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67 results for “floral evolution”
Cognition-mediated Evolution of Low-Quality Floral Nectars
<p>Data from virtual selection experiments, in which real or virtual nectar-feeding bats visited artificial or virtual flowers, exerting selection on their nectar traits.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Floral evolution and pollinator diversification in Hedychium: revisiting Darwin's predictions using an integrative taxonomic approach
<p>Hedychium J.Koenig (Zingiberaceae) is endemic to the Indo-Malayan Realm and is known for its vibrant and fragrant flowers. Historically, two different pollination syndromes characterize Hedychium: diurnal or bird pollination and nocturnal or moth pollination. In this study we aim to understand the evolution of nocturnal and diurnal flowers, and to test its putative association with lineage diversification in Hedychium.</p> <p>A molecular tree of Hedychium was used as a scaffold upon which we estimated ancestral character-states, phylogenetic signals, and correlations for certain categorical and continuous floral traits. Further, we employed phylomorphospace and trait-dependent diversification rate estimation analyses to understand phenotypic evolution and associated lineage diversification in Hedychium.</p> <p>Although floral color and size lacked any association with specific pollinators, white or pale flowers were most common in the early branching clades, when compared to bright-colored flowers which were more widely represented in the most derived clade IV. Five categorical and two continuous characters were identified to have informative evolutionary patterns which also emphasized that ecology may have played a critical role in the diversification of Hedychium.</p> <p><span>From our phylogenetic analyses and ecological observations, we conclude that specializations in pollinator interactions are rare in the hyperdiverse clade IV, thus challenging the role of both moth-specialization and bird-specialization as central factors in the diversification of Hedychium. However, our results also suggest that clade III (predominantly island clade) may show specializations, and future studies should investigate ecological and pollinator interactions, along with inclusion of new traits such as floral fragrance and anthesis time.</span></p>
Do flower-colonizing microbes influence floral evolution? A test with fast-cycling Brassica
<p>Pollinators are thought to be the main drivers of floral evolution. Flowers are also colonized by abundant communities of microbes that can affect the interaction between plants and their pollinators. Very little is known, however, about how flower-colonizing microbes influence floral evolution. Here we performed a six-generation experimental evolution study using fast-cycling <em>Brassica rapa</em>, in which we factorially manipulated the presence of pollinators and flower microbes to determine how pollinators and microbes interact in driving floral evolution. We measured the evolution of six morphological traits, as well as plant mating system and flower attractiveness. Only one of the six traits (flower number) evolved in response to pollinators, while microbes did not drive the evolution of any trait, nor did they interact with pollinators in driving evolution of morphological traits. Moreover, we did not find evidence that pollinators or microbes affected the evolution of flower attractiveness to pollinators. However, we found an interactive effect of pollinators and microbes on the evolution of autonomous selfing, a trait that is expected to evolve in response to pollinator limitation. Overall, we found only weak evidence that microbes mediate floral evolution. However, our ability to detect an interactive effect of pollinators and microbes might have been limited by weak pollinator-mediated selection in our experimental setting. Our results contrast with previous (similar) experimental evolution studies, highlighting the susceptibility of such experiments to drift and to experimental artefacts.</p>
Phylogeny and floral character evolution of Mentzelia section Bicuspidaria (Loasaceae)
<p><i>Mentzelia</i> section <i>Bicuspidaria</i> (Loasaceae) is a monophyletic group of desert ephemerals that inhabit the complex, heterogeneous landscapes of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. To investigate species circumscriptions and evolutionary relationships in <i>Bicuspidaria</i>, we employed phylogeny reconstructions based on DNA sequences from the plastid <i>trnL-trnF</i>, <i>trnS-trnfM</i>, <i>ndhF-rpl32</i>, and <i>rpl32-trnL</i> regions and the nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS regions. Due to evidence of discordant relationships reconstructed from the plastid and nuclear partitions, we used coalescent-based methods in addition to concatenated data sets to estimate the species tree. Maximum likelihood reconstructions based on the combined plastid and nuclear data and coalescent-based reconstructions inferred congruent, fully-resolved species-level phylogenies of section <i>Bicuspidaria</i>. A monophyletic section <i>Bicuspidaria</i> was composed of two main clades, which corresponded to a clade of species endemic to the United States composed of <i>M. reflexa</i>, <i>M. tricuspis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>M. tridentata</i> that was sister to a clade of species at least partially distributed in Mexico, composed of <i>M. hirsutissima</i> and <i>M. involucrata</i>. Despite the unusual floral morphology of <i>M. reflexa</i>, molecular reconstructions placed <i>M. reflexa</i> sister to <i>M. tridentata</i>. All species of <i>Bicuspidaria</i> were monophyletic, except for <i>M. hirsutissima</i>, which was composed of two distinct lineages and paraphyletic with respect to <i>M. involucrata</i>. The northern clade of <i>M. hirsutissima</i> from California and Baja California was sister to <i>M. involucrata</i>, and both, in turn, were sister to a geographically disjunct southern clade of <i>M. hirsutissima</i> from Baja California Sur and Cedros Island. These phylogeny reconstructions provide evidence for the inclusion of five species in section <i>Bicuspidaria</i> and have uncovered cryptic diversity that has been largely unrecognized. Character state reconstructions based on the phylogeny of section <i>Bicuspidaria</i> suggest innovative and, at times, homoplasious floral evolution.