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4,648 results for “frog”
Outdoor mesocosm study evaluating how mass, NaCl tolerance, and pesticide tolerance affect oxidative stress biomarkers (CAT, SOD, GR, GPx, TBARS) in larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) exposed to baseline and NaCl-contaminated conditions, 2019
Biomarkers of oxidative stress can aid in wildlife monitoring by allowing conservationists to detect sublethal environmental shifts. However, interpretation of stress responses can be complicated by multiple interacting factors (e.g., individual development, evolved physiological tolerance to stressors) which alter biomarker expression. Here, we investigated how individual ontogenetic traits and population-level tolerance traits influence oxidative stress responses under baseline and contaminated environmental conditions. For our model contaminant, we used NaCl (common freshwater contaminant due to factors such as coastal flooding, irrigation, airborne salt circulation, drought, runoff from road deicing salts). For our model wildlife populations, we used larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) from six noninteracting populations known to vary in two population-level tolerance traits: NaCl tolerance (calculated as average time to death from lethal NaCl exposure) and pesticide tolerance (determined by proxy of distance to agriculture - a consistent and highly repeatable relationship). At an outdoor research facility, R. sylvatica tadpoles were exposed to either baseline conditions (0 g/L NaCl added) or NaCl-contaminated conditions (1 g/L NaCl added for 21 days, then reduced to 0.5 g/L NaCl). Exposures were conducted in individual units with 40 replicates per population for each treatment. The experiment was terminated per individual to capture the full term of larval development (Developmental stage: Gosner stage 36), lasting between 33-48 days. For each individual, we measured mass, Snout-Vent-Length, and developmental stage before processing for biomarker expression. Individual homogenates were assayed for oxidative stress biomarkers superoxide dismutase (SOD; responsible for Reactive Oxygen Species capture and peroxide production), glutathione peroxidase (GPx; responsible for high-affinity peroxide reduction), catalase (CAT; responsible for low-affinity peroxide reducti
Laboratory study on microplastic fiber size and concentration effects on leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens) tadpole survival, development, behavior, and parasite susceptibility
This dataset contains comprehensive raw data from a completed laboratory experiment conducted from May 24 to June 30, 2021 (with additional analysis performed in 2025), investigating the effects of polyester microplastic (MP) fiber exposure on northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens) tadpoles and their interactions with echinostome trematodes (Echinostoma sp.). Tadpole egg masses were collected from a wetland in Indiana, USA, and ramshorn snails (Helisoma trivolvis), serving as trematode hosts, were collected from Tioga County, New York, USA. The experiment was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions using a static-renewal design, exposing tadpoles to short (~0.24 mm) or long (~1.50 mm) polyester MP fibers at concentrations of 0, 10, or 40 µg L⁻¹ for 32 days, followed by controlled exposure to echinostome cercariae. The dataset includes measurements of tadpole mortality, developmental traits (mass, snout-to-vent length, Gosner stage), behavioral activity (number of moving pre- and post-parasite exposure), MP fiber ingestion, and susceptibility to trematode infection (metacercarial cyst counts in kidneys). These data provide a resource for studying the ecological and toxicological impacts of microplastics on amphibian health, and host-parasite dynamics in freshwater ecosystems, making the dataset suitable for researchers in ecotoxicology, and disease ecology. The dataset is complete, with no ongoing data collection, and is designed to support analyses of microplastic-mediated effects on aquatic organisms.
Water flow velocity data, Shark River Slough (SRS) near Frog City, south of US 41, Everglades National Park (FCE LTER) from October 2006 to July 2009
Water velocity data measured every 5 or 15 minutes in Shark River Slough near Frog City jetty, Everglades National Park, using Sontek Agronaut water flow sampler.
