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67 results for “floral evolution”
Data from: Pollinator shifts, contingent evolution, and evolutionary constraint drive floral disparity in Salvia (Lamiaceae): evidence from morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods
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Stigma shape shifting in sages (Salvia: Lamiaceae) – hummingbirds guided the evolution of New World floral features
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Data from: Rapid evolution of a floral trait following acquisition of novel pollinators
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Data from: The Tetramerium lineage (Acanthaceae, Justicieae) revisited: phylogenetic relationships reveal polyphyly of many new world genera accompanied by rampant evolution of floral morphology
Molecular data confirm monophyly of the Tetramerium lineage (Acanthaceae, Justicieae), a group of nearly 200 species, ca. 75% from the New World (NW) and the remainder from Asia or Africa. Compared to our earlier work, > 50% more in-group taxa were sampled (nearly 2/3 of known taxa now sampled) and added ~20% more sequence data. We time-calibrate the phylogeny using primary fossil evidence and the larger context of a calibrated phylogeny for Acanthaceae. Many aspects of relationship are strongly supported but uncertainty remains about a number of phylogenetically isolated taxa (e.g., African Angkalanthus, Chorisochora; NW Ancistranthus) and some aspects of relationships among clades remain weakly supported. The group originated in the OW and began diversifying about 11.5 Ma. A single dispersal event to the NW occurred about 8.3 Ma, likely from Africa to southwestern North America. A number of major clades, particularly in the NW, are less than 5 Ma old and species in many clades are substantially younger. Several NW clades – even those with <10 species – comprise species that are markedly heterogeneous in floral traits likely reflecting selection by pollinators. Many NW genera are not monophyletic, which is not surprising given that floral traits have been relied upon taxonomically. Diversification rate analysis revealed no significant shifts resulting in a gradual increase in number of lineages with time. The Tetramerium lineage is now phylogenetically well characterized but remains enigmatic from the perspective of morphological evidence for many aspects of relationships. The lineage is usefully thought of as a 'clade complex': as a species complex is of morphologically confusing species, a 'clade complex' is of clades that are not well characterized morphologically.
Data from: Convergent evolution of floral shape tied to pollinator shifts in Iochrominae (Solanaceae)
Flower form is one of many floral features thought to be shaped by pollinator-mediated selection. Although the drivers of variation in flower shape have often been examined in microevolutionary studies, relatively few have tested the relationship between shape evolution and shifts in pollination system across clades. In the present study, we use morphometric approaches to quantify shape variation across the Andean clade Iochrominae and estimate the relationship between changes in shape and shifts in pollination system using phylogenetic comparative methods. We infer multiple shifts from an ancestral state of narrow, tubular flowers toward open, bowl-shaped or campanulate flowers as well as one reversal to the tubular form. These transitions in flower shape are significantly correlated with changes in pollination system. Specifically, tubular forms tend to be hummingbird-pollinated and the open forms tend to be insect-pollinated, a pattern consistent with experimental work as well as classical floral syndromes. Nonetheless, our study provides one of the few empirical demonstrations of the relationship between flower shape and pollination system at a macroevolutionary scale.
Data from: Evolution of floral diversity: genomics, genes and gamma
A salient feature of flowering plant diversification is the emergence of a novel suite of floral features coinciding with the origin of the most species-rich lineage, Pentapetalae. Advances in phylogenetics, developmental genetics and genomics, including new analyses presented here, are helping to reconstruct the specific evolutionary steps involved in the evolution of this clade. The enormous floral diversity among Pentapetalae appears to be built on a highly conserved ground plan of five-parted (pentamerous) flowers with whorled phyllotaxis. By contrast, lability in the number and arrangement of component parts of the flower characterize the early-diverging eudicot lineages subtending Pentapetalae. The diversification of Pentapetalae also coincides closely with ancient hexaploidy, referred to as the gamma whole-genome triplication, for which the phylogenetic timing, mechanistic details and molecular evolutionary consequences are as yet not fully resolved. Transcription factors regulating floral development often persist in duplicate or triplicate in gamma-derived genomes, and both individual genes and whole transcriptional programmes exhibit a shift from broadly overlapping to tightly defined expression domains in Pentapetalae flowers. Investigations of these changes associated with the origin of Pentapetalae can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of what is arguably one of the most important evolutionary diversification events within terrestrial plants.
