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openCC0Oct 2022View details →

Soil extracellular enzyme activities in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhizal fungi in the N fertilized and reference watershed at the Fernow Experimental Forest, WV.

Our objective was to detect possible differences in N fertilization responses of soil extracellular enzymes in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) or ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM). To do this, we established a plot network of 6 AM and 6 ECM dominated 10 x 10 m plots in both the reference and N fertilized watersheds (N=24 plots) at the Fernow Experimental Forest, Parsons, WV. We assayed the potential activity of hydrolytic enzymes that release N (N-acetylglucosaminidase; NAG), phosphorus (acid phosphatase; AP), and simple carbon (ß-glucosidase; BG). In addition, we measured microbial allocation to complex C degrading oxidative enzymes phenol oxidase and peroxidase. The activities of these enzymes were measured separately in bulk mineral, rhizosphere, and organic horizon soils during the growing season in 2017.

openCC0Aug 2021View details →

Extracellular enzyme activities in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhizal fungi in the nitrogen fertilized and reference watershed at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, USA during the final year of N fertilization (2016) and during the year after N fertilization ceased (2017).

Our objective was to detect possible differences in N fertilization responses of extracellular enzymes in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) or ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM). To do this, we established a plot network of 6 AM and 6 ECM dominated (>65% diameter at breast height) 10 x 10 m plots in the lower elevation hardwood zone of both the reference and N fertilized watersheds (N=24 plots) at Bear Brook Watershed, in Maine USA. We assayed the potential activity of hydrolytic enzymes that release N (N-acetylglucosaminidase; NAG), phosphorus (acid phosphatase; AP), and simple carbon (ß-glucosidase; BG). The activities of these enzymes were measured separately in bulk mineral, rhizosphere, and organic horizon soils in the final year of N fertilization at Bear Brook in 2016 and during the year after N fertilization ceased in 2017.

openOpenMar 2021View details →

Effects of nutrients and organic carbon on the relative proportion of primary producers (microalgae) and heterotrophic decomposers (bacteria and fungi) during aquatic biofilm development in boreal peatland located near Fairbanks Alaska - 2018

1. Producer-decomposer interactions within aquatic biofilms can range from mutualistic associations to competition depending on available resources. The outcomes of such interactions have implications for biogeochemical cycling, and as such, may be especially important in northern peatlands, which are a global carbon sink and are expected to experience changes in resource availability with climate change. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of nutrients and organic carbon on the relative proportion of primary producers (microalgae) and heterotrophic decomposers (bacteria and fungi) during aquatic biofilm development in a boreal peatland. Given that decomposers are often better competitors for nutrients than primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, we predicted that labile carbon subsidies would shift the biofilm composition towards heterotrophy owing to the ability of decomposers to outcompete primary producers for available nutrients in the absence of carbon limitation. 2. We manipulated nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) and organic carbon (glucose) in a full factorial design using nutrient-diffusing substrates in an Alaskan fen. 3. Heterotrophic bacteria were limited by organic carbon and algae were limited by inorganic nutrients. However, the outcomes of competitive interactions depended on background nutrient levels. Heterotrophic bacteria were able to outcompete algae for available nutrients when organic carbon was elevated and nutrient levels remained low, but not when organic carbon and nutrients were both elevated through enrichment. 4. Fungal biomass was significantly lower in the presence of glucose alone, possibly owing to antagonistic interactions with heterotrophic bacteria. In contrast to bacteria, fungi were stimulated along with algae following nutrient enrichment. 5. The decoupling of algae and heterotrophic bacteria in the presence of glucose alone shifted the biofilm trophic status towards heterotrophy. This effect was overturned

openCC (other)Feb 2022View details →

Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: growth and enzyme activity traits of soil fungi isolated from CCASE in July 2017, grown under a common garden experiment in the laboratory that mimicked CCASE soil temperature treatments

