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152 results for “forelimb”
FIG. 7 in Variations on a bauplan: description of a new Malagasy "mermaid skink" with flipper-like forelimbs only (Scincidae, Sirenoscincus Sakata & Hikida, 2003)
FIG. 7. — Illustration from an early edition of Moby-Dick. Public domain picture drawn by A. Burnham Shute (1892).
Input data from: Mammalian forelimb evolution is driven by uneven proximal-to-distal morphological diversity
<p>Vertebrate limb morphology often reflects the environment due to variation in locomotor requirements. However, proximal and distal limb segments may evolve differently from one another, reflecting an anatomical gradient of functional specialization that has been suggested to be impacted by the timing of development. <span>Here we explore whether the temporal sequence of bone condensation predicts variation in the capacity of evolution to generate morphological diversity in proximal and distal forelimb segments across more than </span>600 species of mammals. Distal elements not only exhibit greater shape diversity, but also show stronger within-element integration and, on average, faster evolutionary responses than intermediate and upper limb segments. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that late-developing distal bones display greater morphological variation than more proximal limb elements. However, the higher integration observed within the autopod deviates from such developmental predictions, suggesting that functional specialization plays an important role in driving within-element covariation. Proximal and distal limb segments also show different macroevolutionary patterns, albeit not showing a perfect proximo-distal gradient. The high disparity of the mammalian autopod, reported here, is consistent with <span>the higher potential of development to generate variation in more distal limb structures, as well as functional specialization of the distal elements.</span></p>
Input data from: Mammalian forelimb evolution is driven by uneven proximal-to-distal morphological diversity
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Supplementary Information for Biogeography a key influence on distal forelimb variation in horses through the Cenozoic
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Forelimb morphology as an adaptation for burrowing in kangaroo rat species (genus Dipodomys) that inhabit different soil substrates
<p>Among burrowing rodents, forelimb morphology frequently shares an intricate relationship with soil substrates. Soils can vary widely in texture and density, leading to differences in friability, which often requires forelimb specializations in digging animals. Kangaroo rat species (genus <em>Dipodomys</em>) dig and occupy underground burrows, a trait which is essential to their survival. Some members of this genus are restricted to particular types of soil substrates that presumably require species-specific forelimb traits. Here we explored the forelimb morphology and soil substrates inhabited by four <em>Dipodomys</em> species, including two range-restricted species (<em>D. compactus </em>and<em> D. elator</em>) and two widely-ranging species (<em>D. merriami </em>and<em> D. ordii</em>) in an effort to explore the variation in soil usage, forelimb skeletal specializations, and the relationship between these traits. We assessed the size and shape traits of preserved specimen forelimb bones using traditional and geometric morphometric techniques and we extracted soil data associated with the collecting locality of each specimen. We expected the four species to differ in their substrate affinities and forelimb morphology. Specifically, we expected species that inhabit dense soil substrates (e.g., clay-rich soils) to display specialized forelimb morphology typified by an elongated scapula and robust humerus, radius, and ulna bones. The four <em>Dipodomys</em> species differed substantially in their soil associations. We also detected significant morphological differences among <em>Dipodomys</em> species in which forelimb traits allowing for greater mechanical digging ability were found in <em>D. elator</em>, a species that inhabits dense clay-rich soils. These findings suggest that <em>Dipodomys</em> species that inhabit dense substrates may require correspondingly specialized forelimb morphology and that these traits may limit the desirable geographic ranges inhabited by these species. This may provide particularly important information when making conservation decisions on behalf of these species given that, unlike other habitat features, soil substrates cannot be easily modified to suit the needs of the organism.</p>
Relative forelimb-hindlimb investment is associated with flight style, foraging strategy, and nestling period, but not nest type
<p>We investigated Dial's 2003 hypothesis that birds that rely more heavily upon flight as their primary mode of locomotion and thus invest more in their forelimbs than hindlimbs will experience selection for smaller body sizes, greater altriciality, and more complex nests. To test this hypothesis, we examined the skeletons of over 2,000 individuals from 313 species representing the majority of avian families and all major branches of the avian tree. We used the lengths of the sternal keel and long bones of the wing relative to the lengths of the leg long bones as an index of relative locomotor investment. We found that locomotor investment was predicted by flight style, foraging method, and length of nestling period, supporting Dial's hypothesis. Soaring birds and birds with more acrobatic flight styles, birds whose foraging methods were heavily reliant upon flight, and whose young spent more time in the nest tended to invest more in their forelimbs relative to hindlimbs. Nest type and body size were not significant predictors of relative forelimb-hindlimb investment, however, suggesting that the relationships among flight style, locomotor investment, and life history are not as tightly intertwined as Dial originally hypothesized.</p>
Plate III Daspletosaurus torosus, NMC 8506. Forelimb seen in dorsal aspect. in Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada
Plate III Daspletosaurus torosus, NMC 8506. Forelimb seen in dorsal aspect.
