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420 results for “functional distinctiveness”
Distinct synaptic transfer functions in same-type photoreceptors
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Lianas and trees exhibit distinct hydraulic and functional traits in a subtropical forest
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Data from: Functional dissection of mosquito humidity sensing reveals distinct dry and moist cell contributions to blood feeding and oviposition
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Data from: Azteca ants maintain unique microbiomes across functionally distinct nest chambers
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Distinct T cell functions enable efficient immunoediting and prevent tumor emergence in developing sarcomas
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Raw data for the article: A Cryptochrome adopts distinct moon- and sunlight states and functions as sun- versus moonlight interpreter in monthly oscillator entrainment
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Fecal microbiota transplants (FMT) of three distinct human communities to germ-free mice exacerbated inflammation and decreased lung function in their offspring
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Data from: Phylogenetic and functional distinctiveness explain alien plant population responses to competition
Several invasion hypotheses predict a positive association between phylogenetic and functional distinctiveness of aliens and their performance, leading to the idea that distinct aliens compete less with their resident communities. However, synthetic pattern relationships between distinctiveness and alien performance and direct tests of competition as the driving mechanism have not been forthcoming. This is likely because different patterns are observed at different spatial grains, because functional trait and phylogenetic information are often incomplete, and due to the need for competition experiments that measure demographic responses across a variety of alien species that vary in their distinctiveness. We conduct a competitor removal experiment and parameterize matrix population and integral projection models for 14 alien plant species. More novel aliens compete less strongly with co-occurring species in their community, but these results dissipate at a larger spatial grain of investigation. Further, we find that functional traits used in conjunction with phylogeny improve our ability to explain competitive responses. Our investigation shows that competition is an important mechanism underlying the differential success of alien species.
Parallel responses of species diversity and functional diversity to changes in patch size are driven by distinct processes
1. Do species and functional trait diversity respond similarly to deterministic and random processes? Theory predicts that the contributions of random and deterministic processes to species diversity depend on patch size. Smaller patches are more strongly influenced by random sampling effects, by having fewer individuals, as well as ecological drift, which propagates the effects of small samples through stochastic birth and death processes. These random processes decrease species richness and increase compositional differences among small patches. Larger patches are predicted to be more deterministically assembled, with greater species richness and greater predictability of composition for a particular environment. The consequences of patch size for the diversity of functional traits, however, are poorly understood. Species diversity may be a poor proxy for functional diversity due to trait redundancies among species, making it unclear how random and deterministic processes alter functional diversity within patches of differing size, and how these differences scale up to determine among-patch functional diversity. 2. We report a novel experimental study of species and functional diversity across spatial scales. We manipulated patch area in an experimental plant metacommunity and used a nested sampling design to distinguish the effects of deterministic processes, ecological drift, and sampling effects on species and functional trait diversity. 3. Our study revealed a pervasive influence of ecological drift and sampling effects on diversity, with distinct influences on functional traits and species composition within and among patches. Overall, drift and sampling effects caused a 2- to 3-fold decrease in the importance of deterministic processes in small fragments. Species and functional diversity showed similar patterns with patch size: larger patches had greater within-patch (alpha) diversity and lower among-patch (beta) diversity, consistent with theory. However, our nested sampling design revealed that sampling effects (i.e. the size of the sample area) largely determined alpha species diversity and beta functional diversity, while ecological drift had a stronger influence on alpha functional diversity and beta species diversity. 4. Synthesis. The compositions of species and functional diversity in a community are influenced by distinct processes, resulting in divergent spatial scaling of species and their traits within patches and across landscapes.
