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58 results for “flower trait”
Bat-flower trait matching: Extreme phenotypic specialization affects diet preferences but not diet breadth
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Rapid reversal of a potentially constraining genetic covariance between leaf and flower traits in Silene latifolia
Genetic covariance between two traits generates correlated responses to selection, and may either enhance or constrain adaptation. Silene latifolia exhibits potentially constraining genetic covariance between specific leaf area and flower number in males. Flower number is likely to increase via fecundity selection but the correlated increase in specific leaf area increases mortality, and specific leaf area is under selection to decrease in dry habitats. We selected on trait combinations in two selection lines for four generations to test whether genetic covariance could be reduced without significantly altering trait means. In one selection line, the genetic covariance changed sign and eigenstructure changed significantly, while in the other selection line eigenstructure remained similar to the control line. Changes in genetic variance-covariance structure are therefore possible without the introduction of new alleles, and the responses we observed suggest that founder effects and changes in frequency of alleles of major effect may be acting to produce the changes.
Data from: The soil microbial community alters patterns of selection on flowering time and fitness related traits in Ipomoea purpurea
Premise of the study <p>Plant flowering time plays an important role in plant fitness and thus evolutionary processes. Soil microbial communities are diverse and have a large impact, both positive and negative, on the host plant. However, owing to few available studies, how the soil microbial community may influence the evolutionary response of plant populations is not well understood. Here we sought to uncover if below-ground microbial communities act as an agent of selection on flowering and growth traits in the common morning glory, <i>Ipomoea purpurea</i>.</p> Methods <p>We performed a controlled greenhouse experiment in which genetic lines of <i>I. purpurea</i> were planted into either sterilized soils, or soils that were sterilized and re-inoculated with the microbial community from original field soil. This allowed us to directly test the influence of alterations to the microbial community on plant growth, flowering, and fitness, as well as assess patterns of selection in both soil microbial environments.</p> Results <p>We found that a more complex soil microbial community resulted in larger plants that produced more flowers. Selection strongly favored earlier flowering when plants were grown in the complex microbial environment than compared to sterilized soil. Additionally, we uncovered a pattern of negative correlational selection on growth rate and flowering time, indicating that selection favored different combinations of growth and flowering traits in the simplified versus complex soil community.</p> Conclusions <p>Together these results suggest the soil microbial community is a selective agent on flowering time and ultimately that soil microbial community influences important plant evolutionary processes.</p>
Data from: Genome scan identifies flowering-independent effects of barley HsDry2.2 locus on yield traits under water deficit
Increasing crop productivity under climate change requires the identification, selection and utilization of novel alleles for breeding. We analyzed the genotype and field phenotype of the barley HEB-25 multi-parent mapping population under well-watered and water-limited (WW and WL) environments for two years. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) for genotype by-environment interactions was performed for ten traits including flowering time (HEA) and plant grain yield (PGY). Comparison of the GWAS for traits per-se to that for QTL-by-environment interactions (QxE), indicates the prevalence of QxE mostly for reproductive traits. One QxE locus on chromosome 2, Hordeum spontaneum Dry2.2 (HsDry2.2), showed a positive and conditional effect on PGY and grain number (GN). The wild allele significantly reduced HEA, however this earliness was not conditioned by water deficit. Furthermore, BC2F1 lines segregating for the HsDry2.2 showed the wild allele confers an advantage over the cultivated in PGY, GN and harvest index as well as modified shoot morphology , longer grain filling period and reduced senescence (only under drought), therefore suggesting adaptation mechanism against water deficit other than escape. This study highlights the value of evaluating wild relatives in search of novel alleles and clues to resilience mechanism underlying crop adaptation to abiotic stress.
Linking species-level network metrics to flower traits and plant fitness
1. Theoretical models indicate that the structure of plant-pollinator networks has important implications for species' reproduction and survival. However, despite the growing information on the mechanisms underlying such structure, we are still far from being able to predict the functional consequences of species' structural positions in such networks. From the plants' perspective, species position and roles in pollination networks might be related to traits describing flower attractiveness, availability, and dependence on pollinators. In turn, both, network metrics and species traits might influence plant fitness. 2. During two field seasons, we collected data of the 23 most abundant plant species from a rich coastal community in order to evaluate the association between population and floral traits (floral abundance at the population level and flowers/individual, flower shape and size, flowering length, nectar volume, pollinator dependence), species-level network metrics (linkage level, specialization –d'–, weighted closeness centrality, network roles related to modularity) and plant fitness (seeds/flower, seed weight). 3. Flowering length, flower size, flower abundance and pollinator dependence were positively related to increased generalization, as measured with different indices. More abundant species and those with larger flowers showed higher linkage levels (i.e. higher number of pollinator species), whereas longer flowering periods were negatively related to d' and positively related to closeness centrality and important roles in the network. Likewise, plants more dependent on pollinators occupied more central positions in the network. Furthermore, species' centrality in the networks was significantly associated with plant fitness. Specifically, central species in the network produced more and heavier seeds than the others. However, other plant traits, such as flower size and pollinator dependence had additional direct effects on seed production. 4. Synthesis. Our study highlights how population and floral traits define the positions and roles of species structuring the pollination communities. Moreover, the relationships between network metrics and plant reproduction indicate, for the first time, the functional implications of these structural positions at the inter-specific level of community assembly.
