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451 results for “food webs”
Stable motifs delay species loss in simulated food webs
<p>Some three-species motifs (unique patterns of interactions between three species) are both more stable when modelled in isolation and over-represented in empirical food webs. This suggests that these motifs may reduce extinction risk for species participating in them, ultimately stabilizing the food web as a whole. We test whether a species' time to extinction following a perturbation is related to its participation in stable and unstable motifs and assess how motif roles covary with a species' degree or trophic level. We found that species' motif roles are related to their times to extinction following a disturbance. Specifically, having a larger proportion of the motif role made up by the omnivory motif was associated with longer times to extinction, even though the omnivory motif is less stable than the others in when modelled in isolation. While motif roles were associated with extinction risk, they also varied strongly with degree and trophic level. This means that these simpler measures of a species' role may be sufficient to roughly predict which species are most vulnerable to disturbance (though motif roles can be used to refine these predictions), but that studies of species' motif participation can also reasonably comment on vulnerability to extinction. Previous research showed that certain motifs appear more frequently in stable webs; we show that this is at least in part because participating in these motifs provides protection from extinction.</p>
Data from: Parasite-mediated changes in host traits alter food web dynamics
<p><span>Parasites commonly alter the phenotype of their host, thereby influencing competitive and consumer-resource interactions. This could trigger a cascade effect on the dynamics of biological communities, but the role of parasites in ecosystem processes is poorly understood. In this study, we investigate how parasite-induced trait modifications shape the dynamics of a complex lake food web using an allometric trophic network model (ATN). We simulated infections of stage-structured fish host populations via increased maintenance costs and predation risk. Our results show that host trait modifications can significantly impact host demography, with stage-specific biomass declines up to 60%. However, less severely affected host stages buffered these effects and sustained the population. Importantly, host biomass decline altered the dynamics of species interactions and these effects cascaded through the entire community, with biomass changes observed at all trophic levels. Our findings emphasize the importance of incorporating both indirect parasite effects and host life history in ecological network studies for more realistic simulations of community dynamics.</span></p>
FIGURE 12 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 12. Scanning electron micrographs of associated near complete lower right dentition (M67678) of the omomyid Microchoerus erinaceus from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing crowns with group 4 etching and post-voiding scavenging bite and gnaw marks. A, H, J, P4; B, G, P3; C, F, canine; D, E, I, I1; K, M3; L, M2. Views are: buccal (A-D), mesial (E, I), lingual (F-H), and occlusal (J-L). C shows gnaw marks on the ventral edge of the root of the canine; I shows an enlarged ventral portion of the root of I1 (E shows the whole tooth), with a bite mark on the side and parallel gnaw marks on the medioventral edge. The horizontal crease on the buccal enamel wall of P3 (B) is a developmental pathology. Scale bar equals 0.5 mm for I, 1 mm for the rest.
FIGURE 10 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 10. Dimensions of the long (L) and short (W) axes in millimetres of the seven oval puncture marks on fossil theridomyid bones from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, compared with the means with one standard deviation of those on fossil theridomyid bones from bed O3, Osborne Member (from Vasileiadou et al., 2009), of those made by jackals (Canis aureus) on modern ungulate bones (from Dominguez-Rodrigo and Piqueras, 2003) and of those made by leopards (Panthera pardus) on fossil bones of mammals of 4.5-104 kg weight (from Pickering et al., 2004). 1, M67679; 2, M62154.
FIGURE 9 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 9. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth of the carnivoran Paramiacis sp. and puncture marks on theridomyid bones from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill. A, two puncture marks on distal right tibia (M67679) of Thalerimys fordi; B, enlarged detail of A, the large puncture mark (a) and small puncture mark (b) labelled; C, puncture mark on?Thalerimys distal metapodial (M62154); D, right M1 (carnassial) (M67697) of Paramiacis sp., in occlusal view; E, left P3 (M67697) of Paramiacis sp.; F, puncture mark on?Thalerimys proximal metapodial (M62171); G, enlarged detail of F; H, puncture mark on?Thalerimys phalanx 2 (M62253); I, enlarged detail of H. Scale bars equal 1 mm for A-F, H and 0.2 mm for G and I.