Data from: How can ten fingers shape a pot? Evidence for equivalent function in culturally distinct motor skills
Behavioural variability is likely to emerge when a particular task is performed in different cultural settings, assuming that part of human motor behaviour is influenced by culture. In analysing motor behaviour it is useful to distinguish how the action is performed from the result achieved. Does cultural environment lead to specific cultural motor skills? Are there differences between cultures both in the skills themselves and in the corresponding outcomes? Here we analyse the skill of pottery wheel-throwing in French and Indian cultural environments. Our specific goal was to examine the ability of expert potters from distinct cultural settings to reproduce a common model shape (a sphere). The operational aspects of motor performance were captured through the analysis of the hand positions used by the potters during the fashioning process. In parallel, the outcomes were captured by the geometrical characteristics of the vessels produced. As expected, results revealed a cultural influence on the operational aspects of the potters' motor skill. Yet, the marked cultural differences in hand positions used did not give rise to noticeable differences in the shapes of the vessels produced. Hence, for the simple model form studied, the culturally-specific motor traditions of the French and Indian potters gave rise to an equivalent outcome, that is shape uniformity. Further work is needed to test whether such equivalence is also observed in more complex ceramic shapes.
Krieg et al. (2024) Fern gametophytes exhibit distinct patterns of niche exploration and global convergence in ecophysiological functioning
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Data from: Embryonic and postnatal neurogenesis produce functionally distinct subclasses of dopaminergic neuron
Most neurogenesis in the mammalian brain is completed embryonically, but in certain areas the production of neurons continues throughout postnatal life. The functional properties of mature postnatally-generated neurons often match those of their embryonically-produced counterparts. However, we show here that in the olfactory bulb (OB), embryonic and postnatal neurogenesis produce functionally distinct subpopulations of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. We define two subclasses of OB DA neuron by the presence or absence of a key subcellular specialisation: the axon initial segment (AIS). Large AIS-positive axon-bearing DA neurons are exclusively produced during early embryonic stages, leaving small anaxonic AIS-negative cells as the only DA subtype generated via adult neurogenesis. These populations are functionally distinct: large DA cells are more excitable, yet display weaker and - for certain long-latency or inhibitory events - more broadly-tuned responses to odorant stimuli. Embryonic and postnatal neurogenesis can therefore generate distinct neuronal subclasses, placing important constraints on the functional roles of adult-born neurons in sensory processing.
Figure 6 in Distinctive but functionally convergent song phenotypes characterize two new allopatric species of the Chrysoperla carnea-group in Asia, Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. and Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Figure 6. Dorsal view of third-instar larval head capsule (left half) of Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. The drawing represents the typical condition seen in 18 individuals from two populations in northern Kyrgyzstan. The colour insert is a typical mature third-instar larva of the species.
Figure 3 in Distinctive but functionally convergent song phenotypes characterize two new allopatric species of the Chrysoperla carnea-group in Asia, Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. and Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Figure 3. Frequency distributions of volley period measured in solo vibrational songs recorded at 25 ± 1° C from individuals of Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. (red/grey bars), Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (blue/ dark grey bars), and Chrysoperla adamsi (green/light grey bars). Measurements were calculated as individual averages; N = number of individuals from which individual averages were calculated.
Figure 5 in Distinctive but functionally convergent song phenotypes characterize two new allopatric species of the Chrysoperla carnea-group in Asia, Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. and Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Figure 5. Dorsal view of third-instar larval head capsule (left half) of Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. The drawing represents the typical condition seen in 24 individuals from two populations in Iran. The colour insert is a typical mature third-instar larva of the species.
Figure 7 in Distinctive but functionally convergent song phenotypes characterize two new allopatric species of the Chrysoperla carnea-group in Asia, Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. and Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Figure 7. Maximum likelihood phylogram of the cryptic species of the Chrysoperla carnea- group, based on 4630 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequence from the protein-coding genes ND2, COI, COII and ND5. The tree was inferred under the General Time Reversible model, using a discrete gamma distribution to model evolutionary rate variation while allowing some sites to remain invariant (GTR+G + I as implemented in MEGA v.7.0, Kumar et al. 2016). Numbers at the branch points are support values from 150 bootstrap replicates; branch lengths are proportional to the number of substitutions per site. Specimen numbers and geographical locations are shown for each operational taxonomic unit (twig) on the tree. The three songconvergent species discussed in the text are highlighted in colour: Chrysoperla shahrudensis in red, Chrysoperla bolti in blue and Chrysoperla adamsi in green. Thumbnail oscillographs of 12 s of song phenotype for 13 common species are placed on the figure at their approximate vertical positions on the phylogram.