Data from: Exotic flower visitors exploit large floral trait spaces resulting in asymmetric resource partitioning with native visitors
1.Exotic species often cause severe alterations in native communities due to their ability to rapidly and efficiently utilize a broad spectrum of resources. In flower-visitor interactions, the breadth of resource use by native and exotic animals as well as the partitioning of resources among them is often estimated based on the number of (shared) plant species used as resources. However, whether a flower visitor is able to exploit plant resources has been shown to be delimited by functional floral traits such as morphological barriers or attractive or repellent chemical cues. Each of the ecologically relevant traits can be viewed as a dimension of a Hutchinsonian n-dimensional hypervolume, which characterizes the range of phenotypes exploitable by a species. 2.In this study, we quantified the sizes and overlaps of n-dimensional hypervolumes defined by floral traits that are exploitable by native and exotic flower visitors (afterwards referred to as exploited space, ES). In the heavily invaded Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, USA, we phenotyped 40 native and exotic plant species and recorded flower-visitor interactions. To quantify the size and overlap of ES, we applied dynamic range boxes (dynRB). 3.On average, exotic flower visitors were more generalized in resource use (larger ES) than natives ones, which is additionally indicated by the absence of native flower visitors on exotic flowering plant species. In particular, ES based on floral scent emission was larger for exotic flower visitors compared to native ones. The unevenly expanded ES of native and exotic animals led to an asymmetric overlap of floral ES where the exotic flower visitors shared only a small proportion of their ES with natives but occupied a large proportion of the ES of natives. 4.The asymmetry in resource use of native and exotic flower visitors suggests a potential advantage in resource exploitation of the latter, potentially explaining their success in Hawaiian ecosystems. Predicted range expansion of exotic plant and animal species may further increase the competition for and reduce the availability of resources for native animals. This may lead to further declines of native species and increasing threats for Hawaiian ecosystems.
Flower traits, habitat and phylogeny as predictors of pollinator service: a plant community perspective
<p>Pollinator service is essential for successful sexual reproduction and long-term population persistence of animal-pollinated plants, and innumerable studies have shown that insufficient service by pollinators results in impaired sexual reproduction ("pollen limitation"). Studies directly addressing the predictors of variation in pollinator service across species or habitats remain comparatively scarce, which limits our understanding of the primary causes of natural variation in pollen limitation. This paper evaluates the importance of pollination-related features, evolutionary history and environment as predictors of pollinator service in a large sample of plant species from undisturbed montane habitats in southeastern Spain. Quantitative data on pollinator visitation were obtained for 191 insect-pollinated species belonging to 142 genera in 43 families, and the predictive values of simple floral traits (perianth type, class of pollinator visitation unit, and visitation unit dry mass), phylogeny, and habitat type were assessed. A total of 24,866 pollinator censuses accounting for 5,414,856 flower-min of observation were conducted on 510 different dates. Flowering patch and single flower visitation probabilities by all pollinators combined were significantly predicted by the combined effects of perianth type (open vs. restricted), class of visitation unit (single flower vs. flower packet), mass of visitation unit, phylogenetic relationships, and habitat type. Pollinator composition at insect order level varied extensively among plant species, largely reflecting the contrasting visitation responses of Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera to variation in floral traits. Pollinator composition had a strong phylogenetic component, and the distribution of phylogenetic autocorrelation hotspots of visitation rates across the plant phylogeny differed widely among insect orders. Habitat type was a key predictor of pollinator composition, as major insect orders exhibited decoupled variation across habitat types in visitation rates. Comprehensive pollinator sampling of a regional plant community has shown that pollinator visitation and composition can be parsimoniously predicted by a combination of simple floral features, habitat type and evolutionary history. Ambitious community-level studies can help to formulate novel hypotheses and questions, shed fresh light on long-standing controversies in pollination research (e.g., "pollination syndromes"), and identify methodological cautions that should be considered in pollination community studies dealing with small, phylogenetically-biased plant species samples.</p>