Projections for the northeastern U.S. indicate that mean air temperatures will rise and snowfall will become less frequent, causing more frequent soil freezing. To test fungal responses to these combined chronic and extreme soil temperature changes, we conducted a laboratory-based common garden experiment with soil fungi that had been subjected to different combinations of growing season soil warming, winter soil freeze/thaw cycles, and ambient conditions for four years in the field. We found that fungi originating from field plots experiencing a combination of growing season warming and winter freeze/thaw cycles had inherently lower activity of acid phosphatase, but higher cellulase activity, that could not be reversed in the lab. In addition, fungi quickly adjusted their physiology to freeze/thaw cycles in the laboratory, reducing growth rate and potentially reducing their carbon use efficiency. Our findings suggest that less than four years of new soil temperature conditions in the field can lead to physiological shifts by some soil fungi, as well as irreversible loss or acquisition of extracellular enzyme activity traits by other fungi. These findings could explain field observations of shifting soil carbon and nutrient cycling under simulated climate change. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.

openCC (other)Sep 2024View details →

Multiple Element Limitation in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems (MELNHE): Nitrogen and phosphorus additions affect fruiting of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a temperate hardwood forest, 2018

The functioning of mycorrhizal symbioses is tied to soil nutrient status, suggesting that nutrient availability should influence the reproduction of mycorrhizal fungi. To quantify the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability on ectomycorrhizal fungal fruiting, we collected > 4,000 epigeous sporocarps representing 19 families during the course of a season in a full factorial NxP addition experiment in six replicate forest stands. Nutrient effects on fruiting shifted as the season progressed, with early fruiting species responding more to P and late-fruiting species responding more to N. The composition of species fruiting in young successional forests differed more with nutrient addition than in mature forests. Sporocarp abundance and species richness were suppressed by N addition. This work shows that N and P availability affect ectomycorrhizal fungal fruiting, with these effects taking place within a context defined by stand age and the progression of fruiting across the season. The data table in this data package contains the sprorocarp observation counts and biomass. Corresponding DNA sequences can be found in GenBank at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/?term=MT345178%3AMT345282%5Baccn%5D Additional detail on the MELNHE project, including a datatable of site descriptions and a pdf file with the project description and diagram of plot configuration can be found in this data package: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?packageid=knb-lter-hbr.344.2 These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.

openOpenJan 2020View details →

Effect of Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization on Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with a Dominant Grass in a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (2005)

We studied the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in a semiarid grassland and the effect of long-term nitrogen (N) fertilization on this fungal community. Root samples of Bouteloua gracilis were collected at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (New Mexico, USA) from control and N-amended plots that have been fertilized since 1995. Small subunit rDNA was amplified using AMF specific primers NS31 and AM1. The diversity of AMF was low in comparison with other ecosystems, only seven operational taxonomic units (OTU) were found in B. gracilis and all belong to the genus Glomus. The dominant OTU was closely related to the ubiquitous G. intraradices/G. fasciculatum group. N-amended plots showed a reduction in the abundance of the dominant OTU and an increase in AMF diversity. The greater AMF diversity in roots from N-amended plots may have been the result of displacement of the dominant OTU, which facilitated detection of uncommon AMF. The long-term implications of AMF responses to N enrichment for plant carbon allocation and plant community structure remain unclear.

openCC0Dec 2019View details →

Effects of Altered Precipitation on Biological Soil Crusts, Fungi, and Soil Nitrogen Availability at the Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) in the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (2016)

Microbial activity in drylands is mediated by the magnitude and frequency of growing season rain events that will shift as climate change progresses. Nitrogen is often co-limiting with water availability to dryland plants, and thus we investigated how microbes important to the nitrogen (N) cycle and soil N availability varied temporally and spatially in the context of a long-term rainfall variability experiment in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Specifically, we assessed biological soil crust (biocrust) chlorophyll content, fungal abundance, and inorganic N in soils adjacent to individuals of the grassland foundation species, Bouteloua eriopoda, and in the unvegetated interspace at multiple time points associated with an experimental monsoon rain treatment. Treatments included small weekly (5 mm) or large monthly (20 mm) rain events, which had been applied during the summer monsoon for nine years prior to our sampling. Additionally, we evaluated target plant C:N ratios and added 15 N-glutamate to biocrusts to determine potential for nutrient transport to B. eriopoda. Biocrust chlorophyll was up to 67% higher in the small weekly or large monthly rainfall regimes compared to ambient controls. Fungal biomass was 57% lower in soil interspaces than adjacent to plants but did not respond to rainfall regime treatments. Ammonium and nitrate concentrations near plants declined through the sampling period but varied little in soil interspaces. There was limited movement of 15 N from interspace biocrusts to leaves but high 15 N retention in the soils even after additional ambient and experimental rain events. Plant C:N ratio was unaffected by rainfall treatments. The long-term alteration in rainfall regime in this experiment did not change how short-term microbial abundance or N availability responded to the magnitude or frequency of events, suggesting a limited response of N availability to future climate change.