Pattern morphology for frogs captured at 9 locations in northeastern Puerto Rico over a 25-year period from 1978 to 2002
We recorded the pattern morph for 9,950 frogs captured at 9 locations in northeastern Puerto Rico over a 25-year period from 1978 - 2002. Data revealed 21 distinct pattern morphs including a variety of stripes, bars, and spots. Analysis of morph frequencies between plots showed significant heterogeneity, with longitudinal stripes more common in grassland and disturbed areas, and spot and bar morphs more common in forests where palm and bromeliad axils are important habitat features. Comparison of morph frequencies through time at the same sites showed temporal shifts immediately following Hurricane Hugo in 1989. We suggest that the pattern polymorphism is maintained in part by local habitat matching resulting from selection pressure from visual predators. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Frog transect data
Relative abundance of all size classes of Eleutherodactylus coqui was measured along control and experimental transects in a variety of disturbance regimes. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Frog grid data (Bisley Experimental Watershed)
Population estimates from 1987 to 1995 are reported for the terrestrial anuran, Eleutherodactylus coqui, from four long-term study plots in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of northeastern Puerto Rico. The major factor influencing population size during this time was Hurricane Hugo, which deposited much of the canopy onto the forest floor in 1989. Population densities since Hurricane Hugo have been influenced by succession, with continued high densities associated with thickets of Cecropia and Heliconia. Trefalls, which are similar to hurricanes on a local scale, also were shown to influence population sizes. Years with prolonged dry periods reduced numbers of juvenile frogs, but rainfall patterns alone did not explain most population variation. Population levels of invertebrate predators were related to variation in frog numbers. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Frog population plots (El Verde and Bisley)
Population records were compiled for the tropical frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui, by conducting four-night censuses of four 20 X 20 m long-term study plots in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico between 1987 and 2017. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Frog spatial distribution data (El Verde + Bisley)
Most Puerto Rican Eleutherodactylus are terrestrial frogs that breed for prolonged periods of time in more or less continuous habitat. Because their life cycle lacks a free living larvae stage, reproductive behavior is not tied to bodies of water and they do not have the large aggregations typical of many aquatic breeders. For these reasons, assessing their population status requires examining fairly large areas of habitat. I began systematically sampling the anuran community on a 12 ha grid at the Bisley watersheds in 1989 and a second 16 ha grid at El Verde in 1993. These efforts have provided a comprehensive data set that can be used to evaluate future changes in the anuran community in this forest. Count of frogs, various frog predators, and various frog preys were taken at regular intervals on the grids. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Frog abundance in fertilization plots
Population estimates and body sizes of E. coqui were collected on fertilization, litter removal, and control plots. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Supporting data for "Unveiling Vertebrate Development Dynamics in Frog Xenopus laevis using Micro-CT Imaging"
<p>The dataset contains X-ray Micro Computed Tomography data of Xenopus laevis frog. There are twenty datasets of ten individual animals. Each animal was CT scanned twice – once as a native scan to visualize the hard tissues, and once contrast-stained to visualize the soft tissues. The datasets include nine developmental stages (NF44-45, NF52, NF53, NF54, NF57, NF59, NF62, NF66 and adult). There are two adults, one male and one female. The CT data (in 8bit .tiff format compressed as .tar.gz files) are supported by .stl files created from each dataset. The database also includes .stl files of selected structures of interest (body, skeleton, skull, brain and guts of individual animals).</p>
frog scRNA data set objects
<p>Combined and converted scRNA data from http://tome.gs.washington.edu/ (Qiu et al. 2022), see a detailed description of the study here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-022-01018-x</p> <p>Data were downloaded from http://tome.gs.washington.edu/ as R rds files, combined into a single Seurat object and converted into loom and AnnData (h5ad) files to be able to analyse with e.g. python scanpy package.</p> <p>If you use this data, please cite Briggs et al. 2018 and Qiu et al. 2022.</p>
