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78 results for “field response”
THE FIELD'S MALL MASS SHOOTING: EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES RESPONSE
<p>Case report describing the mass shooting at the Field's shopping mall in Copenhagen, July 3rd, 2022.</p> <p>Dataset to support the findings of the case report, hopefully to be published after peer-review in Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine.</p>
Data from: Phenological responses to multiple environmental drivers under climate change: insights from a long-term observational study and a manipulative field experiment
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Exogenous application of plant hormones in the field alters aboveground plant–insect responses and belowground nutrient availability, but does not lead to differences in plant–soil feedbacks
<p>Plant–soil feedbacks of plants that are exposed to herbivory have been shown to differ from those of plants that are not exposed to herbivores. Likely, this process is mediated by jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) defense pathways, which are induced by aboveground herbivory. Furthermore, exogenous application of these phytohormones to plants alters belowground communities, but whether this changes plant–soil feedbacks in natural systems is unknown. We applied exogenous sprays of JA and SA individually and in combination to field plots in a restored grassland. Control plots were sprayed with demineralized water. After three repeated application rounds, we transplanted seedlings of the plant–soil feedback model plant Jacobaea vulgaris as phytometer plants to test the effects of potential phytohormone-mediated changes in the soil, on plant performance during the response phase. We further measured how exogenous application of phytohormones altered plant-related ecosystem characteristics (plot-level); soil chemistry, plot productivity, insect communities and predation. Biomass of the phytometer plants only co-varied with plot productivity, but was not influenced by phytohormone applications. However, we did observe compound-specific effects of SA application on insect communities, most notably on parasitoid attraction, and of JA application on soil nitrogen levels. Although we did not find effects on plant–soil feedbacks, the effects of exogenous application of phytohormones did alter other ecosystem-level processes related to soil nutrient cycling, which may lead to legacy effects in the longer term. Furthermore, exogenous application of phytohormones led to altered attraction of specific insect groups</p>
Data from: Field measurements give biased estimates of functional response parameters, but help explain foraging distributions
1. Mechanistic insights and predictive understanding of the spatial distributions of foragers are typically derived by fitting either field measurements on intake rates and food abundance, or observations from controlled experiments, to functional response models. It has remained unclear, however, whether and why one approach should be favoured above the other, as direct comparative studies are rare. 2. The field measurements required to parameterize either single or multi-species functional response models are relatively easy to obtain, except at sites with low food densities and at places with high food densities, as the former will be avoided and the second will be rare. Also, in foragers facing a digestive bottleneck, intake rates (calculated over total time) will be constant over a wide range of food densities. In addition, interference effects may further depress intake rates. All of this hinders the appropriate estimation of parameters such as the 'instantaneous area of discovery' and the handling time, using a type II functional response model also known as 'Holling's disc equation'. 3. Here we compare field- and controlled experimental measurements of intake rate as a function of food abundance in female bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica feeding on lugworms Arenicola marina. 4. We show that a fit of the type II functional response model to field measurements predicts lower intake rates (about 2.5 times), longer handling times (about 4 times) and lower 'instantaneous areas of discovery' (about 30 to 70 times), compared with measurements from controlled experimental conditions. 5. In agreement with the assumptions of Holling's disc equation, under controlled experimental settings both the instantaneous area of discovery and handling time remained constant with an increase in food density. The field data, however, would lead us to conclude that although handling time remains constant, the instantaneous area of discovery decreased with increasing prey densities. This will result into highly underestimated sensory capacities when using field data. 6. Our results demonstrate that the elucidation of the fundamental mechanisms behind prey detection and prey processing capacities of a species necessitates measurements of functional response functions under the whole range of prey densities on solitary feeding individuals, which is only possible under controlled conditions. Field measurements yield 'consistency tests' of the distributional patterns in a specific ecological context.