</p>
Data from: The sequential direct and indirect effects of mountain uplift, climatic niche and floral trait evolution on diversification dynamics in an Andean plant clade
<p><span>Why and how organismal lineages radiate is commonly studied through either assessing abiotic factors (biogeography, geomorphological processes, climate) or biotic factors (traits, interactions). Despite increasing awareness that both abiotic and biotic processes may have important joint effects on diversification dynamics, few attempts have been made to quantify the relative importance and timing of these factors, and their potentially interlinked direct and indirect effects, on lineage diversification.</span></p> <p><span>We here combine assessments of historical biogeography, geomorphology, climatic niche, vegetative and floral trait evolution to test whether these factors jointly, or in isolation, explain diversification dynamics of a Neotropical plant clade (Merianieae, Melastomataceae). After estimating ancestral areas and disparification over time in climate and trait space, we employ Phylogenetic Path Analyses as a synthesis tool to test eleven hypotheses on the individual direct and indirect effects of these factors on diversification rates.</span></p> <p><span>We find strongest support for interlinked effects of colonization of the uplifting Andes during the mid-Miocene and rapid abiotic climatic niche evolution in explaining a burst in diversification rate in Merianieae. Within Andean habitats, later disparification in floral trait space allowed for the exploitation of wider pollination niches (i.e., shifts from bee to vertebrate pollinators), but did not affect diversification rates. Our approach of including both vegetative and floral trait evolution, rare in assessments of plant diversification in general, highlights important pre-adaptations to mountain colonization, specifically woody habit and larger flowers. Overall, and in concert with the idea that ecological opportunity is a key element of evolutionary radiations, our results suggest that a combination of rapid niche evolution and pre-adapted traits were critical for the exploitation of newly available niche space in the Andes in the mid-Miocene. Further, our results emphasize the importance of incorporating both abiotic and biotic factors into the same analytical framework if we aim to quantify the relative and interlinked effects of these processes on diversification.</span></p>
Phylogeny and floral character evolution of Mentzelia section Bicuspidaria (Loasaceae)
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Data from: The sequential direct and indirect effects of mountain uplift, climatic niche and floral trait evolution on diversification dynamics in an Andean plant clade
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Data from: Floral evolution and pollinator diversification in Hedychium: revisiting Darwin’s predictions using an integrative taxonomic approach
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Do flower-colonizing microbes influence floral evolution? A test with fast-cycling Brassica
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Data and reproducible analysis files from: Latitudinal clines in floral display associated with adaptive evolution during a biological invasion
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Data from: Pollinator shifts, contingent evolution, and evolutionary constraint drive floral disparity in Salvia (Lamiaceae): evidence from morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods
Switches in pollinators have been argued to be key drivers of floral evolution in angiosperms. However, few studies have tested the relationship between floral shape evolution and switches in pollination in large clades. In concert with a dated phylogeny, we present a morphometric analysis of corolla, anther connective, and style shape across 44% of nearly 1,000 species of Salvia (Lamiaceae) and test four hypotheses of floral evolution. We demonstrate that floral morphospace of New World (NW) Salvia is largely distinct from that of Old World (OW) Salvia and that these differences are pollinator driven; that shifts in floral morphology sometimes mirror shifts in pollinators; that anther connectives (key constituents of the Salvia staminal lever) and styles co-evolved from curved to linear shapes following shifts from bee to bird pollination; and that morphological differences between NW and OW bee flowers are partly the legacy of constraints imposed by an earlier shift to bird pollination in the NW. The distinctive staminal lever in Salvia is a morphologically diverse structure that has evolved in concert with both the corolla and style, under different pollinator pressures, and in contingent fashion.
