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63 results for “forest development”
Data from: Pre-dispersal seed predators and fungi differ in their effect on Luehea seemannii capsule development, seed germination and dormancy across two Panamanian forests
Pre-dispersal seed predation can greatly reduce crop size affecting recruitment success. Additionally, non-fatal damage by seed predators may allow infection by fungi responsible for post-dispersal seed losses. The objectives of this study were (1) to quantify pre-dispersal seed predation and fungal infection in a Neotropical tree species, Luehea seemannii, that produces dehiscent fruits and wind-dispersed seeds, and (2) to link pre-dispersal effects on seed quality to seed survival in the soil. To examine how seed predators and fungi influence seed losses, mesh exclosures, fungicide and the combination of both treatments were applied to separate branches in the canopy of trees in Gamboa and Parque Natural Metropolitano (PNM), Panama. To determine if treatments affect seed viability and survival in the soil, half of the seeds collected from each treatment were buried for four weeks in forest soils and subsequently allowed to germinate before and after the breaking of dormancy. Overall, 24 percent of developing fruit were lost to insect attack. In contrast, fungi infected only 3 percent of seeds at the pre-dispersal stage. For seeds germinated directly after collection, fungicide significantly increased germination in the wetter site (Gamboa) but decreased germination in the drier site (PNM). The pre-dispersal insect exclosure treatment increased the fraction of seeds that remained dormant after burial in the soil. This result suggests that exposure to insect predators may cause physical damage to seeds that results in the loss of physical dormancy but does not necessarily increase the susceptibility of seeds to pathogen attack in the soil.
Data from: Ants as ecological indicators of rainforest restoration: community convergence and the development of an Ant Forest Indicator Index in the Australian wet tropics
Ecosystem restoration can help reverse biodiversity loss, but whether faunal communities of forests undergoing restoration converge with those of primary forest over time remains contentious. There is a need to develop faunal indicators of restoration success that more comprehensively reflect changes in biodiversity and ecosystem function. Ants are an ecologically dominant faunal group and are widely advocated as ecological indicators. We examine ant species and functional group responses on a chronosequence of rainforest restoration in northern Australia, and develop a novel method for selecting and using indicator species. Four sampling techniques were used to survey ants at 48 sites, from grassland, through various ages (1–24 years) of restoration plantings, to mature forest. From principal components analysis of seven vegetation metrics, we derived a Forest Development Index (FDI) of vegetation change along the chronosequence. A novel Ant Forest Indicator Index (AFII), based on the occurrences of ten key indicator species associated with either grassland or mature forest, was used to assess ant community change with forest restoration. Grasslands and mature forests supported compositionally distinct ant communities at both species and functional levels. The AFII was strongly correlated with forest development (FDI). At forest restoration sites older than 5–10 years that had a relatively closed canopy, ant communities converged on those of mature rainforest, indicating a promising restoration trajectory for fauna as well as plants. Our findings reinforce the utility of ants as ecological indicators and emphasize the importance of restoration methods that achieve rapid closed-canopy conditions. The novel AFII assessed restoration status from diverse and patchily distributed species, closely tracking ant community succession using comprehensive species-level data. It has wide applicability for assessing forest restoration in a way that is relatively independent of sampling methodology and intensity, and without a need for new comparative data from reference sites.
Changes in the direction of the diversity-productivity relationship over fifteen years of stand development in a planted temperate forest
<p>Experiments manipulating diversity in both forests and grasslands have often observed a positive diversity-productivity relationship (DPR) which tends to strengthen during plant community development. This pattern is generally attributed to an increase in niche complementarity or facilitation. Most analyses do not examine species dominance and density, which also change over time. Moreover, how neighbourhood scale interactions among tree species affect the DPR is not well understood.</p> <p>We analysed growth and mortality data from the Simplex experiment, a part of the BIOTREE tree diversity experiment. Simplex consists of 36 plots each planted with four common and commercially important tree species to create a gradient of tree species evenness at two tree densities (6667 and 3556 trees ha<sup>-1</sup>). We test whether: i) the effect of evenness on total aboveground biomass productivity increase with stand development (year), ii) the effect of evenness on productivity is stronger in dense plots; iii) intra-specific competition from neighbours negatively affect the growth of dominant species more strongly compared to co-dominant species, and whether this negative effect is stronger in denser plots.</p> <p>The direction of DPR was initially negative because the fast-growing long-lived pioneer Douglas fir (<em>Pseudotsuga menziesii</em> (Mirb.) Franco) dominated. However, with time, shade tolerant Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies </em>(L.) Karst.) and European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica </em>L.) increased in abundance (by biomass), and the relationship between evenness and biomass increment changed from negative to positive in high-density plots. Neighbourhood analyses revealed that for Douglas fir and Norway spruce, conspecifics reduced individual growth rates across density levels and years.</p> <p>Synthesis: We observed a shift in the diversity-productivity relationship over 15 years in our experiment. Over time, increasing intraspecific competition limited the increment of the abundant Douglas fir in uneven plots, and a persistent increase in the abundance (by biomass) of shade tolerant Norway spruce and European beech in even plots led to a higher community biomass increment, which led to a positive DPR. Emergence of a positive DPR in temperate forest plantations requires significant time and is importantly promoted by diversity at the neighbourhood scale (intimate mixtures) as well as higher density planting.</p>
FIGURE 3. A–E. Solanum sessilantherum. A. Fertile branch. B. Developing inflorescence. C. Developed inflorescence. D. Fruits. E in Two new species of the Solanum asterophorum species group (Solanum subg. Leptostemonum, Solanaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE 3. A–E. Solanum sessilantherum. A. Fertile branch. B. Developing inflorescence. C. Developed inflorescence. D. Fruits. E. Detail of a dissected flower (stamens and corolla) (All from Gouvêa & Falcão 188, BHCB). Scale bars A= 10 cm; B= 1.5 cm; C= 2 cm; D= 1.5 cm; E= 1 cm.
FIGURE 1. A–G. Solanum igniferum. A. Fertile branch. B. Developing inflorescence. C. Developed inflorescence. D in Two new species of the Solanum asterophorum species group (Solanum subg. Leptostemonum, Solanaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE 1. A–G. Solanum igniferum. A. Fertile branch. B. Developing inflorescence. C. Developed inflorescence. D. Detail of a dissected flower (stamens and corolla). E. Fruits. F. Short-stalked trichome. G. Long-stalked trichome (A Gouvêa & Falcão 190, B–G Gouvêa & Stehmann 164, both in BHCB). Scale bars A= 10 cm; B= 1.5 cm; C= 3.5 cm; D= 90 mm; E= 1.5; F= 80 μm; G= 200 μm.
Limited sink but large storage: biomass dynamics in naturally developing beech (Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea) forests of northwestern Germany
<p>1. Currently, the dynamics underlying the storage and acquisition of biomass, and thus carbon, in naturally developing forests are under debate. A better understanding of the biomass dynamics of forests is needed to clarify the role played by naturally developing forests in the mitigation of climate change.</p> <p>2. Long-term monitoring data from unmanaged strict forest reserves (SFRs) in northwestern Germany were used to analyze the biomass dynamics of pure beech, mixed beech, and mixed oak forests. A complete balance of aboveground woody biomass (biomass) and growth, density-dependent and -independent mortality, as well as deadwood decay was derived. Density-independent mortality served as a proxy for disturbance severity.</p> <p>3. After a time of abandonment (TSA) of 50 years, the average biomass ranged between 334 t ha-1 in mixed oak and 478 t ha-1 in pure beech stands. The net change in biomass was positive in all forest types. Density-independent mortality and decay rates were much lower than the growth rates. Pure beech forests reached higher levels of biomass, a higher net change in biomass, and more growth than either of the mixed forest type. Biomass increased linearly with TSA in pure beech stands but followed an asymptotic course in the mixed forests. In the latter, the net change in biomass and growth were consistent with a unimodal development pattern. The development of biomass could not be explained by the aging of the tree communities.</p> <p>4. Synthesis: We hypothesized that the observed biomass dynamics is a result of the interaction between resource supply within a limited growing space and the resource-use efficiency of the tree stand in conjunction with disturbances. The still-linear increase in the biomass of pure beech forests was assumed to reflect the high resource-use efficiency of beech, especially its use of light. The aboveground capacity of naturally developing broadleaved forests to store and acquire biomass, and thus carbon, is substantial. Accordingly, allowing broadleaved forests to develop naturally can contribute substantially to carbon storage and sequestration. However. our study also suggests that the aboveground carbon sink decreases after several decades.</p>
Figure 4 in Aquatic insects in the forest canopy: a new genus of moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) developing in slime on aerial roots
Figure 4. Mucomyia emersa immature stages. (a) Larval head capsule, ventral view; (b) larval mouthparts, ventral view; (c) segment IX of pupa, dorsal view; (d) segment IX of pupa, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: lm = labium; lr = labrum; mc = maxillary cardo; md = mandible; mp = maxillary palp.
Figure 7 in Aquatic insects in the forest canopy: a new genus of moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) developing in slime on aerial roots
Figure 7. Mucomyia browni adult male and female. (a) Male head, frontal view; (b) wing; (c) apical flagellomeres of antenna; (d) male terminalia, dorsal view; (e) female terminalia, ventral view. Scale bars = 125 µm (a), 50 µm (c, d), 100 µm (e).