Data and code for 'Connectivity over a disease gradient enables recovery of rainforest frogs'
<p>This repository provides all data and R code from the analysis presented in the following paper:</p> <p>Bell, S.C., Heard, G.W., Berger, L. and Skerratt, L.F. (in review). Connectivity over a disease risk gradient enables recovery of rainforest frogs. </p> <p>The data are provided as a series of .csv files. R code is provided separately for each of the following components:</p> <p>1. A script to collate nightly air temperature data from stream-side temperature loggers, plus daily maximum air temperature data from the nearest Australian Bureau of Meteorology recording station to each site.</p> <p>2. A script to fit a hierarchical linear model to the stream-side air temperature, with the aid of the R2OpenBUGS package.</p> <p>3. A script to fit a hierarchical logistic regression model to the chytrid infection data, with the aid of the R2OpenBUGS package.</p> <p>4. A script to fit logistic regression models to the frog occupancy data, with the aid of the R2OpenBUGS package. </p> <p>These files allow all analyses from the paper to be reproduced. </p>
Data and code for 'Connectivity over a disease risk gradient enables recovery of rainforest frogs'
<p>This repository provides all data and R code from the analysis presented in the following paper:</p> <p>Bell, S.C., Heard, G.W., Berger, L. and Skerratt, L.F. (in review). Connectivity over a disease risk gradient enables recovery of rainforest frogs. </p> <p>The data are provided as a series of .csv files. R code is provided separately for each of the following components:</p> <p>1. A script to collate nightly air temperature data from stream-side temperature loggers, plus daily maximum air temperature data from the nearest Australian Bureau of Meteorology recording station to each site.</p> <p>2. A script to fit a hierarchical linear model to the stream-side air temperature, with the aid of the R2OpenBUGS package.</p> <p>3. A script to fit a hierarchical logistic regression model to the chytrid infection data, with the aid of the R2OpenBUGS package.</p> <p>4. A script to fit logistic regression models to the frog occupancy data, with the aid of the R2OpenBUGS package. </p> <p>These files allow all analyses from the paper to be reproduced. </p>
Growth, development, activity, and survival of wood frog tadpoles from different populations in eastern NY in 2022.
These data were collected as two lab experiments that examined larval (i.e., tadpole) wood frog populations. The first was a time-to-death experiment in which we exposed individuals tadpoles to either a control or lethal concentrations of NaCl. The second was a growth and development experiment in which we raised tadpoles from the same populations in a sublethal concentration of NaCl for several weeks to examine their growth and development (i.e. Gosner developmental stage).
Leaf litter quality induces morphological changes in wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) metamorphs, Oakland University Biological Preserve (MI, USA) 2010.
For organisms that exhibit complex life cycles, resource conditions experienced by individuals before metamorphosis can strongly affect phenotypes later in life. Such resource-induced effects are known to arise from variation in resource quantity, yet little is known regarding effects stemming from variation in resource quality (e.g., chemistry). For larval anurans, we hypothesized that variation in resource quality will induce a gradient of effects on metamorph morphology. We conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment in which we manipulated resource quality by rearing larval wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) under 11 leaf litter treatments. The litter species represented plant species found in open- and closed-canopy wetlands and included many plant species of current conservation concern (e.g., green ash, common reed). Consistent with our hypothesis, we found a gradient of responses for nearly all mass-adjusted morphological dimensions. Hindlimb dimensions and gut mass were positively associated with litter nutrient content and decomposition rate. In contrast, forelimb length and head width were positively associated with concentrations of phenolic acids and dissolved organic carbon. Limb lengths and widths were positively related with the duration of larval period, and we discuss possible hormonal mechanisms underlying this relationship. There were very few, broad differences in morphological traits of metamorphs between open- and closed-canopy litter species or between litter and no-litter treatments. This suggests that the effects of litter on metamorph morphology are litter species-specific, indicating that the effects of changing plant community structure in and around wetlands will largely depend on plant species composition.