Stigma shape shifting in sages (Salvia: Lamiaceae) – hummingbirds guided the evolution of New World floral features
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>A fundamental question in evolutionary biology is how clades of organisms exert influence on one another. The evolution of the flower and subsequent plant/pollinator coevolution are major innovations that have operated in flowering plants to promote species radiations at a variety of taxonomic levels in the Neotropics. Here we test the hypothesis that pollination by Neotropical endemic hummingbirds drove the evolution of two unique stigma traits in correlation with other floral traits in New World Salvia (Lamiaceae). We examined morphometric shapes of stigma lobing across 400 Salvia spp., scored presence and absence of a stigma brush across Salvia, and used a suite of phylogenetic comparative methods to detect shape regime shifts, correlation of trait shifts with BayesTraits and phylogenetic generalized least square regressions, and the influence of scored pollinators on trait evolution using OUwie. We found that a major Neotropical clade of Salvia evolved a correlated set of stigma features, with a longer upper stigma lobe and stigmatic brush, following an early shift to hummingbird pollination. Evolutionary constraint is evident as subsequent shifts to bee pollination largely retained these two features. Our results support the hypothesis that hummingbirds guided the correlative shifts in corolla, anther connective, style and stigma shape in Neotropical Salvia, despite repeated shifts back to bee pollination. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Evolution of intraspecific floral variation in a generalist-specialist pollination system
<p>Intraspecific processes impact macroevolutionary patterns through individual variation, selection, and ecological specialisation. According to the niche variation hypothesis, the broader ecological niche of generalist species has been proposed to increase in variation among individuals, either because they are constituted of diversified specialised individuals each exploiting a fraction of the species' niche, or because they are constituted of true generalist individuals that experience relaxed selection. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed the individual floral morphology of species of Antillean Gesneriaceae, a group that has transitioned between specialisation for hummingbird pollination and generalisation multiple times throughout its evolutionary history. We characterised the profiles of corollas using geometric morphometrics and compared the intraspecific shape variance of specialists and generalists in a phylogenetic context. We used three approaches that differently accounted for the high dimensionality of morphological traits, the ancestral reconstruction of pollination syndromes over time, and the error associated with the estimation of the intraspecific variance. Our findings provide partial support for the niche variation hypothesis. If considering the whole shape in the analysis corroborated this idea, decomposing the shape into principal components indicated that not all aspects of the corolla exhibit the same pattern of variation. Specifically, pollination generalists tend to display greater intraspecific variation than specialists in terms of tubularity, but not of curvature. Accounting for the error in the estimation of the variance also reduced the support for the hypothesis, suggesting that larger sample sizes may be required to reach stronger conclusions. This study emphasises the reciprocal influence between plants and their pollinators on floral morphology at different biodiversity scales, by affecting intraspecific floral variation that can result in macroevolutionary patterns.</p>
Data from: Quantitative genetic analysis of floral traits shows current limits but potential evolution in the wild
<p>The vast variation in floral traits across angiosperms is often interpreted as the result of adaptation to pollinators. However, studies in wild populations often find no evidence of pollinator-mediated selection on flowers. Evolutionary theory predicts this could be the outcome of periods of stasis under stable conditions, followed by shorter periods of pollinator change that provide selection for innovative phenotypes. We asked if periods of stasis are caused by stabilizing selection, absence of other forms of selection, or by low trait ability to respond even if selection is present. We studied a plant predominantly pollinated by one bee species across its range. We measured heritability and evolvability of traits, using genome-wide relatedness in a large wild population, and combined this with estimates of selection on the same individuals. We found evidence for both stabilizing selection and low trait heritability as potential explanations for stasis in flowers. The area of the standard petal is under stabilizing selection, but the variability is not heritable. A separate trait, floral weight, presents high heritability, but is not currently under selection. We show how a simple pollination environment coincides with the absence of current prerequisites for adaptive evolutionary change, while heritable variation remains to respond to future selection pressures.</p>
A test of the Grant-Stebbins pollinator shift model of floral evolution
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Data from: Shifts in outcrossing rates and changes to floral traits are associated with the evolution of herbicide resistance in the common morning glory
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Data from: Beyond pollinators: evolution of floral architecture with environment across the wild sunflowers (Helianthus, Asteraceae)
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Data from: Quantitative genetic analysis of floral traits shows current limits but potential evolution in the wild
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Evolution of intraspecific floral variation in a generalist-specialist pollination system
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Data from: Reticulate evolution helps explain apparent homoplasy in floral biology and pollination in baobabs (Adansonia; Bombacoideae; Malvaceae)
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.