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100 results for “gametes”
Data from: Rapid divergence of a gamete recognition gene promoted macroevolution of Eutheria
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Data from: The evolution of gametic compatibility and compatibility groups in the sea urchin Mesocentrotus franciscanus: an avenue for speciation in the sea
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Data from: Do sperm really compete and do eggs ever have a choice? Adult distribution and gamete mixing influence sexual selection, sexual conflict, and the evolution of gamete recognition proteins in the sea
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Impacts of flowering density on pollen dispersal and gametic diversity are scale dependent
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Limited inbreeding avoidance at the gamete level despite inbreeding depression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
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An ulvophycean marine green alga produces large parthenogenetic isogametes as predicted by the gamete dynamics model for the evolution of anisogamy
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Morphometric, gametic and parasitological data of clam Ameghynomia antiqua and DNAmt sequences of parasite
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Data from: Sex-specific patterns of aging on sexual ornaments and gametes
Sex differences in age-dependent mortality and reproductive success are predicted to drive the evolution of sexually dimorphic patterns of reproductive investment over life. However, this prediction has not been fully explored because it is difficult to measure primary and secondary sexual traits over the life spans of males and females. Here we studied a population of fowl, Gallus gallus, to gain longitudinal data on a sexual ornament (the comb), quantity of gametes produced, and gamete quality (sperm velocity and egg mass) of males and females. Our results reveal pronounced differences between the sexes in age-specific patterns of reproductive investment. In males, comb size decreased linearly with age, high sperm quality early in life was associated with reduced sperm quality late in life, and high sperm production was related to early death. In contrast, female comb size and egg mass were maximized at intermediate ages, and fecundity was independent of life span. Finally, the way traits were related in males did not change over life, whereas in females the association between fecundity and comb size changed from positive to negative over the lifetime of a female, indicating that aging may lead to trade-offs in investment between traits in females. These results show that males and females differ in reproductive investment with age, in terms of both the expression of individual traits and their phenotypic covariance.
Data from: Assessing risks of invasion through gamete performance: farm Atlantic salmon sperm and eggs show equivalence in function, fertility, compatibility and competitiveness to wild Atlantic salmon
Adaptations at the gamete level (a) evolve quickly, (b) appear sensitive to inbreeding and outbreeding and (c) have important influences on potential to reproduce. We apply this understanding to problems posed by escaped farm salmon and measure their potential to reproduce in the wild. Farm Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are a threat to biodiversity, because they escape in large numbers and can introgress, dilute or disrupt locally adapted wild gene pools. Experiments at the whole fish level have found farm reproductive potential to be significant, but inferior compared to wild adults, especially for males. Here, we assess reproductive performance at the gamete level through detailed in vitro comparisons of the form, function, fertility, compatibility and competitiveness of farm versus wild Atlantic salmon sperm and eggs, in conditions mimicking the natural gametic microenvironment, using fish raised under similar environmental conditions. Despite selective domestication and reduced genetic diversity, we find functional equivalence in all farm fish gamete traits compared with their wild ancestral strain. Our results identify a clear threat of farm salmon reproduction with wild fish and therefore encourage further consideration of using triploid farm strains with optimized traits for aquaculture and fish welfare, as triploid fish remain reproductively sterile following escape.
Data from: Estimating exotic gene flow into native pine stands: zygotic versus gametic components
Monitoring contemporary gene flow from widespread exotic plantations is becoming an important problem in forest conservation genetics. In plants, where both seed and pollen disperse, three components of exotic gene flow with potentially unequal consequences should be, but have not been, explicitly distinguished: zygotic, male gametic and female gametic. Building on a previous model for estimating contemporary rates of zygotic and male gametic gene flow among plant populations, we present here an approach that additionally estimates the third (female gametic) gene flow component, based on a combination of uni- and biparentally inherited markers. Using this method and a combined set of chloroplast and nuclear microsatellites, we estimate gene flow rates from exotic plantations into two Iberian relict stands of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) and Scots pine (P. sylvestris). Results show neither zygotic nor female gametic gene flow but moderate (6–8%) male gametic introgression for both species, implying significant dispersal of pollen, but not of seeds, from exotic plantations into native stands shortly after introduced trees reached reproductive maturity. Numerical simulation results suggest that the model yields reasonably accurate estimates for our empirical data sets, especially for larger samples. We discuss conservation management implications of observed levels of exposure to non-local genes, and identify research needs to determine potentially associated hazards. Our approach should be useful for plant ecologists and ecosystem managers interested in the vectors of contemporary genetic connectivity among discrete plant populations.