Data from: Genetic analysis of circadian responses to low frequency electromagnetic fields in Drosophila melanogaster
The blue-light sensitive photoreceptor cryptochrome (CRY) may act as a magneto-receptor through formation of radical pairs involving a triad of tryptophans. Previous genetic analyses of behavioral responses of Drosophila to electromagnetic fields using conditioning, circadian and geotaxis assays have lent some support to the radical pair model (RPM). Here, we describe a new method that generates consistent and reliable circadian responses to electromagnetic fields that differ substantially from those already reported. We used the Schuderer apparatus to isolate Drosophila from local environmental variables, and observe extremely low frequency (3 to 50 Hz) field-induced changes in two locomotor phenotypes, circadian period and activity levels. These field-induced phenotypes are CRY- and blue-light dependent, and are correlated with enhanced CRY stability. Mutational analysis of the terminal tryptophan of the triad hypothesised to be indispensable to the electron transfer required by the RPM reveals that this residue is not necessary for field responses. We observe that deletion of the CRY C-terminus dramatically attenuates the EMF-induced period changes, whereas the N-terminus underlies the hyperactivity. Most strikingly, an isolated CRY C-terminus that does not encode the Tryptophan triad nor the FAD binding domain is nevertheless able to mediate a modest EMF-induced period change. Finally, we observe that hCRY2, but not hCRY1, transformants can detect EMFs, suggesting that hCRY2 is blue light-responsive. In contrast, when we examined circadian molecular cycles in wild-type mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei slices under blue light, there was no field effect. Our results are therefore not consistent with the classical Trp triad-mediated RPM and suggest that CRYs act as blue-light/EMF sensors depending on trans-acting factors that are present in particular cellular environments.
Data from: Response of non-grassland avian guilds to adjacent herbaceous field buffers: testing hypotheses about configuration of targeted conservation practices in agricultural landscapes
1. A substantial part of the world's land base is dominated by agriculture, and forest habitat often consists of discrete patches of forest and linear woody corridors. These natural components provide habitat for some forest birds, but make conservation of these species difficult. In-field practices applied outside forest patches, such as specific juxtapositions of herbaceous field buffers adjacent to forest habitat, could increase avian diversity contributions of existing forest without creation of additional forest habitat. Our prediction was that herbaceous field buffers would increase bird richness in adjacent forest, and we evaluated four potential mechanisms. 2. We used bird count data from a conservation buffer monitoring program and hierarchical community models to estimate species richness of forest generalist, forest interior, and shrubland (edge) species near forest edges with and without adjacent herbaceous field buffers. We accounted for heterogeneity in detection probabilities and forest cover in surrounding landscapes when estimating species- and guild-level responses. 3. Consistent with the drift fence hypothesis, adjacent herbaceous buffers were associated with a modest increase in richness of forest interior birds in woody corridors, but not in forest blocks. Consistent with resource complementation, adjacent herbaceous buffers were associated with modest increases in richness of shrubland (edge) birds in both woody corridors and forest blocks. 4. Across all species and guilds, adjacent buffers generally associated with greater abundance (e.g. 28 of 39 species), but these increases were also relatively small and highly variable (i.e. overlapping 95% credible intervals). Corroborating existing research, effects of adjacent herbaceous buffers are likely real, but neither pervasive nor strong. 5. Synthesis and applications. Conservation practices targeted to grassland species often produce measurable conservation benefits for target species. However, biodiversity return for investment would be further increased if targeted practices could be deployed in ways that also produce benefits for non-target species in adjacent habitats. Our results suggest that additional benefits for non-target species using adjacent forest habitat are likely to be modest, so conservation planning should focus on species targeted by the conservation practices and avoidance of potential negative impacts on those species when positive benefits to adjacent habitat are weak or lacking.
Data from: Remote sensing of plant trait responses to field-based plant–soil feedback using UAV-based optical sensors
Plant responses to biotic and abiotic legacies left in soil by preceding plants is known as plant–soil feedback (PSF). PSF is an important mechanism to explain plant community dynamics and plant performance in natural and agricultural systems. However, most PSF studies are short-term and small-scale due to practical constraints for field-scale quantification of PSF effects, yet field experiments are warranted to assess actual PSF effects under less controlled conditions. Here we used unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based optical sensors to test whether PSF effects on plant traits can be quantified remotely. We established a randomized agro-ecological field experiment in which six different cover crop species and species combinations from three different plant families (Poaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae) were grown. The feedback effects on plant traits were tested in oat (Avena sativa) by quantifying the cover crop legacy effects on key plant traits: height, fresh biomass, nitrogen content, and leaf chlorophyll content. Prior to destructive sampling, hyperspectral data were acquired and used for calibration and independent validation of regression models to retrieve plant traits from optical data. Subsequently, for each trait the model with highest precision and accuracy was selected. We used the hyperspectral analyses to predict the directly measured plant height (RMSE = 5.12 cm, R2 = 0.79), chlorophyll content (RMSE = 0.11 g m−2, R2 = 0.80), N-content (RMSE = 1.94 g m−2, R2 = 0.68), and fresh biomass (RMSE = 0.72 kg m−2, R2 = 0.56). Overall the PSF effects of the different cover crop treatments based on the remote sensing data matched the results based on in situ measurements. The average oat canopy was tallest and its leaf chlorophyll content highest in response to legacy of Vicia sativa monocultures (100 cm, 0.95 g m−2, respectively) and in mixture with Raphanus sativus (100 cm, 1.09 g m−2, respectively), while the lowest values (76 cm, 0.41 g m−2, respectively) were found in response to legacy of Lolium perenne monoculture, and intermediate responses to the legacy of the other treatments. We show that PSF effects in the field occur and alter several important plant traits that can be sensed remotely and quantified in a non-destructive way using UAV-based optical sensors; these can be repeated over the growing season to increase temporal resolution. Remote sensing thereby offers great potential for studying PSF effects at field scale and relevant spatial-temporal resolutions which will facilitate the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms.