Data from: Bee and floral traits affect the characteristics of the vibrations experienced by flowers during buzz-pollination
During buzz pollination, bees use their indirect flight muscles to produce vibrations that are transmitted to the flowers and result in pollen release. Although buzz pollination has been known for >100 years, we are still in the early stages of understanding how bee and floral characteristics affect the production and transmission of floral vibrations. Here we analysed floral vibrations produced by four closely related bumblebee taxa (Bombus spp.) on two buzz-pollinated plants species (Solanum spp.). We measured floral vibrations transmitted to the flower to establish the extent to which the mechanical properties of floral vibrations depend on bee and plant characteristics. By comparing four bee taxa visiting the same plant species, we found that peak acceleration (PA), root mean-squared acceleration (RMS) and frequency varies between bee taxa, but that neither bee size (intertegular distance) or flower biomass (dry weight) affect PA, RMS or frequency. A comparison of floral vibrations of two bee taxa visiting flowers of two plant species, showed that, while bee species affects PA, RMS and frequency, plant species affects acceleration (PA and RMS) but not frequency. When accounting for differences in the transmission of vibrations across the two types of flowers, using a species-specific 'coupling factor', we found that RMS acceleration and peak displacement does not differ between plant species. This suggests that bees produce the same initial acceleration in different plants but that transmission of these vibrations through the flower is affected by floral characteristics.
Data from: Seed traits are pleiotropically regulated by the flowering time gene PERPETUAL FLOWERING 1 (PEP1) in the perennial Arabis alpina
The life cycles of plants are characterized by two major life history transitions—germination and the initiation of flowering—the timing of which are important determinants of fitness. Unlike annuals, which make the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phase only once, perennials iterate reproduction in successive years. The floral repressor PERPETUAL FLOWERING 1 (PEP1), an orthologue of FLOWERING LOCUS C, in the alpine perennial Arabis alpina ensures the continuation of vegetative growth after flowering and thereby restricts the duration of the flowering episode. We performed greenhouse and garden experiments to compare flowering phenology, fecundity, and seed traits between A. alpina accessions that have a functional PEP1 allele and flower seasonally and pep1 mutants and accessions that carry lesions in PEP1 and flower perpetually. In the garden, perpetual genotypes flower asynchronously and show higher winter mortality than seasonal ones. PEP1 also pleiotropically regulates seed dormancy and longevity. Seeds from perpetual genotypes have shallow dormancy and reduced longevity regardless of whether they afterripened in plants grown in the greenhouse or in the experimental garden. These results suggest that perpetual genotypes have higher mortality during winter, but compensate by showing higher seedling establishment. Differences in seed traits between seasonal and perpetual genotypes are also coupled with differences in hormone sensitivity and expression of genes involved in hormonal pathways. Our study highlights the existence of pleiotropic regulation of seed traits by hub developmental regulators such as PEP1, suggesting that seed and flowering traits in perennial plants might be optimized in a coordinated fashion.
Data from: Correlated evolution of mating system and floral display traits in flowering plants and its implications for the distribution of mating system variation
Reduced allocation to structures for pollinator attraction is predicted in selfing species. We explored the association between outcrossing and floral display in a broad sample of angiosperms. We used the demonstrated relationship to test for bias against selfing species in the outcrossing rate distribution, the shape of which has relevance for the stability of mixed mating. Relationships between outcrossing rate, flower size, flower number and floral display, measured as the product of flower size and number, were examined using phylogenetically independent contrasts. The distribution of floral displays among species in the outcrossing rate database was compared with that of a random sample of the same flora. The outcrossing rate was positively associated with the product of flower size and number; individually, components of display were less strongly related to outcrossing. Compared with a random sample, species in the outcrossing rate database showed a deficit of small floral display sizes. We found broad support for reduced allocation to attraction in selfing species. We suggest that covariation between mating systems and total allocation to attraction can explain the deviation from expected trade-offs between flower size and number. Our results suggest a bias against estimating outcrossing rates in the lower half of the distribution, but not specifically against highly selfing species.