FIGURE 7 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 7. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth and bones of Nyctitheriidae and teeth of Omomyidae, Apatemyidae and Amphilemuridae from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing damage. A, right dentary with M2 (M67692) of Cheilonyctia lawsoni, showing etching group 5 and rounded breakage anteriorly, sharp breakage posteriorly; B, right I2 (M67693) of C. lawsoni, showing dentine exposure of etching group 5; C, distal left humerus (M67694) of Nyctitheriidae, showing sharp spiral irregular breakage; D, right M1/2 (M62126) of Vectipithex smithorum, showing almost total loss of enamel, of etching group 5; E, right M1 (M67695) of Heterohyus nanus, showing etching group 4; F, left P2 (M61711) of Gesneropithex latidens, showing etching group 2; G, enlarged detail of F. Arrows highlight areas of maximum etching on A-B, E and the only remaining enamel on D. Scale bars equal 1 mm for A and C, 0.5 mm for D-F, 0.25 mm for G and 0.2 mm for B.
FIGURE 6 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth and bones of Herpetotheriidae from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing damage. A, right M3 (M67688) of Amphiperatherium species B, in etching group 1; B, enlarged detail of A; C, right M2 (M67689) of Amphiperatherium species A, in etching group 2; D, left M4 (M67690) of Amphiperatherium species A, in etching group 4; E, right calcaneum (M67691) of Herpetotheriidae, showing etching on the sustentaculum edge and tuber tip; F, left upper incisor (M67680) of Herpetotheriidae, showing two puncture marks on its root; G, enlarged detail of F. Arrows highlight areas of maximum etching on C-E. Scale bars equal 0.3 mm for A, C-E, 0.1 mm for B, G.
FIGURE 4 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth and bones of Theridomyidae and teeth of Pseudosciuridae, from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing damage. A-C, Thalerimys fordi; D-F,?Thalerimys; G, Treposciurus mutabilis; H-I, Tarnomys quercyi vectisensis. A, Right M1/2 (M67681) in etching group 2; B, left M1/2 (M67682) in etching group 3; C, right M1/2 (M67683) in etching group 4; D, proximal radius (M61425), showing etching on the epiphysis and parallel grooves perpendicular to the long axis; E, proximal metapodial (M61438) with multiple fine parallel grooves perpendicular to the long axis on both edges; F, enlarged detail of E; G, left M1/2 (M61749) in etching group 2; H, right M1/2 (M61753) in etching group 2; I, right M3 (M61754) in etching group 4. Arrows highlight areas of maximum etching on A-C, G-I. Scale equals 0.5 mm for A-D, F-I, 1 mm for E.
FIGURE 5 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth and bones of Gliridae from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing damage. A, right M (M67699) of Bransatoglis bahloi in etching group 5 (arrows); B-C, right P4 3 (M67684) of Glamys priscus, showing very fine irregular grooves on the root (B is enlarged detail); D, left lower incisor (M67685) of Gliridae, showing splitting from weathering stage 1; E, proximal phalanx 1 (M67686) of Gliridae, showing rounded breakage and grooves perpendicular to the long axis (arrows); F, proximal metatarsal III (M67687) of Gliridae, showing spiral rounded fracture; G, proximal left femur (M61428) of Gliridae, showing etching (arrows) and spiral breakage without rounding. Scale bars equal 0.2 mm for A, C-E, 0.5 mm for F-G, 0.1 mm for B.
FIGURE 2 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 2. Percentages of the minimum numbers of individuals (MNI) of each family of micromammals from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill. See Table 1 for numerical data.
FIGURE 11 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 11. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth of the pantolestid Cryptopithecus major (A-B) and tooth and bones of the carnivoran Paramiacis sp. (C-F) from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing damage. A, left DP4 (M61688) in etching group 5, arrows indicating the only islets of enamel left on the crown; B, lower right premolar (M62331) in etching group 5, devoid of all enamel, the dentine core also penetrated by etching; C, left M2 (M67697) in etching group 2, broken with fracture edges rounded; D, phalanx 2 shaft (M67697), showing distal etching and rounded proximal fracture edge (arrowed); E-F, phalanx 1 (M67697) broken into a distal articulatory part (E) and the shaft and proximal articulation (F), with rounded fracture edges (arrowed), but closely fitting broken surfaces. Scale bars equal 0.5 mm for A-B, 0.3 mm for C-D and 1 mm for E-F.