Data from: Competitive responses of eight old-field plant species in four environments
Variation in relative competitive abilities among environments has been proposed to control the species composition of plant communities. We tested whether the competitive responses of eight species varied with fertility and disturbance in an old field. We also tested whether the competitive effects of vegetation varied with fertility and disturbance in an old field. We also tested whether the competitive effects of vegetation varied with fertility and disturbance. Plots received one of four combinations of nitrogen (added or not) and disturbance (tilled or not) in each of five years. There were 10 replicates of each treatment. In the fifth summer, transplants of eight species comprising annual and perennial forbs and grasses were grown in all four combinations of the N and disturbance treatments. Transplants were grown in subplots with all neighbors, with only roots of neighbors, or with no neighbors. Transplant roots and shoots were harvested after one summer and individual growth rates were determined. Growth rate varied significantly with the interaction among species, competition, and N, suggesting that species differed in their competitive responses and that these differences varied with N availability. Comparisons among competition treatments at each level of N showed six distinct responses in the eight species examined. The competitive effect of neighboring vegetation shifted from roots to shoots as N increased, but decreased in disturbed plots. The total effect of competition increased significantly with neighbor mass in 4 of the 32 examined (eight species in four combinations of N and disturbance). All four cases involved annuals in annual neighborhoods. The results for eight species confirmed earlier single—species diverged in their responses to competition as soil N availability varied.
Data from: Seedling recruitment in subalpine grassland forbs: predicting field regeneration behaviour from lab germination responses
Environmental cueing that restricts seed germination onto times and places where mortality risk is relatively low may have considerable selective advantage. The predictive power of lab germination responses for field regeneration behaviour is rarely tested. We screened 11 alpine grassland forbs for germination behaviours predictive of microsite and seasonal selectivity, and seed carry-over across years. The predictions were tested in a field experiment. Germination in the lab ranged from 0.05% to 67.9%, and was affected by light (5 species), temperature (6), fluctuating temperatures (4), moist chilling prior to germination (cold-stratification) (6), and dormancy-breaking by means of gibberellic acid (8). Seedling emergence in the field varied from 0.1% to 14.1%, and increased in low-competition microsites (bare-ground gaps and cut vegetation; 7 species), and showed seasonal timing (1 in autumn and 1 in spring), and seed carry-over across years (7). Lab germination responses successfully predicted microsite selectivity in the field and to some extent seed carry-over across years but not seasonal timing of germination. Gap-detecting species were generally small-seeded, low-growing, and found in unproductive habitats. Larger-seeded species germinated in all microsites but experienced increased mortality in high-competition microsites. Seed carry-over across years was lower in alpine specialists than in more widely-distributed species.
