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Figure 3 in Before the freeze: otoliths from the Eocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica, reveal dominance of gadiform fishes (Teleostei)

Figure 3. Drawings of Eocene otoliths from Seymour Island. A—C, Argentina antarctica sp. nov., holotype, NRM-PZ P.15964, mirror imaged; A, outer face; B, ventral view; C, inner face. D—I, Diaphus? marambionis sp. nov.; D—F, holotype, NRM-PZ P.15966; D, anterior view, E, inner face, F, ventral view; G—I, (mirror imaged) paratypes, NRM-PZ P.15967; G, inner face; H, ventral view; I, inner face. J, K, Paraulopus sp., NRM-PZ P.15965, mirror imaged; J, inner face; K, ventral view.

Figure 2. Location photographs. A in Before the freeze: otoliths from the Eocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica, reveal dominance of gadiform fishes (Teleostei)

Figure 2. Location photographs. A, aerial view of IAA 1/90, 'Ungulate site', 64Ǫ14,04.67ĮĮS,56Ǫ 39,56.38ĮĮ W, marked by asterisk; B, panoramic view of site IAA 1/90 with 'Natica horizon' marked by asterisks; C, Argentine-Swedish field party collecting fossils at IAA 2/95, 'Marsupial site', 64Ǫ13,58ĮĮS,56Ǫ39,06ĮĮ W); D, panoramic view of site IAA 2/95 with Cockburn Island in background; E, 'Natica horizon' near site IAA 2/95 showing lens-like character of the beds. Photographs by F. Degrange (A, D), T. Mors (B) and J. Hagstrom (C, E).

Figure 1. Location and stratigraphy. A in Before the freeze: otoliths from the Eocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica, reveal dominance of gadiform fishes (Teleostei)

Figure 1. Location and stratigraphy. A, map of Antarctica showing the position of the Antarctic Peninsula; B, map of the Antarctic Peninsula showing Seymour Island; C, geological map of Seymour Island showing the outcrop of Telm 4-5 and localities IAA 1/90 and 2/ 95; D, composite measured section through the La Meseta Formation showing the stratigraphical position of the sampled 'Natica horizon' (IAA 1/90 and 2/95). Modified from Reguero et al. (2013). Strontium date values from Dutton et al. (2002), Ivany et al. (2008), Dingle & Lavelle (1998) and Reguero et al. (2002).

Figure 8 in Before the freeze: otoliths from the Eocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica, reveal dominance of gadiform fishes (Teleostei)

Figure 8. Eocene palaeogeography in south polar projection and the distributions of selected taxa of Protacanthopterygii, Paracanthopterygii and Berycoidei. Regions studied for fossil otoliths are marked by an asterisk (each region may contain multiple locations). Otolith data are compiled from Schwarzhans (1980, 1985); the palaeogeographical reconstruction is based on Reguero et al. (2013); the delimitation of the Weddellian bioprovince is based on Zinsmeister (1982); the reconstruction of palaeocurrents is composed from Crame (1999) and Huber et al. (2004).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2024View details →

Spatial and temporal variability of the freezing level in Patagonia's atmosphere

<h3>Short Summary:</h3> This repository houses the Python preprocessing scripts utilized in generating the metadata for García-Lee et al., (2024) dataset. With these files and scripts, you gain access to the algorithm and examples for generating gridded products in netCDF format, specifically featuring the 0°C isotherm field. <h3>Dependencies:</h3> <ul> <li>numpy (tested with 1.24.4 in py3)</li> <li>pandas (tested with 2.0.3 in py3)</li> <li>netCDF4 (tested with 1.6.0 in py3)</li> <li>re (tested with 2.2.1 in py3)</li> <li>glob</li> <li>OS: Tested in Windows.</li> </ul> <h3>Technical Info:</h3> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> File </td> <td> Type </td> <td> Description </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="../records/10523940/files/1_H0_Detect.py?download=1">1_H0_Detect.py</a> </td> <td> Python script </td> <td> 0°C Isotherm Detection Algorithm. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="../records/10523940/files/2_Daily_Mean_H0.py?download=1">2_H0_Daily_Mean.py</a> </td> <td> Python script </td> <td> Calculation of Daily Mean. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="../records/10523940/files/ISO0_1959_2021_GRID.nc?download=1">ISO0_1959_2021_GRID.rar</a> </td> <td> netCDF </td> <td> 0°C Isotherm Data at 6-Hour Intervals (1959-2021) in meters above sea level (m a.s.l.). </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="../records/10523940/files/ERA5_PATAGONIA_6H_T_GPH_1959.rar?download=1">ERA5_PATAGONIA_6H_T_GPH_1959.rar</a> </td> <td> netCDF </td> <td> Raw ERA5 data example for 1959: Temperature (°K) and Geopotential (m**2 s**-2). </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>Extra:</h3> The file 'Observations and Charts.pdf' shows averages, standard deviations, bias, and trends of the 0°C isotherm for Puerto Montt, Río Gallegos, Comodoro Rivadavia, and Punta Arenas. These values were estimated using both observations and reanalysis ERA5 data. <h3>Reference:</h3> García-Lee, N., Bravo, C., Gónzalez-Reyes, Á., and Mardones, P.: Spatial and temporal variability of the freezing level in Patagonia's atmosphere, Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 1137–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1137-2024, 2024.