Recordings of Caudal Forelimb Area in healthy mice during a forelimb pulling task
<p>Electrophysiological recordings in two healthy mice during a forelimb motor task with the M-Platform. Mice were trained to pull back a slide to receive a reward. After the training, mice were able to perform around 20 trials for day. During the task, we were recording the force signal applied by the animal with a 6 axis load cell, the position of the slide with a webcam and the neural signal thanks to a 16ch linear probe in the motor cortex. Data were collected for two consecutive days.</p>
Data from: Downclimbing and the evolution of ape forelimb morphologies
<p><span>Hominoids (non-human apes and hominins) are distinct from cercopithecoid monkeys in possessing more flexible forelimb joints, including high excursion angles at the shoulder and elbow. Both vertical climbing and forelimb suspension have been hypothesized to explain these skeletal differences, but field kinematic studies have found few differences in forelimb excursion during vertical climbs between chimpanzees and monkeys. Previous studies have focused largely on ascent (upclimbing) mechanics, while kinematic strategies employed during descents (downclimbs) are usually ignored. Here, we test the role that vertical climbing directionality plays in patterns of forelimb joint kinematics in wild populations of chimpanzees (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) and sooty mangabeys (<em>Cercocebus atys</em>). We found that vertical descent produces greater degrees of elbow extension and shoulder flexion in chimpanzees compared to their vertical ascents, a pattern not shared with mangabeys. Chimpanzees used their forelimbs in kinematically similar ways to mangabeys during ascents; however, descent involved greater elbow extension and greater shoulder flexion in chimpanzees. Our results support functional hypotheses emphasizing the role vertical climbing–and specifically descent– plays in the evolution of increased forelimb mobility in apes. </span></p>
Forelimb morphology as an adaptation for burrowing in kangaroo rat species (genus Dipodomys) that inhabit different soil substrates
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Data from: Downclimbing and the evolution of ape forelimb morphologies
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Data from: Relaxed selection in evolution of genes regulating limb development gives clue to variation in forelimb morphology of cetaceans and other mammals
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Relative forelimb-hindlimb investment is associated with flight style, foraging strategy, and nestling period, but not nest type
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Hindlimb muscle spindles inform preparatory forelimb coordination prior to landing in toads
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Figure 10.12 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.12. Articulated pectoral girdle and forelimb of Tyrannosaurus in lateral (A) and anterior (B) views.
Figure 10.4 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.4. Reconstruction of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Tyrannosaurus showing (A) the distribution of force from the scapula (a arrows), through the furcula (b arrows), which results in cumulative force (c arrow) at the middle of the furcula. Resisting force c explains why the furcula is deepest at the midline, which is unlike any other theropod furcula. The range of motion for the forelimb segments (B), angle represented by arc a = 40°, arc b = 60°, arc c = 67°.
Figure 10.6 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.6. Position of the furcula relative to the scapula-coracoids as seen in a mounted skeleton of Tyrannosaurus (cast of BHI3033). Human (Neal L. Larson) for scale.