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Identifying functional impacts of heat-resistant fungi on boreal forest recovery after wildfire

Fungi play key roles in carbon (C) dynamics of ecosystems: saprotrophs decompose organic material and return C in the nutrient cycle, and mycorrhizal species support plants that accumulate C through photosynthesis. The identities and functions of extremophile fungi present after fire can influence C dynamics, particularly because plant-fungal relationships are often species-specific. However, little is known about the function and distribution of fungi that survive fires. We aim to assess the distribution of heat-resistant soil fungi across burned stands of boreal forest in the Northwest Territories, Canada, and understand their functions in relation to decomposition and tree seedling growth. We cultured and identified fungi from heat-treated soils and linked sequences from known taxa with high throughput sequencing fungal data (Illumina MiSeq, ITS1) from soils collected in 47 plots. We assessed functions under controlled conditions by inoculating litter and seedlings with heat-resistant fungi to assess decomposition and effects on seedling growth, respectively, for black spruce (Picea mariana), birch (Betula papyrifera), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana). We also measured litter decomposition rates and seedling densities in the field without inoculation. We isolated seven taxa of heat-resistant fungi and found their relative abundances were not associated with environmental or fire characteristics. Under controlled conditions, Fayodia gracilipes and Penicillium arenicola decomposed birch, but no taxa decomposed black spruce litter significantly more than the control treatment. Seedlings showed reduced biomass and/or mortality when inoculated with at least one of the fungal taxa. Penicillium turbatum reduced growth and/or caused mortality of all three species of seedlings. In the field, birch litter decomposed faster in stands with greater pre-fire proportion of black spruce, while black spruce litter decomposed faster in stands experiencing longer fire-free intervals. Densities of seedlings that had germinated since fire were positively associated with ectomycorrhizal richness while there were fewer conifer seedlings with greater heat-resistant fungal abundance. Overall, our study suggests that extremophile fungi present after fires have multiple functions and may have unexpected negative effects on forest functioning and regeneration. In particular, heat-resistant fungi after fires may promote shifts away from conifer dominance that are observed in these boreal forests.

opencc-zeroJun 2020View details →

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Can root-associated fungi mediate the impact of abiotic conditions on the growth of a High Arctic herb?

This is a dataset containing fragments of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) extracted from Bistorta vivipara root-associated fungi, sampled from snow fence experiment in Adventdalen, Svalbard.  This dataset was used in Wutkowska et al., 2020, Can root-associated fungi mediate the impact of abiotic conditions on the growth of a High Arctic herb?Can root-associated fungi mediate the impact of abiotic conditions on the growth of a High Arctic herb? [available at biorXiv.org, DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.20.157099] Now the manuscript is available as a peer-reviewed paper: Wutkowska, Magdalena, Dorothee Ehrich, Sunil Mundra, Anna Vader, and Pernille Bronken Eidesen. 2021. ‘Can Root-Associated Fungi Mediate the Impact of Abiotic Conditions on the Growth of a High Arctic Herb?’ Soil Biology and Biochemistry 159:108284. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108284.   All other corresponding data are available here: https://github.com/magdawutkowska/bistorta

Figure 15a. from: First record of Neoempheria Osten Sacken (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) biology in the Neotropical region, with associations between its larvae and fungi - Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e5073 (08 June 2015) https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e5073

Figure 15a. - Neoempheriapuncticoxa Edwards, 1940.Figure 15a.Female pupal exuvia (lateral).Figure 15b.Larva intersegmental areas with creeping welts bearing rows of denticles. Female pupal exuvia (lateral).