dryad40/100

Data for: Freeze tolerance influenced forest cover and hydrology during the Pennsylvanian

Global forest cover affects the Earth system by altering surface mass and energy exchange. Physiology determines plant environmental limits and influences geographical vegetation distribution. Ancient plant physiology, therefore, likely affected vegetation-climate feedbacks. We combine climate modeling and ecosystem-process modeling to simulate arboreal vegetation in the late Paleozoic ice age. Using GENESIS V3 GCM simulations, varying pCO2, pO2, and ice extent for the Pennsylvanian, and fossil-derived leaf C:N, maximum stomatal conductance, and specific conductivity for several major Carboniferous plant groups, we simulated global ecosystem processes at a 2-degree (longitude, latitude) resolution with Paleo-BGC. Based on leaf water constraints, Pangaea could have supported widespread arboreal plant growth and forest cover. However, these models do not account for the impacts of freezing on plants. According to our interpretation, freezing would have affected plants in 89% of unglaciated land during peak glacial periods, and 65% during the warmer interglacials. Comparing forest cover, minimum temperatures, and paleo-locations of Pennsylvanian-aged plant fossils from the Paleobiology Database supports restriction of global forest extent due to freezing. Many genera were limited to 25% of unglaciated land where temperatures remained above −4°C. Freeze-intolerance of Pennsylvanian arboreal vegetation had the potential to alter surface runoff, silicate weathering, CO2 levels, and climate forcing. As a bounding case, we assume total plant mortality at −4°C and estimate that contracting forest cover increased net global surface runoff by up to 6.1%. Repeated freezing likely influenced freeze- and drought-tolerance evolution in lineages like the coniferophytes, which became increasingly dominant in the Permian and early Mesozoic.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Dark matter and Z' masses preferred by muon g-2 and thermal freeze-out

Companion data for the paper "The Simplest and Most Predictive Model of Muon g−2 and Thermal Dark Matter" [<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.09067">https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.09067</a>]. The data provides constraints on the masses of DM and Z' which solve the muon g-2 anomaly and generate sufficient thermal dark matter. Two such bands are given (on either side of the resonance), each of which has a 'min', 'mid', and 'max' value based on current 1 sigma constraints on the muon g-2 anomaly. All masses are in MeV.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

NIR-Almond_Data_Freeze-drying_Lösel_Shakiba

The impact of freeze-drying on the origin determination of almonds by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was investigated. This upload contains four data sets of the same 72 authentic almond samples from six different countries of origin, which have been measured with NIR without freeze-drying and after 3 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours of freeze-drying.

dryad40/100

Low winter temperatures and divergent freezing resistance set the cold range limit of widespread alpine graminoids

Aim: "Where and why does a species exist" is a fundamental question in ecology. However, the actual range limits of alpine plant species are largely unexplored and unexplained. We aim at identifying the low temperature range limits of the two most abundant alpine graminoid species on acidic soils that intermingle in mosaics of high-elevation habitats across the European Alps. Location: Alpine grasslands in the Swiss Alps. Taxon: Carex curvula (Cyperaceae) and Nardus stricta (Poaceae), named by the genus name hereafter. Results: Carex and Nardus clearly segregated across different microsites. Season length, growing degree hours and soil chemistry (pH, C/N-ratio, phosphorus) did not demarcate the two species' ranges, while their distribution was strongly affected by soil minimum temperature in winter. Carex occurred at sites with and without protecting snow cover and resisted low soil temperatures (-13 °C). Nardus was absent at microsites with snow cover duration less than 5 months and soil minimum temperatures below -5 °C. During the growing season, leaves of Carex had a higher freezing resistance with LT50 of -16.1 °C than those of Nardus with LT50 of -13.3 °C (LT50: lethal temperature for 50% of the tissue). Tetrazolium staining in shoots also revealed a higher freezing resistance in Carex compared to Nardus, and shoot apices tolerated lowest temperatures: Carex -30 °C, Nardus -24 °C. Though, a vital shoot apex alone did not ensure regrowth after winter. Regrowth after severe frost events requires intact vessels and roots, all less freezing tolerant than apical meristems and young leaves. Main conclusions: The cold range limits of these widespread alpine graminoid species are evidently set by thermal extremes in winter. Microtopography, thus snow distribution pattern, in concert with the species' freezing resistance explains the cold edge of the fundamental niche of these two species.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Data for the paper: The Role of Glycerol in Manufacturing Freeze-Dried Chitosan and Cellulose Foams for Mechanically Stable Scaffolds in Skin Tissue Engineering

The Dataset contains all the data, described in the article "The Role of Glycerol in Manufacturing Freeze-Dried Chitosan  and Cellulose Foams for Mechanically Stable Scaffolds in Skin Tissue Engineering." Abstract Various strategies have extensively explored enhancing the physical and biological properties of chitosan and cellulose scaffolds for skin tissue engineering. This study presents a straightforward method involving the addition of glycerol into highly porous structures of two polysaccharide complexes: chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose (Chit/CMC) and chitosan/oxidized cellulose (Chit/OC); during a one-step freeze-drying process. Adding glycerol, especially to Chit/CMC, significantly increased stability, prevented degradation, and improved mechanical strength by nearly 50%. Importantly, after 21 days of incubation in enzymatic medium Chit/CMC scaffold has almost completely decomposed, while foams reinforced with glycerol exhibited only 40% mass loss. It is possible due to differences in multivalent cations and polymer chain contraction, resulting in varied hydrogen bonding  and, consequently, distinct physicochemical outcomes. Additionally, the scaffolds with glycerol improved the cellular activities resulting in over 40% higher proliferation of fibroblast after 21 days of incubation. It was achieved by imparting water resistance to the highly absorbent material and aiding in achieving a balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. This study clearly indicates the possible elimination of additional crosslinkers and multiple fabrication steps that can reduce the cost of scaffold production for skin tissue engineering applications while tailoring mechanical strength and degradation. Figure 2. Morphology. SEM micrographs of the internal structure of the freeze-dried scaffolds. Results of porosity analysis. The methodology and data are described in the README file in the folder. Figure 3. Mechanical test results. Representative stress-strain curves from the tensile test of all freeze-dried scaffolds, where (A) – measurement performed in dry conditions, (B) – measurement performed in wet conditions. All are described in the README file in the folder. Figure 4. Swelling behavior of all scaffolds. B – Two representative vials with a visual demonstration of swelling, samples marked with circles: Chit/CMC sample submerged in the PBS (blue circle) and Chit/CMC/Glyc sample floating on the surface (green circle). The arrows lead to photos of scaffolds taken from vials directly after swelling. C – Gel fraction analysis in aqueous solution after 24  6 h. D – Time after which the water droplet is absorbed into the scaffold. E – Photographs of water droplet shape changes on Chit/CMC and Chit/CMC/Glyc scaffolds over time. All are described in the README file in the folder. Figure 5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis results. Details are in the README file in the folder. Figure 6. The FTIR spectra of eluates from degraded scaffolds collected on a microscopic glass slide. Details are in the README file in the folder. Figure 7.  The degradation studies of all scaffolds over 21 days of experiments in A – enzymatic medium. B – cell culture medium. Details are in the README file in the folder. Figure 9. Cell experiments and toxicity analysis. Cytotoxicity of eluates taken from degraded scaffolds. B – Direct fibroblast seeding on scaffolds during 14 days of culture period. C – Direct fibroblast seeding on scaffolds during 14 days of culture period without control to better see the effect of glycerol. Details are in the README file in the folder.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Рис. 2. Черношапочные сурки и их местообитания на хребте КоΑар: A — виΑ на ЦентраΛьный КоΑар и ΑоΛину р. СреΑний Сакукан; B — местообитание сурков поΑ переваΛом; C — местообитание сурков по берегам р. Того; D — местообитание сурков на вершине гребня, каΑр с фотоΛовушки; E — сурки; F — черношапочный сурок обΛизывает пΛасты каменного угΛя, каΑр из виΑеосъемки Fig. 2. Black-capped marmots and their habitats on the Kodar Ridge: A — view of the Central Kodar and the valley of the Middle Sakukan River; B — habitat of marmots under the mountain pass; C — habitat of marmots along the banks of the Togo River; D — marmot habitat at the top of the mountain ridge, camera trap frame; E — marmots; F — the black-capped marmot licks coal, freeze frame from video in On the ecology of the Doppelmayer`s Black-capped marmot (Marmota camtschatica doppelmayeri Birula, 1922): Kodar Mountain Ridge, Transbaikalia, Russia