Data from: Assortative mating by flowering time and its effect on correlated traits in variable environments
Reproductive timing is a key life history trait that impacts the pool of available mates, the environment experienced during flowering, and the expression of other traits through genetic covariation. Selection on phenology, and its consequences on other life history traits, has considerable implications in the context of ongoing climate change and shifting growing seasons. To test this, we grew field-collected seed from the wildflower Mimulus guttatus in a greenhouse to assess the standing genetic variation for flowering time and covariation with other traits. We then created full-sib families through phenological assortative mating and grew offspring in three photoperiod treatments representing seasonal variation in daylength. We find substantial quantitative genetic variation for the onset of flowering time, which covaried with vegetative traits. In the assortatively-mated offspring, we discover over 2-hours variation in critical photoperiod, so that families differed in the probability of flowering across treatments. Allocation to flowering and vegetative growth changed across the daylength treatments, with consistent direction and magnitude of covariation amongst flowering time and other traits. Our results suggest that future studies of flowering time evolution should consider the joint evolution of correlated traits and shifting seasonal selection to understand how environmental variation influences life histories.
Dataset from: Parapatric and sympatric adaptation of Setaria viridis populations in Japan to heterogeneous coastal habitats via trait divergence of plant form, salt spray tolerance and flowering time
<p>This study aimed to determine how coastal variants of<em> </em>plants arise from local populations under natural selection by studying variations in phenotypic variations and survival of <em>Setaria viridis</em> populations inhabiting mosaic environments of two seashores in Japan. <em>S.viridis</em> populations comprised five coastal variants showing significantly higher salt spray tolerance than the inland variant: ST, short and tolerant (common variant); TM, tall and mid-tolerant (Inland Sea); TT, tall and tolerant; PT, prostrate and tolerant; L, extremely late flowering; I, inland and susceptible variants. These variations imply that maritime plants first acquired salt spray tolerance for survival, after which compact plants evolved in habitats where strong winds caused damage from salt spray. Results indicate that diverse intensities of salt spray and winds as well as summer drought generated various coastal variations in parapatry and sympatry.</p>
Plant species with the trait of continuous flowering do not hold core roles in a Neotropical lowland plant-pollinating insect network
<p>Plant-animal interaction science repeatedly finds that plant species differ by orders of magnitude in the number of interactions they support. The identification of plant species that play key structural roles in plant-animal networks is a global conservation priority, however, in hyperdiverse systems such as tropical forests, empirical datasets are scarce. Plant species with longer reproductive seasons are posited to support more interactions compared to plant species with shorter reproductive seasons but this hypothesis has not been evaluated for plant species with the longest reproductive season possible at the individual plant level, the continuous flowering phenology. Resource predictability is also associated with promoting specialization, and therefore continuous flowering may instead favor specialist interactions. Here we use quantitative pollinating insect-plant networks constructed from countryside habitat of the Tropical Wet forest Life Zone and modularity analysis to test if species that share the trait of continuous flowering hold core roles in mutualistic networks. With a few exceptions, most<span> plant species sampled within our network were assigned to the role of peripheral. All but one network had significantly high modularity scores and each continuous flowering plant species was in a different module. Our work reveals that the continuous flowering plant species differed in some networks in their topological role, and that more evidence was found for the phenology to support specialized subsets of interactions. Our findings suggest that the conservation of Neotropical pollinating insect communities may require planting species from each module rather than identifying and conserving network hubs. </span></p>
FIGURE. Flowers and longitudinal sections of ovaries of Hylaeaicum and Neoregelia. A–K. Hylaeaicum. A. H. eleutheropetalum (Leme 4491). B. H. myrmecophilum (Leme 2555). C. H. aff. myrmecophilum (Leme 3487). D. H. levianum (Leme 2777). E. H. wurdackii (Leme 2567). F. H. pendulum (Leme 1979). G. H. wurdackii (Leme 2567). H. H. aff. myrmecophilum (Leme 2553). I. H. pendulum (Leme 1979). J. H. eleutheropetalum (Leme 4491). K. H. levianum (Leme 5639-A) highlighting the immature seeds connected to the placenta. L–P. Neoregelia subg. Neoregelia. L–M. N. binotii (Leme 3482). N. N. ampullacea (Leme 9299). O–P. N. pontualii (Leme 5520). Q–S. Neoregelia subg. Longipetalopsis. Q–R. N. rubrovittata (Leme 1865). S. N. pernambucana (Leme 4407). Bars = 10 mm (A–F, L–S), 5 mm (G–K). in Re-evaluation of the Amazonian Hylaeaicum (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) based on neglected morphological traits and molecular evidence
FIGURE. Flowers and longitudinal sections of ovaries of Hylaeaicum and Neoregelia. A–K. Hylaeaicum. A. H. eleutheropetalum (Leme 4491). B. H. myrmecophilum (Leme 2555). C. H. aff. myrmecophilum (Leme 3487). D. H. levianum (Leme 2777). E. H. wurdackii (Leme 2567). F. H. pendulum (Leme 1979). G. H. wurdackii (Leme 2567). H. H. aff. myrmecophilum (Leme 2553). I. H. pendulum (Leme 1979). J. H. eleutheropetalum (Leme 4491). K. H. levianum (Leme 5639-A) highlighting the immature seeds connected to the placenta. L–P. Neoregelia subg. Neoregelia. L–M. N. binotii (Leme 3482). N. N. ampullacea (Leme 9299). O–P. N. pontualii (Leme 5520). Q–S. Neoregelia subg. Longipetalopsis. Q–R. N. rubrovittata (Leme 1865). S. N. pernambucana (Leme 4407). Bars = 10 mm (A–F, L–S), 5 mm (G–K).
FIGURE. Habit of Hylaeaicum. A–B. H. myrmecophilum from Brazil, which flowered in cultivation (Leme 2555). C. H. aff. myrmecophilum from Venezuela (Leme 3487). D. H. margaretae from Amazonas state, Brazil, cultivated in Burle Marx collection (Leme 2331). E. H. levianum from Venezuela (Leme 2777). F. H. levianum (Leme 5639A). in Re-evaluation of the Amazonian Hylaeaicum (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) based on neglected morphological traits and molecular evidence
FIGURE. Habit of Hylaeaicum. A–B. H. myrmecophilum from Brazil, which flowered in cultivation (Leme 2555). C. H. aff. myrmecophilum from Venezuela (Leme 3487). D. H. margaretae from Amazonas state, Brazil, cultivated in Burle Marx collection (Leme 2331). E. H. levianum from Venezuela (Leme 2777). F. H. levianum (Leme 5639A).
FIGURE. Flowers and longitudinal/cross sections of ovaries of the genera of the "Nidularioid complex" and Aechmea alliance. A. Neoregelia leucophoea (Leme 1107). B–C. Neoregelia subg. Protoregelia: N. longisepala (Leme 3049). D–E. Canistropsis burchellii (Leme 1301). F–G. Canistropsis microps (Leme 9017). H–J. Canistrum subg. Canistrum: C. aurantiacum (Leme 5028). K–L. Canistrum subg. Cucullatanthus: C. auratum (Leme 5803). M–N. Edmundoa ambigua (Leme 1073). O–P. Eduandrea selloana (Leme 7630). Q–R. Nidularium camposportoi var. robustum (Leme 3772). S–T. Nidularium rutilans (Leme 1072). U–V. Wittrockia superba (Leme 4751). W– X. Wittrockia gigantea (Leme 1289). Y–a. Aechmea aculeatosepala (Leme 3235). b–c. Aechmea castelnavii (Leme 4168). d–e. Aechmea hoppii (Leme 2339). Bars = 5 mm. in Re-evaluation of the Amazonian Hylaeaicum (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) based on neglected morphological traits and molecular evidence
FIGURE. Flowers and longitudinal/cross sections of ovaries of the genera of the "Nidularioid complex" and Aechmea alliance. A. Neoregelia leucophoea (Leme 1107). B–C. Neoregelia subg. Protoregelia: N. longisepala (Leme 3049). D–E. Canistropsis burchellii (Leme 1301). F–G. Canistropsis microps (Leme 9017). H–J. Canistrum subg. Canistrum: C. aurantiacum (Leme 5028). K–L. Canistrum subg. Cucullatanthus: C. auratum (Leme 5803). M–N. Edmundoa ambigua (Leme 1073). O–P. Eduandrea selloana (Leme 7630). Q–R. Nidularium camposportoi var. robustum (Leme 3772). S–T. Nidularium rutilans (Leme 1072). U–V. Wittrockia superba (Leme 4751). W– X. Wittrockia gigantea (Leme 1289). Y–a. Aechmea aculeatosepala (Leme 3235). b–c. Aechmea castelnavii (Leme 4168). d–e. Aechmea hoppii (Leme 2339). Bars = 5 mm.
Data from: Bee and floral traits affect the characteristics of the vibrations experienced by flowers during buzz-pollination
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Exotic flower visitors exploit large floral trait spaces resulting in asymmetric resource partitioning with native visitors
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Assortative mating by flowering time and its effect on correlated traits in variable environments
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Correlated evolution of mating system and floral display traits in flowering plants and its implications for the distribution of mating system variation
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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