Figure 4 in Distinctive but functionally convergent song phenotypes characterize two new allopatric species of the Chrysoperla carnea-group in Asia, Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. and Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Figure 4. Adult of (a) Chrysoperla. shahrudensis sp. nov., non-diapausing green form; (b) C. shahrudensis, diapausing sandy-brown form, and (c) Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov., all-season green form.
Figure 2 in Distinctive but functionally convergent song phenotypes characterize two new allopatric species of the Chrysoperla carnea-group in Asia, Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. and Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Figure 2. Oscillographs of duetting interactions. (a) 12 s of a typical duet between a male and a female of Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov., showing the partners politely exchanging single volleyplus-rumble units or shortest repeated units (SRUs). (b) 12 s of a typical duet between a male and a female of Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov., showing the partners politely exchanging single SRUs. (c) 71 s oscillograph showing a female of C. shahrudensis duetting with a conspecific for the first 24 s, with C. bolti for the next 25 s, and with Chrysoperla adamsi (North America) for the last 22 s. In each of those three duets, the female being tested is capable of synchronizing precisely with the prerecorded playback signal. As discussed in the text, C. shahrudensis shows no such duetting response to playbacks of songs of any carnea-group species other than C. bolti and C. adamsi. All duets were recorded at 25 ± 1°C.
Figure 1 in Distinctive but functionally convergent song phenotypes characterize two new allopatric species of the Chrysoperla carnea-group in Asia, Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. and Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Figure 1. Oscillographs (lower of each pair of traces) and sonographs (upper traces) of (a) a solo vibrational song of Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. from northern Iran and (b) a solo vibrational song of Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. from Kyrgyzstan, Asia, illustrating convergent song phenotypes in these two Asian species. Each song was recorded at 25 ± 1°C and is drawn to the same time scale of 12 s. Start, middle, end, and rumble sections of an individual volley are marked by the arrows, while duration and period of the primary volley are bracketed.
Data and code from: The functional trait distinctiveness of plant species is scale dependent
<p>Beyond the local abundance of species, their functional trait distinctiveness is now recognized as a key driver of community dynamics and ecosystem functioning. Yet, since the functional distinctiveness of a species is always relative to a given species pool, a species distinct at the regional scale might not necessarily be distinct at the local or community scale, and reciprocally. To assess the importance of scale (i.e the definition of a species pool) when quantifying the functional distinctiveness of species, and how it might distort the ecological conclusions derived from it, we quantified trait distinctiveness of 1,350 plant species at regional, local, and community scales over ca. 88 000 grassland plots in France. We measured differences in functional distinctiveness of species between regional, local and community scales and tested the influence of environmental predictors (climate and nitrogen input) and contexts (environmental distinctiveness, frequency, and heterogeneity) on these variations. In line with theoretical expectations, we found large variations of functional distinctiveness (in particular between regional and community scales) for many species, with a general tendency of lower distinctiveness at smaller scales. We also showed that nitrogen input – a key aspect of high land use intensity – and environmental frequency partly explained the differences between local and regional scales only. These results suggest the role played by environmental filtering on species' distinctiveness at the local scale, but the determinant of distinctiveness variations at the community scale still needs to be elucidated. Our study provides robust empirical evidence that measures of ecological originality are strongly scale-dependent. We urge ecologists to carefully consider the scale at which they measure distinctiveness, as ignoring scale dependencies could lead to biased (or even entirely wrong) conclusions when not considered at the scale of interest for the respective research question.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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