Data from: The evolution of floral sonication, a pollen foraging behavior used by bees (Anthophila)
Over 22,000 species of biotically pollinated flowering plants, including some major agricultural crops, depend primarily on bees capable of floral sonication for pollination services. The ability to sonicate ("buzz") flowers is widespread in bees but not ubiquitous. Despite the prevalence of this pollinator behavior and its importance to natural and agricultural systems, the evolutionary history of floral sonication in bees has not been previously studied. Here, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of floral sonication in bees by generating a time-calibrated phylogeny and reconstructing ancestral states for this pollen extraction behavior. We also test the hypothesis that the ability to sonicate flowers and thereby efficiently access pollen from a diverse assemblage of plant species, led to increased diversification amongst sonicating bee taxa. We find that floral sonication evolved on average 45 times within bees, possibly first during the Early Cretaceous (100-145 million years ago) in the common ancestor of bees. We find that sonicating lineages are significantly more species rich than non-sonicating sister lineages when comparing sister clades, but a probabilistic structured rate permutation on phylogenies approach failed to support the hypothesis that floral sonication is a key driver of bee diversification. This study provides the evolutionary framework needed to further study how floral sonication by bees may have facilitated the spread and common evolution of angiosperm species with poricidal floral morphology.
Data from: Biogeography and floral evolution of baobabs (Adansonia, Bombacaceae) as inferred from multiple data sets
The phylogeny of baobab trees was analyzed using four data sets: chloroplast DNA restriction sites, sequences of the chloroplast rpl 16 intron, sequences of the internal transcribed spacer ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA, and morphology. We sampled each of the eight species of Adansonia plus three outgroup taxa from tribe Adansonieae. These data were analyzed singly and in combination using parsimony. ITS and morphology provided the greatest resolution and were largely concordant. The two chloroplast data sets showed concordance with one another but showed significant conflict with ITS and morphology. A possible explanation for the conflict is genealogical discordance within the Malagasy Longitubae, perhaps due to introgression events. A maximum likelihood analysis of branching times shows that the dispersal between Africa and Australia occurred well after the fragmentation of Gondwana and therefore involved overwater dispersal. The phylogeny does not permit unambiguous reconstruction of floral evolution but suggests the plausible hypothesis that hawkmoth pollination was ancestral in Adansonia and that there were two parallel switches to pollination by mammals in the genus.
Data from: Correlated evolution of mating system and floral display traits in flowering plants and its implications for the distribution of mating system variation
Reduced allocation to structures for pollinator attraction is predicted in selfing species. We explored the association between outcrossing and floral display in a broad sample of angiosperms. We used the demonstrated relationship to test for bias against selfing species in the outcrossing rate distribution, the shape of which has relevance for the stability of mixed mating. Relationships between outcrossing rate, flower size, flower number and floral display, measured as the product of flower size and number, were examined using phylogenetically independent contrasts. The distribution of floral displays among species in the outcrossing rate database was compared with that of a random sample of the same flora. The outcrossing rate was positively associated with the product of flower size and number; individually, components of display were less strongly related to outcrossing. Compared with a random sample, species in the outcrossing rate database showed a deficit of small floral display sizes. We found broad support for reduced allocation to attraction in selfing species. We suggest that covariation between mating systems and total allocation to attraction can explain the deviation from expected trade-offs between flower size and number. Our results suggest a bias against estimating outcrossing rates in the lower half of the distribution, but not specifically against highly selfing species.
FIGURE 9. Helonias yunnanensis var. mesostyla. A. Flower with frontal tepal and stamen removed. B. Pistil. C. Fruit with persistent floral parts. One frontal tepal removed. D. Two seeds. A, B from N in Taxonomy, evolution and phylogeography of the genus Helonias (Melanthiaceae) revisited
FIGURE 9. Helonias yunnanensis var. mesostyla. A. Flower with frontal tepal and stamen removed. B. Pistil. C. Fruit with persistent floral parts. One frontal tepal removed. D. Two seeds. A, B from N Myanmar (Kermode 17139, holotype, K-001235138). C, D from Yunnan, China (Gaoligongshan Biodiversity Survey 32015, GH-00292433). Scale on right corner for B and D. Drawn by Noriyuki Tanaka.
FIGURE 4 in Floral ontogeny of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) species provides insights into floral evolution but does not possess taxonomic value at the genus level
FIGURE 4. Floral development of Magnolia figo. A. Floral primordium. B. Initiation of one tepal primordium in the first whorl. C. Initiation of tepal primordia in the second whorl. D. Initiation of stamen primordia, early stage. F. Initiation of stamen primordia later stage. G. Initiation of carpel primordia, early stage. H. Initiation of carpel primordia, later stage. I. Carpel primordia with developing concavities. Abbreviations: floral primordium (f); tepal in the first whorl (t 1); tepal in the second whorl (t 2); carpel (c); stamen (s). Scale bars: (A–F) = 100 μm; (G–I) = 200 μm.
