauty or function? The opposing effects of natural and sexual selection on cuticular hydrocarbons in male black field crickets
<p>Although many theoretical models of male sexual trait evolution assume that sexual selection is countered by natural selection, direct empirical tests of this assumption are relatively uncommon. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are known to play an important role in restricting evaporative water loss but also in sexual signalling in most terrestrial arthropods. Insects adjusting their CHC layer for optimal desiccation resistance is often thought to come at the expense of successful sexual attraction suggesting that natural and sexual selection are in opposition for this trait. In this study, we sampled the CHCs of male black field crickets (<em>Teleogryllus</em> <em>commodus</em>) using solid-phase microextraction and then either measured their evaporative water loss or mating success. We then used multivariate selection analysis to quantify the strength and form of natural and sexual selection targeting male CHCs. Both natural and sexual selection imposed significant linear and stabilizing selection on male CHCs, although for very different combinations. Natural selection largely favoured an increase in the total abundance of CHCs, especially those with a longer chain length. In contrast, mating success peaked at a lower total abundance of CHCs and declined as CHC abundance increased. However, mating success did improve with an increase in a number of specific CHC components that also increased evaporative water loss. Importantly, this resulted in the combination of male CHCs favoured by natural selection and sexual selection being strongly opposing. Our findings suggest that the balance between natural and sexual selection is likely to play an important role in the evolution of male CHCs in <em>T. commodus</em> and may help explain why CHCs are so divergent across populations and species.</p>
Data for Geographic variation in phenotypic divergence between two hybridizing field cricket species
<p><span>Patterns of morphological divergence across species' ranges can provide insight into local adaptation and speciation. In this study, we compare phenotypic divergence among 4,221 crickets from 337 populations of two closely related species of field cricket, <em>Gryllus firmus</em> and <em>G. pennsylvanicus </em>and their hybrids. We find that these species differ across their geographic range in key morphological traits, such as body size and ovipositor length, and we directly compare phenotype with genotype for a subset of crickets to demonstrate nuclear genetic introgression, phenotypic intermediacy of hybrids, and essentially unidirectional mitochondrial introgression. We discuss how these morphological traits relate to life history differences between these two species. Our comparisons across geographic areas support prior research that suggested that cryptic variation within <em>G. firmus</em> may represent different species. Overall, our study highlights how variable morphology can be across wide ranging species, and the importance of studying reproductive barriers in more than one or two transects of a hybrid zone.</span></p>
Beauty or function? The opposing effects of natural and sexual selection on cuticular hydrocarbons in male black field crickets
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Weeds and agro by-products for sustainable farming of edible field cricket, Gryllus madagascarensis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
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Perceived mate availability does not influence variation in egg-laying patterns in the Hawaiian Pacific field cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
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