FIGURE 1 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 1. Geological context of the site studied. A, General field photograph of the upper part of the Totland Bay Member, including the How Ledge Limestone, and overlying Colwell Bay Member, SW Headon Hill, Isle of Wight. B; detailed photograph of bed TB30-34, with scale divisions measuring 10 cm; C, location map of coastal Hampshire and the western half of the Isle of Wight, with period level geology and sites mentioned in the text; D, Lithic log of the How Ledge Limestone and adjacent beds. Bed numbers are from Hooker (2021).
FIGURE 3 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 3. Percentages of etched bones and teeth (left Y axis and left two X axis plots) and breakage types of elongate bones (right Y axis and right three X axis plots) for the four best represented micromammalian families in bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone. Fresh bones are those broken while still fresh, showing irregular spiral breakage. Rounded indicates bones with rounded (etched) broken edges. Dry indicates bones with broken edges perpendicular to their long axes. See Tables 5-7 for numerical data.
FIGURE 8 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 8. Percentages of teeth of the theridomyid Thalerimys fordi and the three other best represented families in each etching group (Vasileiadou et al., 2007a), numbered on X axes, from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, and bed O3, Osborne Member. The teeth of T. fordi and Gliridae are restricted to the cheek teeth. N = total number of etched teeth in each taxon for each bed.
FIGURE 13 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 13. Trophic relationships between predators and prey derived from damage patterns of bones and teeth of the best represented micromammals in bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill. The two hypothetical owls and the crocodilian are drawn at smaller scales than the rest.
Scripts and data for: Integrating different facets of diversity into food web models: how adaptation among and within functional groups shape ecosystem functioning
<p>Adaptation of communities to environmental fluctuations can emerge from different facets of biodiversity, which may impact ecosystem functioning differently. Previous work examined how ecosystem functions can be influenced by two sources of adaptive potential: sorting (i.e., changes in community composition due to fitness differences) can occur when multiple species or groups are present (richness), and trait adaptability (i.e., trait adjustments within species or functional groups) can emerge from genetic or phenotypic diversity. However, their effect is typically studied separately, and often in the context of only one trophic level. Therefore, we used a bitrophic trait-based model varying in richness and in the presence of trait adaptability at each trophic level, to investigate how sorting and trait adaptability, at one or two trophic levels, separately or jointly shape ecosystem functions. We found that the adaptive potential emerging from any facet of diversity-induced changes in trophic interactions, in turn, affects biomass distributions within and across trophic levels, dynamical behaviour, and synchrony of biomass dynamics within a trophic level. Particularly, sorting and trait adaptability could contribute to a similar degree and at a similar time to temporal changes in ecosystem functions, but their respective contribution depended on the speed of trait adaptation, the trait range between similar functional groups, and trophic interactions. We thus suggest to consider multiple facets of diversity and their corresponding sources of adaptive potential to deepen our mechanistic understanding of ecosystem functioning, especially in a context of rapid biodiversity change.</p>
F I G U R E 3 A in Fish as predators and prey: DNA-based assessment of their role in food webs
F I G U R E 3 A range of factors affect the fate of food DNA in dietary samples and influence the interpretation of molecularly derived trophic data. These factors can be grouped into methodological, biological and environmental aspects
F I G U R E 2 in Fish as predators and prey: DNA-based assessment of their role in food webs
F I G U R E 2 Schematic overview of different types of primers: species-specific (red), group-specific (green), general (blue) and blocking (yellow) primers in a hypothetical food chain and corresponding DNA sequences of involved taxa. Dots in the sequence alignment denote identical bases as in the topmost sequence
F I G U R E 1 in Fish as predators and prey: DNA-based assessment of their role in food webs
F I G U R E 1 Schematic overview of the workflow when analysing dietary samples molecularly: sample collection (gut content, regurgitate, faeces), extraction of total DNA, identification of food DNA via diagnostic PCR and/or metabarcoding, respectively
Fig. 2 in A closer look at the main actors of Neotropical floodplain food webs: functional classification and niche overlap of dominant benthic invertebrates in a floodplain lake of Paraná River
Fig. 2. Cluster plot depicting trophic similarity (Morisita index) among species of dominant benthic invertebrates in a floodplain lake of ParanÁ River, Argentina. Dotted line depicts the threshold similarity of 0.6.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.