FIGURE 3 in Floral ontogeny of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) species provides insights into floral evolution but does not possess taxonomic value at the genus level
FIGURE 3. Floral development of Magnolia maudiae. A. Floral primordium. B. Initiation of tepal primordia in the first whorl. C. Initiation of tepal primordia in the second whorl, early stage. D. Initiation of tepal primordia in the second whorl, later stage. E. Initiation of tepal primordia in the third whorl. F. Initiation of stamen primordia, early stage. G. Initiation of stamen primordia, later stage. G. Stamens petaloid (arrow) at the early stage. H. Occasional variations in tepal primordia in the third whorl. J. Initiation of carpel primordia (early), occasional variations in tepal primordia in the first and third whorls, and petal-like stamens (arrow). K. Initiation of carpel primordia (end). L. Carpel primordia with developing concavities. Abbreviations: floral primordium (f); tepal in the first whorl (t); tepal in the second 1 whorl (t ); tepal in the third whorl (t ); carpel (c); stamen (s). Scale bars: (A, B) = 100 μm; (C–K) = 200 μm; L = 500 μm.
FIGURE 1 in Floral ontogeny of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) species provides insights into floral evolution but does not possess taxonomic value at the genus level
FIGURE 1. Mature flowers of three Magnolia species. A. Magnolia liliiflora. B. Magnolia maudiae. C. Magnolia figo.
FIGURE 2 in Floral ontogeny of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) species provides insights into floral evolution but does not possess taxonomic value at the genus level
FIGURE 2. Floral development of Magnolia liliiflora. A. Floral primordium. B. Initiation of tepal primordia in the outer whorl. C. Initiation of tepal primordia in the second whorl (early). D. Initiation of tepal primordia in the second whorl (later). E. Initiation of tepal primordia in the third whorl. F. Initiation of stamen primordium, early stage. G. Initiation of stamen primordium, later stage. H. Initiation of carpel primordia (early). I. Initiation of carpel primordia (end). Abbreviations: floral primordium (f); tepal in the first whorl (t 1); tepal in the second whorl (t 2); tepal in the third whorl (t 3); carpel (c); stamen (s). All scale bars: 200 μm
Intraspecific independent evolution of floral spur length in response to local flower visitor size in Japanese Aquilegia in different mountain regions
<p>Geographic differences in floral traits may reflect geographic differences in effective pollinator assemblages. Independent local adaptation to pollinator assemblages in multiple regions would be expected to cause parallel floral trait evolution, although sufficient evidence for this is still lacking. In this study, we investigated the relationship between flower spur length and pollinator size in 16 populations of <i>Aquilegia buergeriana </i>var.<i> buergeriana</i> distributed in four mountain regions in the Japanese Alps. We also examined the genetic relationship between yellow- and red-flowered individuals, to see if color differences caused genetic differentiation by pollinator isolation. Genetic relationships among 16 populations were analyzed based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Even among populations within the same mountain region, pollinator size varied widely, and the average spur length of <i>A. buergeriana</i> var. <i>buergeriana</i> in each population was strongly related to the average visitor size of that population. Genetic relatedness between populations was not related to the similarity of spur length between populations; rather, it was related to the geographic proximity of populations in each mountain region. Our results indicate that spur length in each population evolved independently of the population genetic structure but in parallel in different mountain regions. Further, yellow- and red-flowered individuals of <i>A. buergeriana</i> var. <i>buergeriana</i> were not genetically differentiated. Unlike other <i>Aquilegia</i> species in Europe and America visited by hummingbirds and hawkmoths, this species is consistently visited by bumblebees in Japan. As a result, genetic isolation by flower color has not occurred.</p>
Data from: Convergent evolution in floral morphology in a plant ring species, the Caribbean Euphorbia tithymaloides
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Intraspecific independent evolution of floral spur length in response to local flower visitor size in Japanese Aquilegia in different mountain regions
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Data from: Convergent evolution of floral shape tied to pollinator shifts in Iochrominae (Solanaceae)
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Data from: Biogeography and floral evolution of baobabs (Adansonia, Bombacaceae) as inferred from multiple data sets
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Data from: Quantifying hummingbird preference for floral trait combinations: the role of selection on trait interactions in the evolution of pollination syndromes
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