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63 results for “forest development”
R Code and Images for Developing a Spatial Concordance Coefficient at Harvard Forest 2010
Concordance correlation coefficients have been developed in a variety of different contexts. This problem has been widely addressed in a non-spatial context, but here we consider a coefficient that for a fixed spatial lag allows the comparison of two spatial sequences (e.g., images). We define a spatial concordance coefficient for second-order stationary processes.
Holocene Development of a Forested Wetland in Central Massachusetts from 12500 BP to Present
The post-glacial history of two adjacent sites in the Harvard Forest, a 10-ha swamp (Black Gum Swamp) and a 0.006-ha hollow (Hemlock Hollow) in a Tsuga canadensis forest were investigated using pollen analysis. The sites were selected in order to contrast the regional vegetation history revealed from the swamp sediments with the local history of the Tsuga forest reconstructed from the Hollow sediments. Specific objectives were (1) to document the natural and anthropogenic disturbance history, (2) to examine the long-term vegetation dynamics of the two sites resulting from environmental change, species migration, and disturbance, especially with respect to Tsuga, and (3) to contrast the pre-and post-settlement vegetation and environments. The Swamp and Hollow cores contain continuous sediment records covering the past 12,300 and 9500 yr, respectively. Regional vegetation changes are delimited in six pollen zones: I, Herb zone, (12500 – 11800 yr BP); II, Picea zone (11800 –9350 yr BP) III, Pinus-Quercus zone (9350-8350 yr BP); IV, Tsuga-northern hardwoods zone (8350-1750 yr BP); V, Tsuga-Castanea-hardwoods zone (1750-200 yr BP); and VI, Post-settlement zone (200 yr BP-present). No disturbances are detected in the periods of tundra or boreal vegetation from 12500 to 8350 yr BP. Since 8350 yr BP three distinct disturbance processes are detectable: (1) fires recorded in discrete charcoal horizons, (2) the apparent pathogenic decline of Tsuga (4700-3500 yr BP) and the blight of Castanea (~1915 A.D.), and (3) post-settlement forest cutting, burning, land clearance an cultivation (1750 A.D. to present).
Fig. 3 in Effect of forest microhabitat and larval stage on overwintering survival, development, and phenology of Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), biological control agent of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Fig. 3. Proportion of dead (A) and diapaused (B) Spathius galinae by stage at time of deployment, and overwintering microhabitat. Fate was determined by dis- secting all logs once emergence was complete. Letters of the same type and case within the same subfigure indicate significance when data are considered by stage alone (P <0.05).
Fig. 2 in Effect of forest microhabitat and larval stage on overwintering survival, development, and phenology of Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), biological control agent of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Fig. 2. Deployment jar for logs containing emerald ash borer larvae parasitized by Spathius galinae. Logs were inserted in floral foam in 3.8 L polyethylene terephthalate jar with 2 mesh cutouts for ventilation and excess water drain- age. The jar was attached to the tree by resting the bottom of the jar on 2 nails hammered into the tree while a length of wire wrapped around the 2 nails on either side of the jar. Another wire looped around the neck of the jar and was fastened to the nail at the top. Water was added to the jars as needed to ensure adequate hydration of the logs and larvae.
Fig. 1. Experimental microhabitats near the USDA-ARS Louis A in Effect of forest microhabitat and larval stage on overwintering survival, development, and phenology of Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), biological control agent of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Fig. 1. Experimental microhabitats near the USDA-ARS Louis A. Stearns Laboratory in Newark, Delaware, USA. Letters indicate habitat type and approximate experiment locations: (A) mature forest, a larger, more mature wooded area; (B) urban forest, small, highly disturbed woodlot.
Fig. 4 in Effect of forest microhabitat and larval stage on overwintering survival, development, and phenology of Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), biological control agent of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Fig. 4. Survival analysis of Spathius galinae emergence from urban (A) and mature forest (B) sites over time by stage at time of deployment.
Data from: Effects of climate and forest development on habitat specialization and biodiversity in Central European mountain forests
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Wind energy development can lead to guild-specific habitat loss in boreal forest bats
<p>Forest management rarely considers protecting bats in Fennoscandian regions although all species rely on forest habitat at some point in their annual cycle. This issue is especially evident as wind parks have increasingly been developed inside Fennoscandian forests, against the advice of international bat conservation guidelines. In this study, we aimed to describe and explain bat community dynamics at a Norwegian wind park located in a boreal forest, especially to understand potential avoidance or attraction effects. The bat community was sampled acoustically and described using foraging guilds (short, medium, and long-range echolocators; SRE, MRE, LRE) as well as behavior (commuting, feeding and social calls). Sampling was undertaken at two locations per turbine: (i) the turbine pad and (ii) a paired natural habitat at ground level, as well as from a meteorological tower. We used a recently developed method for camera trapping nocturnal flying insects synchronously with bat acoustic activity. Our results reveal trends in feeding and general bat activity across foraging guilds in relation to insect availability, habitat type, wind, temperature, and seasonality. We show how seasonal patterns in behavior across guilds were affected by habitat type, temperature, and wind. We found that SRE commuting and especially feeding activity was highest in natural habitats, whereas LRE overall activity at habitats more season dependent. We found that nocturnal insect availability was positively correlated with total bat feeding activity throughout the night. Our results provide evidence for both direct and indirect risks to bat communities by wind parks: SRE bat habitat is lost to wind energy infrastructure and LRE bat may have an increased risk of fatality. Our findings provide important insights on seasonal and spatial variability in bat activity, which can inform standardizing monitoring of bats acoustically in boreal forests, at wind parks, and in combination with non-invasive insect monitoring.</p>
Developing crown width model for mixed forests using soil, climate, and stand factors
<ol> <li>The tree crown is a useful measure of tree vigor and is highly relevant to a tree's environmental adaptability. Crown allometry depends on environmental and stand conditions. Several studies have focused on the effects of climate change and competitive intensity on the crown, but the regulatory role of soil resources and diversity on crown allometry and carbon allocation has been neglected.</li> <li>Data from 20,994 trees in 232 mixed forests collected between 2011 and 2019 was located near four major mountain ranges in northeast China. The proposed crown width model includes the stand developmental stage, soil, climate, competition intensity, species mixture, species diversity, structural diversity, and their interactions.</li> <li>We observed that the cross-species allometric scaling exponent does not conform to the universal scaling law. Our results showed that crown width increased with increasing soil bulk density, quadratic mean diameter, and coefficient of diameter variation but decreased with increasing de Martonne aridity index, basal area, Simpson index, and species mixture. The interaction of quadratic mean diameter and soil bulk density had a significant negative effect on crown width. The influence of a particular factor within the interaction term on crown width was modulated by the gradients of other factors. Furthermore, soil bulk density contributed more to crown width modeling than the aridity index, and structural diversity had a greater effect on crown width than species diversity.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis</em>. Our results provide new insights into the environmental variability of crown allometry in mixed forests under global change, which is critical for improving regional and global estimates of forest biomass and carbon stocks.</li> </ol>
Global maps of soil water characteristics parameters developed using the random forest in a Covariate-based GeoTransfer Functions (CoGTF) framework at 1 km resolution
<p>The global soil water characteristics parameters (<em>α, n, θ<sub>r</sub>, and θ<sub>s</sub></em>) maps based on van Genuchten (vG) model at 1 km resolution was developed by harnessing the technological advances in machine learning and availability of remotely sensed surrogate information such as terrain, climate, vegetation, and soil covariates. We merge concepts of predictive soil mapping with a large data set of vG parameters and local information (soil, vegetation, climate) into "Covariate-based GeoTransfer Functions'' (CoGTFs) to generate global estimates of vG parameters (to highlight the impact of Geo-referenced covariates including various remote sensing maps, we use the term Geotransfer Function GTF and not pedotransfer function PTF; in the latter case, typically only soil properties are used to predict vG parameters).