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80 results for “giant clams”
Figure 29 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 29. Right valve of Freneixicardia hausmanni. A, AMNH 977/1. Scanning electron stereomicrograph of cardinal area of hinge. B, NHM PI TB9, internal view. C, NHM PI TB9, oblique posterior view. D, NHM PI TB9, external view. Note alternating narrow and wide ribs on central part of shell (also see Fig. 10D). Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B−D = 5 mm.
Figure 15 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 15. Stereophotos of hinges of right valves. A, Afrocardium exochum (ANSP 293709): ac shape 0, pc shape 0. B, Hedecardium (Iheringicardium) ameghinoi (NHM L12529): ac shape 0, pc shape 0. C, Europicardium multicostatum (PI TB5): ac shape 2, pc shape 0. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm; B, C = 5 mm.
Figure 14 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 14. Hinges of right valves. A, Agnocardia spinosifrons (USGS 26439): ac shape 1, pc shape 0. B, Planicardium virginianum (USNM 2831): ac shape 7, pc shape 2. C, Hedecardium (Hedecardium) waitakiense (DSIRGS 10837): ac shape 0, pc shape 0. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B, C = 10 mm.
Figure 16 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 16. Stereophotos of hinges of right valves. A, Nemocardium bechei (ANSP 252661): ac shape 0, pc shape 0. B, Schedocardia hatchetigbeense (ANSP 8756): ac shape 0, pc shape 0. C, Plagiocardium granulosum (ANSP 6268): ac shape 8, pc shape 3. D, Orthocardium porulosum (ANSP 6266): ac shape 0, pc shape 0. Scale bars: A, B, D = 10 mm; C= 2 mm.
Figure 23 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 23. External view of left valves. A, adult of Loxocardium obliquum (FMNH PE3642). B, juvenile of Europicardium multicostatum (NHM PI TB6). Note loxofrom shell shape of A and B. C, adult of Europicardium multicostatum (NHM L8760), europiform shell shape. All scale bars = 1 mm.
Figure 13 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 13. Stereophotos of cardinal areas of hinges of right valves. A, Vepricardium multispinosum (ANSP 54220): ac shape 3, pc shape 0. B, Dinocardium robustum (FMNH 278011): ac shape 0, pc shape 0. C, