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Figure 4 in New microhylid Frogs from the Muller Range, Papua New Guinea

Figure 4. Map showing known distribution of three new species of microhylid frogs from along the eastern slope of Mt. Itukua, Muller Range, Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea (star).

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Figure 2. A Waveform, B in New microhylid Frogs from the Muller Range, Papua New Guinea

Figure 2. A Waveform, B power spectrum, and C spectrogram of call "T" of Albericus murritus sp. n. (BPBM 33641) recorded on E slope Mt. Itukua, Muller Range, Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea on 27 March 2009 at 2020 h. Air temperature 14.7 °C.

Figure 5. A Dorsum B ventrum C in New genus of diminutive microhylid frogs from Papua New Guinea

Figure 5. A Dorsum B ventrum C side of head D palmar view of left hand, and E plantar view of right foot of holotype of Paedophryne oyatabu (BPBM 16433).

Figure 4. A Dorsum B ventrum C in New genus of diminutive microhylid frogs from Papua New Guinea

Figure 4. A Dorsum B ventrum C side of head D palmar view of left hand, and E plantar view of left foot of holotype of Paedophryne kathismaphlox (BPBM 17977).

Figure 6 in New genus of diminutive microhylid frogs from Papua New Guinea

Figure 6. Map of southeastern Papua New Guinea, showing type localities for Paedophryne kathismaphlox (filled circle) and P. oyatabu (star).

Figure 3. A Lateral B in New genus of diminutive microhylid frogs from Papua New Guinea

Figure 3. A Lateral B dorsal, and C ventral superficial head muscles for Cophixalus verrucosus (BPBM 15282) D lateral E dorsal, and F ventral superficial head muscles for Aphantophryne pansa (BPBM 25278), and G lateral H dorsal, and I ventral superficial head muscles for Paedophryne kathismaphlox (BPBM 35353). Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 4 in Two new Pandanus frogs (Guibemantis: Mantellidae: Anura) from northern Madagascar

Fig. 4. Guibemantis albomaculatus sp. nov. in life. A–B. Two specimens with unknown sex or voucher numbers from Montagne d'Ambre. C–D. ♀, from Montagne d'Ambre, probably ZSM 894/2003 (FG/ MV 2002.904). e. Specimen from Manongarivo with unknown sex or voucher number. F–G. ♂, from Manongarivo, ZSM 816/2003 (FG/MV 2002.735).

Fig. 3 in Two new Pandanus frogs (Guibemantis: Mantellidae: Anura) from northern Madagascar

Fig. 3. Preserved holotype specimens of the two new species described herein, Guibemantis woosteri sp. nov. [ZSM 5063/2005 (ZCMV 2044)] and G. albomaculatus sp. nov. [ZSM 0895/2003 (FGMV 2002.905)], in dorsal and ventral view. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 2 in Two new Pandanus frogs (Guibemantis: Mantellidae: Anura) from northern Madagascar

Fig. 2. Map of northern Madagascar, showing mostly verified distribution records of the two species of Guibemantis Dubois, 1992 described herein, and of the recently described G. milingilingy Bletz, Scherz, Rakotoarison, Lehtinen, Glaw & Vences, 2018. The locality Ambatovaky is only based on similarities in coloration and is in need of confirmation. The map shows the remaining primary vegetation of Madagascar (www.vegmad.org), green colors indicating rainforest, brown/orange colors deciduous dry forest.

Fig. 1 in Two new Pandanus frogs (Guibemantis: Mantellidae: Anura) from northern Madagascar

Fig. 1. Maximum Likelihood tree of species in the genus Guibemantis Dubois, 1992, subgenus Pandanusicola Glaw & Vences, 1994 (rooted with the nominal subgenus). The tree is based on an analysis of 535 bp of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene and contains representatives of all valid species of Guibemantis. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap proportions from a Maximum Likelihood bootstrap analysis (500 replicates) in percent (BP), and posterior probabilities (PP) from Bayesian Inference (only shown for nodes with either BP> 60% or PP> 0.95). Inset photos show the two new species described herein.

Appendix List of samples of deep frozen frog legs with purchase date, collection number, haplotype number, taxonomic identification, tibia length (TL) and estimated snout vent length (SVL). in Which frog's legs do froggies eat? The use of DNA barcoding for identification of deep frozen frog legs (Dicroglossidae, Amphibia) commercialized in France

Appendix List of samples of deep frozen frog legs with purchase date, collection number, haplotype number, taxonomic identification, tibia length (TL) and estimated snout vent length (SVL).

Fig. 2. Minimum spanning network depicting relationships among 16S in Which frog's legs do froggies eat? The use of DNA barcoding for identification of deep frozen frog legs (Dicroglossidae, Amphibia) commercialized in France

Fig. 2. Minimum spanning network depicting relationships among 16S haplotypes of Fejervarya cancrivora (Gravenhorst, 1829). The size of each circle is proportional to the haplotype frequency and the lengths of the connecting lines are proportional to the number of mutations. Colors refer to distinct regions (Indonesia: Java, Sumatra, Bali, Kalimantan, Bangka; Malaysia; Taiwan) and commercialized frogs of unknown origin are in black.

Fig. 3. Histograms. A in Which frog's legs do froggies eat? The use of DNA barcoding for identification of deep frozen frog legs (Dicroglossidae, Amphibia) commercialized in France

Fig. 3. Histograms. A. Snout vent length (in mm) in adult Fejervarya cancrivora (Gravenhorst, 1829) from samples collected for scientific purposes (Boulenger 1920) and collection specimens as mentioned in Material and methods. B. Snout vent length estimated from tibia length of genetically identified frog legs from French supermarkets (specimen list, see Appendix).

Fig. 1 in Which frog's legs do froggies eat? The use of DNA barcoding for identification of deep frozen frog legs (Dicroglossidae, Amphibia) commercialized in France

Fig. 1. Phylogeny of Indonesian species of Fejervarya and Limnonectes recovered by the Bayesian analysis (GTR + I + G model). Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Wiegmann, 1834) and Occidozyga laevis (Günther, 1858) were used as outgroups. Numbers on nodes represent Bayesian posterior probabilities, * indicates a value higher than 0.98. Only values higher than 0.75 are represented. h01 to h18 indicate the 18 haplotypes from frozen frog legs recovered in this study.

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Fig. 3 in New acoustic and molecular data shed light on the poorly known Amazonian frog Adenomera simonstuarti (Leptodactylidae): implications for distribution and conservation

Fig. 3. Preserved male of nominal Adenomera simonstuarti (Angulo & Icochea, 2010) (= genetic lineage 3): call voucher INPA-H 40967 (SVL = 23.4 mm) from the upper Juruá River, in Tarauacá, Brazilian state of Acre. This specimen corresponds to a call voucher (see Fig. 5). A−B. Body in dorsal and ventral views, not to scale. C−D. Detail of the ventral surface of right foot and hand, respectively. Note the nearly solid, dark-colored stripe along the underside of the forearm. Photographs by J. Magnusson. Scale bar = 5 mm.

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Figure 2 in Reproductive ecology of a Tibetan frog Nanorana parkeri (Anura: Ranidae)

Figure 2. Typical habitats used by the frogs, and spatial locations of the hibernation (closed circles) and spawning (open circles) ponds in the study plot (100 × 55 m). Sizes of the circles represent pond area.

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Divergence, gene flow and the origin of leapfrog geographic distributions: the history of color pattern variation in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs

The geographic distribution of phenotypic variation among closely related populations is a valuable source of information about the evolutionary processes that generate and maintain biodiversity. Leapfrog distributions, in which phenotypically similar populations are disjunctly distributed and separated by one or more phenotypically distinct populations, represent geographic replicates for the existence of a phenotype, and are therefore especially informative. Phyllobates poison frogs. We found evidence for high levels of gene flow between neighboring populations but not over long distances, indicating that gene flow between populations exhibiting the central phenotype may have a homogenizing effect that maintains their similarity, and that introgression between "leapfroging" taxa has not played a prominent role as a driver of phenotypic diversity in Phyllobates. Although phylogenetic analyses suggest that the leapfrog distribution was formed through independent evolution of the peripheral (i.e. leapfrogging) populations, the elevated levels of gene flow between geographically close populations poise alternative scenarios, such as the history of phenotypic change becoming decoupled from genome-averaged patterns of divergence, which we cannot rule out. These results highlight the importance of incorporating gene flow between populations into the study of geographic variation in phenotypes, both as a driver of phenotypic diversity and as a confounding factor of phylogeographic inferences.

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Figure 3 in Morphology, natural history and molecular identification of tadpoles of three endemic frog species of Nyctibatrachus Boulenger, 1882 (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae) from Central Western Ghats, India

Figure 3. Tadpole of N. jog, BNHS 5900. (a) Dorsal view; (b) ventral view; (c) lateral view; (d) mouth part (not to scale).