</p> <p>The vG parameters (<em>α, n, θ<sub>r</sub>, and θ<sub>s</sub></em>) dataset is provided in GeoTIFF format. A total of 16 files that represent different soil depths (0, 30, 60, and 100 cm) are provided for each parameter.</p> <table> <caption>Description of vG parameters and their units</caption> <tbody> <tr> <td>vG Parameters</td> <td>Description</td> <td>units</td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>α</em></td> <td>Inverse air entry pressure</td> <td>Log<sub>10</sub><em>α (m<sup>-1</sup>)</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>n</em></td> <td>Shape parameter</td> <td>Log<sub>10</sub><em>n </em>(dimensionless)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>θ<sub>r</sub></em></td> <td>Residual water content</td> <td>m<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>θ<sub>s</sub></em></td> <td>Saturated water content</td> <td>m<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p>The Global vG training dataset used for this study is available here:</p> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5547338">10.5281/zenodo.5547338</a></p> <p>For more details / to cite this dataset please use:</p> <ul> <li>Gupta, S., Papritz, A., Lehmann, P., Hengl, T., Bonetti, S., & Or, D. (2022). Global Mapping of Soil Water Characteristics Parameters—Fusing Curated Data with Machine Learning and Environmental Covariates. <strong><em>Remote Sensing</em></strong>, <em>14</em>(8), 1947.</li> </ul> <p>The study was supported by ETH Zurich (Grant ETH-18 18-1). We thank Zhongwang Wei, Associate professor at Sun Yat-Sen University, for helping to collect the datasets and for insightful discussions. We would like to thank Andrea Carmintai, Professor at ETH Zurich, for the insightful discussions.</p>
Supplementary disturbance figures for quantifying impacts of natural gas development on forests.
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Data from: Development stage-dependent effects of biodiversity on aboveground biomass of temperate forests
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Developing crown width model for mixed forests using soil, climate, and stand factors
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Historical anthropogenic stressors affect bird ecology and feather development in neotropical forests
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Wind energy development can lead to guild-specific habitat loss in boreal forest bats
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Reticulate evolution and rapid development of reproductive barriers upon secondary contact in a forest fungus
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What factors influence the extent of midstorey development in Mountain Ash forests?
<p>The midstorey is a critical component of the structure of many kinds of forest globally. We constructed statistical models of the factors influencing the percentage cover of two dominant <i>Acacia</i> spp. (Montane Wattle [<i>Acacia frigiscens</i>]) and Silver Wattle [<i>Acacia dealbata</i>]) in the midstorey of Mountain Ash (<i>Eucalyptus regnans</i>) forests in mainland south-eastern Australia. We modelled the influence on the percentage cover of two these two species of <i>Acacia</i> of : <b>(1)</b> the age of the overstorey eucalypts (which corresponded to the time elapsed since the last major stand-replacing disturbance), and <b>(2)</b> environmental drivers (slope, aspect, elevation, and topographic wetness).</p> <p>Stand age was an important factor influencing the percentage cover of both Montane Wattle and Silver Wattle. We found evidence of a non-linear, humped-shaped percentage cover-stand age relationship for the percentage cover of Montane Wattle, with the highest values in stands of Mountain Ash that were 30-60 years old. There were no differences in percentage cover among other age classes. The highest values for the percentage cover of Silver Wattle were for stands regenerating after the 2009 fire with markedly lower levels of cover in other age classes. There were no differences in cover between other age classes. Although our data contained evidence of inter-specific differences between Montane Wattle and Silver Wattle in their response to stand age, both species persisted as a midstorey component in old growth Mountain Ash forest.</p> <p> No environmental covariates influenced the percentage cover of Montane Wattle or Silver Wattle. Both tree species occur well beyond our study region and the set of environmental conditions we modelled may therefore not be limiting the occurrence of these tree species. We suggest that disturbance is the key driver of site occurrence of the Montane Wattle and Silver Wattle in the Mountain Ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria.</p>
Data from: Effects of species diversity on fine root productivity increase with stand development and associated mechanisms in a boreal forest