Relyea, R. A. 2002. Local population differences in phenotypic plasticity: Predator-induced changes in wood frog tadpoles. Ecological Monographs 72:77-93
Taxa that are divided into separate populations with low levels of interpopulation dispersal have the potential to evolve genetically based differences in their phenotypes and the plasticity of those phenotypes. These differences can be due to random processes, including genetic drift and founder effects, or they can be the result of different selection pressures among populations. I investigated population-level differences in predator- induced phenotypic plasticity in eight populations of larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) over a small geographic scale (interpopulation distances of 0.3–8 km). Using a common-garden experiment containing predator and no-predator environments, I found population differences in behavior, morphology, and life history. These responses exhibited a habitat-related pattern: the four populations from closed-canopy ponds did not differ from each other in any of their phenotypes whereas the four populations from opencanopy ponds did differ from each other in these traits. This phenotypic pattern matches the pattern of competitors and predators found in these two types of ponds. Based on two years of pond surveys, the four closed-canopy ponds contained very similar competitor and predator assemblages while the assemblages of the four open-canopy ponds were more diverse and highly variable among open-canopy ponds. When combined with past studies, which demonstrate that predators and competitors select for alternative behavioral and morphological traits, these patterns suggest that the population differences may have arisen via natural selection and not via random mutation or drift. In a second experiment, I cross-transplanted two of the populations into each other’s ponds to determine if the populations were locally adapted to the conditions of their native pond (using low and high competition crossed with the presence or absence of a lethal predator). The populations continued to exhibit phenotypic differences, and one of the two populations t
Relyea, R. A. 2001. The lasting effects of adaptive plasticity: Predator-induced tadpoles become long-legged frogs. Ecology 82:1947-1955.
Changes in environmental conditions often alter the traits of individuals; however, we have a poor understanding of how changes in phenotypically plastic traits early in development may affect traits later in life. Such effects are of particular interest in organisms with complex life cycles in which early and late life stages can have drastically different morphologies and occupy different habitats. In this study, I examined how differences in the mass, morphology, and larval period of wood frog tadpoles (Rana sylvatica) subsequently affected the mass and morphology of metamorphic frogs. I found three major patterns: (1) larval mass and larval period were positively related to metamorphic mass; (2) larval period was positively related to metamorph hindlimb and forelimb length and negatively related to metamorph body width; and (3) larval body length was positively related to metamorph forelimb size. I then used these correlations to interpret the connection between the traits of predator-induced tadpoles and the subsequent traits of metamorphic frogs. Tadpoles reared with caged predators (aeshnid dragonflies) developed relatively deeper tail fins and had shorter bodies, lower mass, and longer developmental times than tadpoles reared without predators. Metamorphs emerging from larval predator environments exhibited no differences in mass but developed relatively large hindlimbs and forelimbs and narrower bodies than metamorphs emerging from predator-free larval environments. These differences arose primarily due to predator-induced changes in larval development time and not due to the predator-induced changes in larval morphology. By focusing on a large number of traits and a wide range of trait values, one can readily generate predictions about how a variety of environments, which alter traits early in development, can subsequently alter traits later in development.
Figure 9 in New microhylid Frogs from the Muller Range, Papua New Guinea
Figure 9. Detail of the middle three notes of call "D" of Oreophryne anamiatoi sp. n. (BPBM 33774). A Waveform, B power spectrum, and C spectrogram. Note the pulsing of the notes.
Figure 6. A in New microhylid Frogs from the Muller Range, Papua New Guinea
Figure 6. A Waveforms of the first four notes of the call of Cophixalus caverniphilus sp. n. Call "J" of BPBM 33747 B Call "D" produced by BPBM 33748. See Table 4 for details.
Figure 5. A Waveform, B in New microhylid Frogs from the Muller Range, Papua New Guinea
Figure 5. A Waveform, B power spectrum, and C spectrogram of the complete call of call "H" (Table 4) of Cophixalus caverniphilus sp. n. (BPBM 33748) recorded from a cave at Mt. Paramo, Muller Range, 1720 m, Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea at 0830 h, 5 April 2009. Air (cave) temperature 17.6 °C.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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