Рис. 2. Черношапочные сурки и их местообитания на хребте КоΑар: A — виΑ на ЦентраΛьный КоΑар и ΑоΛину р. СреΑний Сакукан; B — местообитание сурков поΑ переваΛом; C — местообитание сурков по берегам р. Того; D — местообитание сурков на вершине гребня, каΑр с фотоΛовушки; E — сурки; F — черношапочный сурок обΛизывает пΛасты каменного угΛя, каΑр из виΑеосъемки Fig. 2. Black-capped marmots and their habitats on the Kodar Ridge: A — view of the Central Kodar and the valley of the Middle Sakukan River; B — habitat of marmots under the mountain pass; C — habitat of marmots along the banks of the Togo River; D — marmot habitat at the top of the mountain ridge, camera trap frame; E — marmots; F — the black-capped marmot licks coal, freeze frame from video

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2018View details →

Data for "Inexperienced preys know when to flee or to freeze in front of a threat"

Dataset for the manuscript: "Inexperienced preys know when to flee or to freeze in front of a threat” (Accepted for publication in PNAS in October 2019).   The file contains: 1/ Data related to Experiment 1 (Looming vs Sweeping stimuli): ‘Speed during (%)’, ‘Speed after (%), ‘Distance traveled during the 30 s following the stimulus offset’ 2/ Data related to Experiment 2 (Looming vs Receding stimuli): ‘Speed during (%)’, ‘Speed after (%), ‘Distance traveled during the 30 s following the stimulus offset’ 3/ Data related to Experiment 3 (Looming vs Dimming stimuli): ‘Speed during (%)’, ‘Speed after (%), ‘Distance traveled during the 30 s following the stimulus offset’ 4/ Data related to the determination of the initiation of the escape in response to the looming stimulus (point by point % of point speed variation during the looming displays)

Fig. 1 in Effect of 80% ethanol or 10% formalin fixation, freezing at - 20 C and staining on Myxobolus (Myxosporea) spores to be deposited in parasitological collections

Fig. 1. Myxospores of Myxobolus bramae treated in different ways. (a) Fresh spore, (b) Spore fixed in 80% ethanol, (c) Spore fixed in 10% formalin solution, (d) Spore freezing at – 20 ◦C for 3 months, (e) Spore stained with Giemsa stain, (f) Spore stained with Ziehl–Neelsen stain.

Fig. 3 in Effect of 80% ethanol or 10% formalin fixation, freezing at - 20 C and staining on Myxobolus (Myxosporea) spores to be deposited in parasitological collections

Fig. 3. Myxospores of Myxobolus bliccae treated in different ways. (a) Fresh spore, (b) Spore fixed in 80% ethanol, (c) Spore fixed in 10% formalin solution, (d) Spore freezing at – 20 ◦C for 3 months, (e) Spore stained with Giemsa stain, (f) Spore stained with Ziehl–Neelsen stain.

Fig. 4 in Effect of 80% ethanol or 10% formalin fixation, freezing at - 20 C and staining on Myxobolus (Myxosporea) spores to be deposited in parasitological collections

Fig. 4. Length and width (n = 795 and 729, respectively) of differently treated spores of Myxobolus bramae. Medians and interquartile ranges are indicated by thick middle lines and boxes, respectively, whereas the whiskers represent maximum and minimum values, and the open circles refer to outliers.

Fig. 2 in Effect of 80% ethanol or 10% formalin fixation, freezing at - 20 C and staining on Myxobolus (Myxosporea) spores to be deposited in parasitological collections

Fig. 2. (a) Myxospore of M. bramae treated with Lugol's solution. (b) Myxospore of M. bliccae treated with Lugol's solution.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2013View details →

FIG. 8. — Auksiivik 174X Feature 567, a in To freeze or to dry: Seasonal variability in caribou processing and storage in the barrenlands of Northern Canada

FIG. 8. — Auksiivik 174X Feature 567, a marrow cracking area. Note anvil and hammer stones near centre of photo.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2009View details →

Fig. 1 in Length correction for early-juvenile Brazilian herring Sardinella janeiro (Eigenmann, 1894) after preservation in formalin, ethanol and freezing

Fig. 1. Mean percentage shrinkage of total length for earlyjuvenile of Sardinella janeiro during storage in freezing (open triangle), 2.5% formalin (full circle), 5% formalin (open circle), 70% ethanol (full square) and 95% ethanol (open square).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2009View details →

Fig. 3 in Length correction for early-juvenile Brazilian herring Sardinella janeiro (Eigenmann, 1894) after preservation in formalin, ethanol and freezing

Fig. 3. The relationship between fresh total length and relative (%) shrinkage in total length after 60 days of preservation for early-juvenile of Sardinella janeiro. (a) Freezing (open triangle), (b) 2.5% formalin (full circle), 5% formalin (open circle), (c) 70% ethanol (full square) and 95% ethanol (open square).