Figure 10.14 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.14. Resultant muscle map for the humerus of Tyrannosaurus based on actual muscle scars and those inferred from Figure 10.13. Some differences between actual and predicted include relative sizes of scars (e.g., m. deltoideus clavicularis), as well as position (e.g., M. terres major + M. latissimus dorsi). Where muscle scars are ambiguous, the prediction was used as a guide constrained by unambiguous scars (e.g., M. triceps brevis). Abbreviations: b, M. brachialis; cb, M. coracobrachialis brevis; cbd, M. coracobrachialis brevis dorsalis; dc, M. deltoideus clavicularis; hr, M. humeroradialis; p, M. pectoralis; sb, M. supracoracoideus brevis; sc, M. scapulohumeralis cranialis; sc, scapulohumeralis caudalis; scc, supracoracoideus complex; sl, M. supracoracoideus longus; tbi, M. triceps brevis intermedius (+ cranialis?); tm, M. terres major. Terminology adapted from Meers (2003).
Figure 10.8 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.8. Comparison of normal right humerus of MOR 690 and its pathological left in anterior (A, D), lateral (B, E), and posterior (C, F) views. Note spur at dart in (E), perisoteal reactive bone opposite arrow in (F), with close-up in (G). Region between darts in (F) are shown in lateral view in (H) and in close-up in (I). See text for discussion. Scale in centimeters.
Distribution. Angola, DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia. Description. Head-body 46:5-47-8 cm (males), 44-45-5 cm (females), tail 40-43 cm (males), 38-39 cm (females), hindfoot 8:7-9-8 cm (males), 8-9 cm (females), ear 4-7-5-4 cm (males), 5-1-5-8 cm (females); weight 1-3-2 kg. The coat color is pale ocher, with brownish or grayish tones; melanistic individuals are quite common. The throat and chest are blackish, and the ventral pelage varies from creamy white to dirty white. The stripes and spots on the body vary from different hues of brown to black. The nuchal stripes run as two parallel lines from the nape to the shoulders, where they diverge and enlarge towards the elbows; they are not so conspicuously marked as in other genet species. Below them, a pair of thinner stripes and small spots are scattered on the shoulders and sides of the neck. A third pair of thinner, parallel stripes runs down the neck between the nuchal stripes, extending to about one fourth of the mid-dorsal line, where they vanish or diverge as the first row of flank spots. The black mid-dorsal line is continuous and is flanked on each side by four rows of oblong to squared spots, and by a few small-scattered spots below. There is a dorsal erectile crest. The face has a dark mask and a pair of white sub-ocular spots. The tail has seven to nine black rings, alternating with pale rings; the intervening white spaces are pigmented with a brownish tinge on the dorsal midline. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is 50-75%; the tip of the tail is dark. The hindlimbs and forelimbs are black; there are white hairs on the metacarpals and metatarsals. [he posterior parts of the feet are dark. There are two pairs of teats. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is not ventrally inflated and has a continuous curve line on the external side. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is 1-00 + 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. in Viverridae
Distribution. Angola, DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia. Description. Head-body 46:5-47-8 cm (males), 44-45-5 cm (females), tail 40-43 cm (males), 38-39 cm (females), hindfoot 8:7-9-8 cm (males), 8-9 cm (females), ear 4-7-5-4 cm (males), 5-1-5-8 cm (females); weight 1-3-2 kg. The coat color is pale ocher, with brownish or grayish tones; melanistic individuals are quite common. The throat and chest are blackish, and the ventral pelage varies from creamy white to dirty white. The stripes and spots on the body vary from different hues of brown to black. The nuchal stripes run as two parallel lines from the nape to the shoulders, where they diverge and enlarge towards the elbows; they are not so conspicuously marked as in other genet species. Below them, a pair of thinner stripes and small spots are scattered on the shoulders and sides of the neck. A third pair of thinner, parallel stripes runs down the neck between the nuchal stripes, extending to about one fourth of the mid-dorsal line, where they vanish or diverge as the first row of flank spots. The black mid-dorsal line is continuous and is flanked on each side by four rows of oblong to squared spots, and by a few small-scattered spots below. There is a dorsal erectile crest. The face has a dark mask and a pair of white sub-ocular spots. The tail has seven to nine black rings, alternating with pale rings; the intervening white spaces are pigmented with a brownish tinge on the dorsal midline. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is 50-75%; the tip of the tail is dark. The hindlimbs and forelimbs are black; there are white hairs on the metacarpals and metatarsals. [he posterior parts of the feet are dark. There are two pairs of teats. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is not ventrally inflated and has a continuous curve line on the external side. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is 1-00 + 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.
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