There is a growing interest in understanding the relationship between diversity and below-ground productivity due to the critical contribution of below-ground systems to overall terrestrial productivity. Yet, the temporal (seasonal and developmental) changes in diversity effects on below-ground productivity and their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that (i) diversity effects on fine root productivity increase with stand development, and (ii) increased diversity effects associated with stand development result from augmented horizontal soil space utilization, increased forest floor depth for rooting, enhanced effects in nutrient-poor soil layers and/or foraging towards high nutrient availability. We investigated the effects of tree species diversity on fine root productivity by sampling 18 stands dominated by single species and their mixtures in post-fire boreal forests of two stand ages (8 and 34 years following stand-replacing fire). Species evenness was significantly higher in species mixtures than in single-species-dominated stands at both age classes, while species richness did not differ across stand types and age classes. We found that the annual fine root production was higher in mixtures than the mean of single-species-dominated stands in both stand ages, with a significantly higher magnitude of effects in the 34-year-old than 8-year-old stands. Mixtures had higher horizontal soil volume filling than single-species-dominated stands with a more pronounced increase in the 34-year-old than 8-year-old stands. Compared with the 8-year-old stands, the 34-year-old stands had increased forest floor depth and greater overyielding with soil depth, and their fine root productivity was more responsive to the vertical variation in soil phosphorus concentrations among soil layers. Synthesis. Our results provide evidence for increasing positive diversity effects on fine root productivity with stand development in heterogeneous natural forests. Moreover, our results indicate that the increased positive diversity effects with stand development was the result of multiple mechanisms, including higher horizontal soil volume filling, a thicker forest floor layer for rooting, a higher magnitude of complementarity in nutrient-poor deep soil layers and stronger nutrient foraging towards soil layers with high nutrient concentrations in older than younger stands.
Data from: Leaf development and demography explain photosynthetic seasonality in Amazon evergreen forests
In evergreen tropical forests, the extent, magnitude, and controls on photosynthetic seasonality are poorly resolved and inadequately represented in Earth system models. Combining camera observations with ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes at forests across rainfall gradients in Amazônia, we show that aggregate canopy phenology, not seasonality of climate drivers, is the primary cause of photosynthetic seasonality in these forests. Specifically, synchronization of new leaf growth with dry season litterfall shifts canopy composition toward younger, more light-use efficient leaves, explaining large seasonal increases (~27%) in ecosystem photosynthesis. Coordinated leaf development and demography thus reconcile seemingly disparate observations at different scales and indicate that accounting for leaf-level phenology is critical for accurately simulating ecosystem-scale responses to climate change.
Data from: Assessing cumulative impacts of forest development on the distribution of furbearers using expert-based habitat modeling
Cumulative impacts of anthropogenic landscape change must be considered when managing and conserving wildlife habitat. Across the central-interior of British Columbia, Canada, industrial activities are altering the habitat of furbearer species. This region has witnessed unprecedented levels of anthropogenic landscape change following rapid development in a number of resource sectors, particularly forestry. Our objective was to create expert-based habitat models for three furbearer species: fisher (Pekania pennanti), Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), and American marten (Martes americana) and quantify habitat change for those species. We recruited 10 biologist and 10 trapper experts and then used the analytical hierarchy process to elicit expert knowledge of habitat variables important to each species. We applied the models to reference landscapes (i.e., registered traplines) in two distinct study areas and then quantified the change in habitat availability from 1990 to 2013. There was strong agreement between expert groups in the choice of habitat variables and associated scores. Where anthropogenic impacts had increased considerably over the study period, the habitat models showed substantial declines in habitat availability for each focal species (78% decline in optimal fisher habitat, 83% decline in optimal lynx habitat, and 79% decline in optimal marten habitat). For those traplines with relatively little forest harvesting, the habitat models showed no substantial change in the availability of habitat over time. The results suggest that habitat for these three furbearer species declined significantly as a result of the cumulative impacts of forest harvesting. Results of this study illustrate the utility of expert knowledge for understanding large-scale patterns of habitat change over long time periods.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.