Figure 6 in Aquatic insects in the forest canopy: a new genus of moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) developing in slime on aerial roots
Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of larval and pupal Mucomyia emersa. (a) Antenna of larva, dorsal view; (b) anal division of larva, dorsal view; (c) segment VII of larva, dorsolateral view; (d) detail of posterior spiracles of larva, dorsal view; (e) respiratory organ of pupa, anterodorsal view; (f) mesonotum of pupa, anterodorsal view; (g) partial thorax and abdomen of pupa, anterodorsal view; (h) segment IX of pupa, dorsal view. Scale bars = 10 µm (a–f), 100 µm (g, h). Abbreviations: m = mesotergite; me = mushroom element; mt = microtrichia; p = protergite; pr = pores; ps = posterior spiracles; st = setae; t = metatergite.
Figure 5 in Aquatic insects in the forest canopy: a new genus of moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) developing in slime on aerial roots
Figure 5. Mucomyia emersa adult male. (a) Male head, frontal view, (b) male terminalia, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: ae = aedeagus; ea = ejaculatory apodeme; ep = epandrium; gc = gonocoxal condyle; gs = gonostyle; gx = gonocoxite; ha = hypandrium; ho = hypoproct; pm = paramere; ss = surstylus; tn = tenaculum.
Figure 1 in Aquatic insects in the forest canopy: a new genus of moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) developing in slime on aerial roots
Figure 1. Araceae plant from which Mucomyia emersa larvae were collected. (a) Habitus of plant, (b) detail of plant mucilage inhabited by larvae.
Figure 2 in Mating behaviour, nympho-imaginal development and description of a new Mesabolivar species (Araneae: Pholcidae) from the Brazilian dry forest
Figure 2. Diagram of the sexual repertoire displayed by the Mesobolivar delclaroi sp. nov. spider. The behaviours are divided into four steps: Step I, Courtship; Step II, Pre-copulation – note in the arrow the early introduction of the copulatory bulb into the female's genitalia; Step III, Copulation, (a) lateral view, (b) ventral view – note the arrows indicating the pedipalp bristles rubbing the abdominal region of the female; Step IV, Post-copulation.
Figure 1 in Mating behaviour, nympho-imaginal development and description of a new Mesabolivar species (Araneae: Pholcidae) from the Brazilian dry forest
Figure 1. Mesabolivar delclaroi sp. nov. (A, B) Male chelicerae, (A) frontal, (B) lateral; (C) male left palp, retrolateral; (D–F) procursus tip, (D) prolateral, (E) dorsal, (F) retrolateral; (G) bulb, prolateral; (H–J) epigynum, (H) ventral, (I) lateral, (J) dorsal. Scale bar 0.5 mm.
Figure 3 in Development and demography of Phasmahyla jandaia (Bokermann and Sazima, 1978) (Anura, Hylidae) tadpoles in an Atlantic Forest site, southeastern Brazil
Figure 3. Number of Phasmahyla jandaia individuals in developmental Class I (line) and in the Sub-class I.1 (dotted line; see Material and methods) in the pool formed by the dam of the Estação Ecológica de Fechos, Nova Lima (Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil), from June 2002 to May 2003 and from August 2004 to November 2005. Arrows indicate detected tadpole recruitments into the population. Each mark on the x-axis corresponds to one sampling, and samplings were separated by 15 days. The corresponding month is provided every two samplings.
Figure 4 in Development and demography of Phasmahyla jandaia (Bokermann and Sazima, 1978) (Anura, Hylidae) tadpoles in an Atlantic Forest site, southeastern Brazil
Figure 4. Number of Phasmahyla jandaia tadpoles by developmental classes: (A) Class I; (B) Class II; (C) Class III; (D) Class IV; (E) Class V; (F) Class VI; (G) Class VII; (H) Class VIII; (I) Class IX; (J) Class X, recorded every 15 days, in the pool formed by the dam of the Estação Ecológica de Fechos, Nova Lima (Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil), between June 2002 and May 2003 and August 2004 and November 2005. Brackets indicate a large cohort that was used to estimate developmental period.
Figure 2 in Development and demography of Phasmahyla jandaia (Bokermann and Sazima, 1978) (Anura, Hylidae) tadpoles in an Atlantic Forest site, southeastern Brazil
Figure 2. Total number of individuals of Phasmahyla jandaia in the pool formed by the dam of Estação Ecológica de Fechos, Nova Lima (Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil), from June 2002 to May 2003 (Jun to Apr on x-axis) and from August 2004 to November 2005 (Aug to Oct on x-axis). Each mark on the x-axis corresponds to one sampling, and samplings were separated by 15 days. The corresponding month is provided every two samplings.
Data from: Effects of species diversity on fine root productivity increase with stand development and associated mechanisms in a boreal forest
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Data from: Leaf development and demography explain photosynthetic seasonality in Amazon evergreen forests
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Data from: Pre-dispersal seed predators and fungi differ in their effect on Luehea seemannii capsule development, seed germination and dormancy across two Panamanian forests
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Limited sink but large storage: biomass dynamics in naturally developing beech (Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea) forests of northwestern Germany
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.