Impact of defects on the phase diagram and field response of ferroelectric (Ba,Sr)TiO3
<p>This repository contains the simulation results for (Ba,Sr)TiO3 using coarse-grained molecular dynamics package <a title="Feram" href="https://loto.sourceforge.net/feram/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Feram</a>.</p> <p>These data can be visualized with scripts in the <a href="https://gitlab.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/tengssh/p1-defect_study/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RUB gitlab</a> repository and are supplementary for an associated publication.<br>The publication link will be provided after publishing.</p> <p>All files (1: data.avg, 2: *.dipoRavg, 3: *.coord, 4: *.hl, 5: *.defects) use the space-separated format.</p> <p>(1) data.avg columns:<br>T: temperature in Kelvin<br>Ex Ey Ez: external_E_field along x,y,z in V/Angstrom.<br>exx eyy ezz eyz ezx exy: strain tensor<br>ux uy uz: dipole displacements in Angstrom<br>uxux uyuy uzuz uyuz uzux uxuy: cross-terms of dipole displacements in Angstrom^2<br>dk: dipo_kinetic in eV/u.c.<br>lr: long_range in eV/u.c.<br>dEf: dipole_E_field in V/Angstrom<br>unhar: unharmonic in eV/u.c.<br>s_ho: homo_strain in eV/u.c.<br>c_ho: homo_coupling in eV/u.c.<br>s_inho: inho_strain in eV/u.c.<br>c_inho: inho_coupling in eV/u.c.<br>etot: total energy in eV/u.c.<br>HNP: H_Nose_Poincare in eV/u.c.<br>e2: e2<br>dkt: dipo_kinetic_true in eV/u.c.<br>ak: acuou_kinetic in eV/u.c.<br>sr: short_range in eV/u.c.<br>mod: inho_modulation in eV/u.c.<br>px py pz: px py pz<br>ppx ppy ppz ppyz ppzx ppxy: ppx ppy ppz ppyz ppzx ppxy<br>mx my mz: <ux>, <uy>, <uz> in Angstrom<br>amx amy amz: <|ux|>, <|uy|>, <|uz|> in Angstrom</p> <p>(2) *.dipoRavg columns:<br>x y z: coordinates<br>ux uy uz: dipole displacements in Angstrom</p> <p>(3) *.coord columns:<br>x y z: coordinates<br>ux uy uz: dipole displacements in Angstrom<br>ppx ppy ppz: dipoP<br>ddx ddy ddz: dVddi<br>arx ary arz: acouR<br>apx apy apz: acouP</p> <p>(4) *.hl columns:<br>step: timestep<br>T: temperature in Kelvin<br>Ex Ey Ez: external_E_field in V/Angstrom <br>exx eyy ezz eyz ezx exy: strain tensor<br>ux uy uz: dipole displacements in Angstrom</p> <p>(5) *.defects columns:<br>x y z: coordinates<br>ux uy uz: dipole displacements in Angstrom</p> <p><br><br></p>
Large-scale homogenization of soil bacterial communities in response to agricultural practices in paddy fields, China
<div>This dataset contains data from 257 sites in four typical rice-growing regions across a 4,000-km transect in China, including geographic location data and environment factors data.</div> <div> <br> The study was conducted across a 4,000-km transect of China's rice-growing areas, from Heilong Jiang province to Yunnan province (100°55′ E to 134°08′° E, 22°46′ N to 48°02′ N, Table S1). Four typical rice-growing regions were selected along this transect: Sanjiang Plain (modern mechanical farming), Taihu Plain (mechanical plus minor manual farming), Lianghu Plain (manual plus minor mechanical farming), and Hani Terrace (traditional manual farming).</div> <div> <br> Field sampling was conducted during July and August in 2014 and 2015. Soil samples were collected from 178 flooded paddy fields and 79 surrounding non-paddy areas across four typical rice-growing regions of China. At each site, one homogenized sample was obtained, which was then separated into two parts. One part, which was obtained for DNA extraction, was placed into a sterile plastic tube then immediately placed in liquid nitrogen for short-term transportation. After shipping to the laboratory, these tubes were stored at −80 °C. The second part of the soil sample was placed into a plastic bag and stored at 4.0 °C for determining the soil physicochemical properties.</div> <div> <br> Main results of the experiments are that: (1) Distance–decay patterns of bacterial communities in paddy fields revealed reduced β-diversity compared to surrounding natural habitats. (2) Modern rice farming practices (plowing with machines) caused stronger homogenization of soil bacterial communities than traditional farming (plowing by hand). Among the four paddy regions, plowing by hand retained the highest soil bacterial β-diversity. (3) Moreover, a significant inverse correlation was observed between bacterial β-diversity and the agricultural mechanization level. (4) Among multiple environmental factors, dramatic spatial homogenization of soil physicochemical properties, particularly soil nutrient contents, and reduced dispersal limitation caused by modern farming activities both strongly predict a reduction of bacterial β-diversity in modern paddy fields.</div>
Dataset and analyses for: Force-field perturbations and muscle vibration strengthen stability-related foot placement responses during steady-state gait in healthy adults
<p>We have collected kinematic data (heel and pelvis markers) from healthy adults during treadmill walking, whilst force-field perturbations and timed muscle vibrations were applied. We assessed the (after-)effects of these two interventions by evaluating foot placement control through outcome measures derived from a regression model which predicts foot placement based on the center-of-mass kinematic state. The data and analyses provided belong to the scientific publication: "Force-field perturbations and muscle vibration strengthen stability-related foot placement responses during steady-state gait in healthy adults". In the manuscript we place these analyses in the context of stability control and speculate on how these trainining interventions may improve stability control in patient populations.</p>
