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Fig. 25 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 25. Coracoids of selected penguin taxa, illustrating phylogenetic characters: (A) the stem penguin Archaeospheniscus lowei (OM GL407); (B) extant Aptenodytes forsteri (AMNH 3767). The bone is incomplete in A, causing the proximal end to appear less widened. Broken edges suggest that the coracoid fenestra was originally completely enclosed in A. Scale bars 5 1 cm. See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 16 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 16. Strict consensus of 480 MPTs of 4494 steps from the analysis including the type B humerus (IB/P/B-0382) as a separate terminal.

Fig. 23 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 23. Quadrates of selected penguin taxa, illustrating phylogenetic characters: (A) the stem penguin Icadyptes salasi (MUSM 897); (B) extant Spheniscus demersus (NSM 6294). See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 30 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 30. Tarsometatarsi of selected penguin taxa, illustrating phylogenetic characters: the stem penguins (A) Waimanu manneringi (CM zfa35), (B) Palaeeudyptes klekowskii (UCMP 321486), and (C) Anthropornis sp. (UCMP 321023), and (D) extant Spheniscus magellanicus (AMNH 24679). Scale bars 5 1 cm. See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 15 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 15. Results of iterative analyses testing the effect of assigning character codings from isolated elements to species terminals. Strict consensus of 1503 MPTs of 4494 steps from the analysis applying codings from IB/P/B-0382 (type B humerus) to the Marambiornis exilis terminal. An identical strict consensus topology resulted from the permutations adding the type B humerus codings to the Mesetaornis polaris terminal.

Fig. 12 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 12. Single most parsimonious tree from analysis of 44 morphological characters by Acosta Hospitaleche et al. (2007, 2008).

Fig. 21 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 21. Phylogeny of Sphenisciformes calibrated to the stratigraphic record. Ghost lineages (Norell, 1992) are minimized. Dotted lines extending the range of clade 7 are based on identification of fragmentary fossils of late Eocene age to this clade. We utilize age ranges for Spheniscus urbinai and Spheniscus megaramphus provided by Stucchi (2007). Most penguins from the La Meseta Formation occur in Telm 7 (34.2–36.1 Ma), but a few species have been reported from lower units (see Myrcha et al., 2002; Jadwiszczak, 2006a), accounting for the extended ranges of Delphinornis larseni, Anthropornis grandis, and Palaeeudyptes gunnari. A specimen from the Chilcatay Formation (see fig. 1) referred to Palaeospheniscus sp. by Acosta Hospitaleche and Stucchi (2005) is provisionally referred to Palaeospheniscus patagonicus (Ksepka, 2007), accounting for the longer range of this taxon. For taxa that are poorly constrained in age, the midpoint of possible ages is used (e.g., Marplesornis is placed at the late Miocene). Geographical locality for fossil taxa and breeding range of extant taxa are provided in parentheses following taxa names. Asterisks indicate taxa with extensive breeding ranges including oceanic islands (see Bertelli and Giannini [2005] for more data on these species). Abbreviations: AF, Africa; AN, Antarctica; AU, Australia; NZ, New Zealand and surrounding islands; SA, South America.

Fig. 19 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 19. Results of iterative analyses testing the effect of assigning character codings from isolated elements to species terminals. Strict consensus of 930 MPTs of 4493 steps from the analysis applying codings from the Tonniornis mesetaensis holotype humerus to the Mesetaornis polaris terminal. An identical strict consensus topology resulted from the permutations adding the Tonniornis mesetaensis humerus codings to the Mesetaornis polaris terminal.

Fig. 20 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 20. Strict consensus of 1400 MPTs of 4492 steps from the analysis including the Tonniornis mesetaensis and Tonniornis minimum holotype humeri as separate terminals.

Figure 7 in A new genus of Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Eocene of Germany, with a review of the fossil record and palaeobiogeography of the family

Figure 7. Fossil record and inferred time ranges of subgroups of Mantispidae, superimposed upon a preliminary phylogenetic tree, based mainly on Lambkin (1986a), modified here. CAL, Calomantispinae; DREP, Drepanicinae; MANT, Mantispinae; SYM, Symphrasinae. Dashed lines and '?' indicate uncertainty in relationships and time ranges.