Data from: No evidence for MHC class II-based non-random mating at the gametic haplotype in Atlantic salmon
Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are a likely target of mate choice because of their role in inbreeding avoidance and potential benefits for offspring immunocompetence. Evidence for female choice for complementary MHC alleles among competing males exists both for the pre- and the postmating stages. However, it remains unclear whether the latter may involve non-random fusion of gametes depending on gametic haplotypes resulting in transmission ratio distortion or non-random sequence divergence among fused gametes. We tested whether non-random gametic fusion of MHC-II haplotypes occurs in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. We performed in vitro fertilizations that excluded interindividual sperm competition using a split family design with large clutch sample sizes to test for a possible role of the gametic haplotype in mate choice. We sequenced two MHC-II loci in 50 embryos per clutch to assess allelic frequencies and sequence divergence. We found no evidence for transmission ratio distortion at two linked MHC-II loci, nor for non-random gamete fusion with respect to MHC-II alleles. Our findings suggest that the gametic MHC-II haplotypes play no role in gamete association in Atlantic salmon and that earlier findings of MHC-based mate choice most likely reflect choice among diploid genotypes. We discuss possible explanations for these findings and how they differ from findings in mammals.
Data from: Contemporary evolution of sea urchin gamete-recognition proteins: experimental evidence of density-dependent gamete performance predicts shifts in allele frequencies over time
Species whose reproductive strategies evolved at one density regime might be poorly adapted to other regimes. Field and laboratory experiments on the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus examined the influences of the two most common sperm bindin alleles, which differ at two amino acid sites, on fertilization success. In the field experiment, the Arginine/Glycine (RG) genotype performed best at low densities and the Glycine/Arginine (GR) genotype at high densities. In the lab experiment, the RG genotype had a higher affinity with available eggs, whereas the GR genotype was less likely to induce polyspermy. These sea urchins can reach 200 years of age. The RG allele dominates in old sea urchins, whereas younger sea urchins have near equal RG and GR allele frequencies. A latitudinal cline in RG and GR genotypes is consistent with longer survival of sea urchins in the north and with predominance of RG genotypes in older individuals. The oldest sea urchins were likely conceived at low densities, before sea-urchin predators, like sea otters, were overharvested and sea urchin densities exploded off the west coast. Contemporary evolution of gamete-recognition proteins might allow species to adapt to shifts in abundances and reduces the risk of reproductive failure in altered populations.
Data from: Cryptic haplotype-specific gamete selection yields offspring with optimal MHC immune genes
Females choose specific mates in order to produce fitter offspring. However, several factors interfere with females' control over fertilization of their eggs, including sneaker males and phenotypically unpredictable allele segregation during meiosis. Mate choice at the individual level thus provides only a poor approximation for obtaining the best genetic match. Consequently, post-copulatory sperm selection by female oocytes has been proposed as a mechanism to achieve complementary combinations of parental haplotypes. Here, using controlled in vitro fertilization of three-spined stickleback eggs, we find haplotype-specific fertilization bias towards gametes with complementary major histocompatibility complex (MHC) immunogenes. The resulting zygote (and thus offspring) genotypes exhibit an intermediate level of individual MHC diversity that was previously shown to confer highest pathogen resistance. Our finding of haplotype-specific gamete selection thus represents an intriguing mechanism for fine-tuned optimization of the offspring's immune gene composition and an evolutionary advantage in the Red Queen dynamics of host-parasite coevolution.