Plant responses to ramet density and herbivory under natural field conditions: Impacts on volatile organic compound emissions and seed production
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Evaluation of Spectral Light Simulation Tools For Prediction of ipRGC-influenced Light Responses in Field Conditions
<p><span>Spectral light simulation tools can be used to optimize lighting design in built environments for occupants’ ipRGC-influenced light (IIL) responses. The accuracy of these tools has been previously tested against measurements in controlled, neutral-colored spaces. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of ALFA and Lark spectral light simulation tools in spectrally and geometrically complex environments. The methods consist of comparison of spectral irradiance, three IIL response metrics, and photopic illuminance in two office rooms in a university building. Measurements and simulations are performed in daylight, electric light, and combination of daylight and electric light. The dataset presented here documents this research.</span></p>
Growth, stress and acclimation responses to fluctuating temperatures in field and domesticated populations of Manduca sexta
<p>Diurnal fluctuations in temperature are ubiquitous in terrestrial environments, and insects and other ectotherms have evolved to tolerate or acclimate to such fluctuations. Few studies have examined whether ectotherms acclimate to diurnal temperature fluctuations, or how natural and domesticated populations differ in their responses to diurnal fluctuations. We examine how diurnally fluctuating temperatures during development affect growth, acclimation and stress responses for two populations of Manduca sexta: a field population that typically experiences wide variation in mean and fluctuations in temperature, and a laboratory population that has been domesticated in nearly constant temperatures for more than 300 generations. Laboratory experiments showed that diurnal fluctuations throughout larval development reduced pupal mass for the lab but not the field population. The differing effects of diurnal fluctuations were greatest at higher mean temperature (30 °C): here diurnal fluctuations reduced pupal mass and increased pupal development time for the lab population, but had little effect for the field population. We also evaluated how mean and fluctuations in temperature during early larval development affected growth rate during the final larval instar as a function of test temperature. At an intermediate (25 °C) mean temperature, both the lab and field population showed a positive acclimation response to diurnal fluctuations, in which subsequent growth rate was significantly higher at most test temperatures. In contrast at higher mean temperature (30 °C), diurnal fluctuations significantly reduced subsequent growth rate at most test temperatures for the lab population, but not for the field population. These results suggest that during domestication in constant temperatures, the lab population has lost the capacity to tolerate or acclimate to high and fluctuating temperatures. Population differences in acclimation capacity in response to temperature fluctuations has not been previously demonstrated, but they may be important for understanding the evolution of reaction norms and performance curves. </p>
Metabolic phenotype mediates the outcome of competitive interactions in a response-surface field experiment
<p>Competition and metabolism should be linked. Intraspecific variation in metabolic rates and, hence, resource demands covary with competitive ability. The effects of metabolism on conspecific interactions, however, have mostly been studied under laboratory conditions.<b> </b>We used a trait-specific response-surface design to test for the effects of metabolism on pairwise interactions of the marine colonial invertebrate, <i>Bugula neritina</i> in the field. Specifically, we compared the performance (survival, growth, and reproduction) of focal individuals, both in the presence and absence of a neighbour colony, both of which had their metabolic phenotype characterised.<b> </b>Survival of focal colonies depended on the metabolic phenotype of the neighbouring individual, and on the combination of both the focal and neighbour colony metabolic phenotypes that were present. Surprisingly, we found pervasive effects of neighbour metabolic phenotypes on focal colony growth and reproduction, though the sign and strength of these effects showed strong microenvironmental variability.<b> </b>Overall, we find that the metabolic phenotype changes the strength of competitive interactions, but these effects are highly contingent on local conditions. We suggest future studies explore how variation in metabolic rate affects organisms beyond the focal organism alone, particularly under field conditions.</p>
Determination of Autonomic Responses to Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields With Low Energy Modulated Frequency
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01686412. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Exogenous application of plant hormones in the field alters aboveground plant–insect responses and belowground nutrient availability, but does not lead to differences in plant–soil feedbacks
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Seedling recruitment in subalpine grassland forbs: predicting field regeneration behaviour from lab germination responses
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Growth, stress and acclimation responses to fluctuating temperatures in field and domesticated populations of Manduca sexta
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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