Figure 15b. from: First record of Neoempheria Osten Sacken (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) biology in the Neotropical region, with associations between its larvae and fungi - Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e5073 (08 June 2015) https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e5073

Figure 15b. - Neoempheriapuncticoxa Edwards, 1940.Figure 15a.Female pupal exuvia (lateral).Figure 15b.Larva intersegmental areas with creeping welts bearing rows of denticles. Larva intersegmental areas with creeping welts bearing rows of denticles.

Figure 13. from: First record of Neoempheria Osten Sacken (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) biology in the Neotropical region, with associations between its larvae and fungi - Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e5073 (08 June 2015) https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e5073

Figure 13. - Neoempheriapuncticoxa Edwards, 1940. Female pupa hanging in its own silk (ventrolateral).

Figure 14a. from: First record of Neoempheria Osten Sacken (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) biology in the Neotropical region, with associations between its larvae and fungi - Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e5073 (08 June 2015) https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e5073

Figure 14a. - Neoempheriapuncticoxa Edwards, 1940.Figure 14a.Male pupal exuvia (ventral).Figure 14b.Male imago (dorsolateral). Male pupal exuvia (ventral).

Figure 12c. from: First record of Neoempheria Osten Sacken (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) biology in the Neotropical region, with associations between its larvae and fungi - Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e5073 (08 June 2015) https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e5073

Figure 12c. - Neoempheriapuncticoxa Edwards, 1940 prepupal larva.Figure 12a.Larva (pre-pupa), ventral view, hanging in its own silk in preparation for pupation. Substrate upside down.Figure 12b.Detail of larva (pre-pupa), ventral view, hanging in its own silk in preparation for pupation. Substrate upside down.Figure 12c.Larva (pre-pupa), frontal view, hanging in its own silk in preparation for pupation. Substrate upside down.Figure 12d.Detail of larva (pre-pupa), frontal view, hanging in its own silk in preparation for pupation. Larva (pre-pupa), frontal view, hanging in its own silk in preparation for pupation. Substrate upside down.

Figure 14b. from: First record of Neoempheria Osten Sacken (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) biology in the Neotropical region, with associations between its larvae and fungi - Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e5073 (08 June 2015) https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e5073

Figure 14b. - Neoempheriapuncticoxa Edwards, 1940.Figure 14a.Male pupal exuvia (ventral).Figure 14b.Male imago (dorsolateral). Male imago (dorsolateral).

Figure 12b. from: First record of Neoempheria Osten Sacken (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) biology in the Neotropical region, with associations between its larvae and fungi - Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e5073 (08 June 2015) https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e5073

Figure 12b. - Neoempheriapuncticoxa Edwards, 1940 prepupal larva.Figure 12a.Larva (pre-pupa), ventral view, hanging in its own silk in preparation for pupation. Substrate upside down.Figure 12b.Detail of larva (pre-pupa), ventral view, hanging in its own silk in preparation for pupation. Substrate upside down.Figure 12c.Larva (pre-pupa), frontal view, hanging in its own silk in preparation for pupation. Substrate upside down.Figure 12d.Detail of larva (pre-pupa), frontal view, hanging in its own silk in preparation for pupation. Detail of larva (pre-pupa), ventral view, hanging in its own silk in preparation for pupation. Substrate upside down.

Figure 12a. from: First record of Neoempheria Osten Sacken (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) biology in the Neotropical region, with associations between its larvae and fungi - Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e5073 (08 June 2015) https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e5073

Figure 12a. - Neoempheriapuncticoxa Edwards, 1940 prepupal larva.Figure 12a.Larva (pre-pupa), ventral view, hanging in its own silk in preparation for pupation. Substrate upside down.Figure 12b.Detail of larva (pre-pupa), ventral view, hanging in its own silk in preparation for pupation. Substrate upside down.Figure 12c.Larva (pre-pupa), frontal view, hanging in its own silk in preparation for pupation. Substrate upside down.Figure 12d.Detail of larva (pre-pupa), frontal view, hanging in its own silk in preparation for pupation. Larva (pre-pupa), ventral view, hanging in its own silk in preparation for pupation. Substrate upside down.