Forest cover at landscape scales increases male and female gametic diversity of palm seedlings
<p>Genetic diversity shapes the evolutionary potential of plant populations. For outcrossing plants, genetic diversity is influenced by effective population size and by dispersal, first of paternal gametes through pollen, and then of paternal and maternal gametes through seeds. Forest loss often reduces genetic diversity, but the degree to which it differentially impacts the paternal and maternal contributions to genetic diversity and the spatial scale at which these impacts are most pronounced are poorly understood. To address these questions, we genotyped 504 seedlings of the animal-dispersed palm <i>Oenocarpus bataua </i>collected from 29 widely distributed sites across Ecuador and decomposed the contribution of paternal and maternal gametes to overall genetic diversity. The amount of forest cover at a landscape scale (> 10 km radius) had an equally significant positive association with both male and female gametic diversity. In addition, there was a significant positive association between forest cover and effective population size. Stronger fine-scale spatial genetic structure for female versus male gametes was observed at sites with low forest cover, but this did not scale up to differences in male vs female gametic diversity. These findings show that reductions in forest cover at spatial scales much larger than those typically evaluated in ecological studies lead to significant, and equivalent, decreases of diversity in both male and female gametes, and that this association between landscape level forest loss and genetic diversity may be driven directly by reductions in effective population size of <i>O. bataua</i>, rather than by indirect disruptions to local dispersal processes. </p>
Figure 5. Agreement subtree cladogram obtained with the Ratchet algorithm for parsimonious analyses using the complete morphological matrix without gamete-related characters. Values above branches are bootstrap supports after 1000 in High level of phenotypic homoplasy amongst eutardigrades (Tardigrada) based on morphological and total evidence phylogenetic analyses
Figure 5. Agreement subtree cladogram obtained with the Ratchet algorithm for parsimonious analyses using the complete morphological matrix without gamete-related characters. Values above branches are bootstrap supports after 1000 replicates; values under branches are Bremer relative supports.
Data for GLM analysis of "How thermal priming of coral gametes shapes fertilization success"
<p>Data, self-explanatory, used to conduct the GLM analysis and obtain the results presented in the article "How thermal priming of coral gametes shapes fertilization success" by Antoine Puisay, Laetitia Hédouin, Rosanne Pilon, Claire Goiran, and Benoit Pujol, published in Journal of Experimental Biology and Ecology</p>
Atypical flagella assembly and haploid genome coiling during male gamete formation in Plasmodium
<p>Movies of Plasmodium berghei SBF-SEM and serial tomogram datasets including 3D models used in publication 'Atypical flagella assembly and haploid genome coiling during male gamete formation in <em>Plasmodium</em>. Molly Hair, Flavia Moreira-Leite, David Ferguson, Mohammed Zeeshan, Rita Tewari, Sue Vaughan. bioRxiv 2023.05.17.540968; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.17.540968'</p> <p><strong>Movie 1.</strong> Serial block face scanning electron microscopy datasets used in this work. The section thickness (Z resolution) is 100 nm, and each dataset consist of 197 images (pixel dimension and X-Y resolution). </p> <p><strong>Movie 2.</strong> SBF-SEM data and segmentation of a single microgametocyte post-activation showing 8 axonemes coiling around the nucleus in two orientations. Organelles are modelled on the following colours: plasma membrane (white), nucleus (blue), basal body (red), axonemes (yellow/blue – two colours to highlight different directions of coiling). </p> <p><strong>Movie 3.</strong> SBF-SEM imaging and 3D model of a microgamete cell undergoing exflagellation. Structures are modelled on the following colours: plasma membrane (white), nucleus (blue), basal body (red), flagella (pink). </p> <p><strong>Movie 4.</strong> Serial tomogram of a microgamete highlighting the coiling of the nucleus around the axoneme. </p> <p><strong>Movie 5.</strong> Serial tomogram of a microgametocyte showing a nuclear projection surrounding the axoneme, with the 3D reconstruction of the nuceloplasm (cyan), which forms a coil within the nuclear projection. </p>
Motivations and Psychological Aspects of the Gametes' Donation
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03136874. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 5.
Data from: Contemporary evolution of sea urchin gamete-recognition proteins: experimental evidence of density-dependent gamete performance predicts shifts in allele frequencies over time
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Data from: When genes move farther than offspring: gene flow by male gamete dispersal in the highly philopatric bat species Thyroptera tricolor
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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