Figure 5 in A new genus of Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Eocene of Germany, with a review of the fossil record and palaeobiogeography of the family

Figure 5. The forewing pterostigma of the Jurassic mantispids. A, Liassochrysa stigmatica Ansorge & Schlüter 1990, holotype MB.I 5046 (No. LDA301, formerly from the Ansorge collection, Dobbertin, Germany); (photograph converted to standard right dorsal view); photograph by C. Neumann, MB. B, Promantispa similis, holotype PIN 2784/1080 (Karatau, Kazakhstan; Karabastau Formation). R1, first branch of radius; Sc, subcosta. Scale bar = 1 mm for both parts.

Figure 4 in A new genus of Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Eocene of Germany, with a review of the fossil record and palaeobiogeography of the family

Figure 4. Apical portion of forewing margin of Symphrasites eocenicus showing trichosors (arrows). Scale bar = 100 µm. Laser scanning photograph.

Figure 2 in A new genus of Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Eocene of Germany, with a review of the fossil record and palaeobiogeography of the family

Figure 2. Symphrasites eocenicus gen. et sp. nov., holotype MeI 8384. A, photograph. B, drawing of the forewing. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 6. Mesomantispa sibirica Makarkin, 1997, specimen PIN 4210 in A new genus of Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Eocene of Germany, with a review of the fossil record and palaeobiogeography of the family

Figure 6. Mesomantispa sibirica Makarkin, 1997, specimen PIN 4210/5275. A, photograph of the forewing. B, drawing of the forewing. Dashed lines indicate poorly preserved veins. 1A, anal vein 1; CuA, anterior cubitus; CuP, posterior cubitus; MA and MP, anterior and posterior branches of media; R1, first branch of radius; Rs, radial sector; Sc, subcosta. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in A new species of Airaphilus Redtenbacher and new record of fossil Silvanidae (Coleoptera) from Eocene Baltic amber of the Sambian Peninsula

Fig. 4. Mistran ot Alekseev et Bukejs from Baltic amber, RSKM_P3300.81: A, B – right lateral habitus photomicrograph, and corresponding SR xray μCT rendering; C, D – left lateral habitus photomicrograph, and corresponding SR x-ray μCT rendering; E – anterior habitus SR x-ray μCT renderin

Fig. 2 in A new species of Airaphilus Redtenbacher and new record of fossil Silvanidae (Coleoptera) from Eocene Baltic amber of the Sambian Peninsula

Fig. 2. Airaphilus simulacrum sp. nov., paratype, RSKM_P3300.83: A – dorsal habitus; B – ventral habitus; C – condition of specimen before epoxy infilling obscured surface details, dorsal habitus. Scale bars represent 1.0 mm.

Fig. 3 in A new species of Airaphilus Redtenbacher and new record of fossil Silvanidae (Coleoptera) from Eocene Baltic amber of the Sambian Peninsula

Fig. 3. Mistran ot Alekseev et Bukejs from Baltic amber, RSKM_P3300.81: A, B – dorsal habitus photomicrograph, and corresponding SR x-ray μCT rendering; C, D – ventral habitus photomicrograph, and corresponding SR x-ray μCT rendering. Scale bars represent 1.0 mm.

Fig. 1 in A new species of Airaphilus Redtenbacher and new record of fossil Silvanidae (Coleoptera) from Eocene Baltic amber of the Sambian Peninsula

Fig. 1. Airaphilus simulacrum sp. nov., holotype, RSKM_P3300.64: A – dorsal habitus; B – ventrolateral habitus. Scale bars represent 1.0 mm.

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Figure 14 in Revision of the Eocene 'Platyrhina' species from the Bolca Lagerst atte (Italy) reveals the first panray (Batomorphii: Zanobatidae) in the fossil record

Figure 14. Schematic map showing the Cretaceous (red dots) and Cenozoic (yellow dots) occurrences of platyrhinids and zanobatids. The orange, blue and green colours mark the modern areal distribution of the living species of Platyrhina, Platyrhinoidis and Zanobatus, respectively (data from Last et al. 2016).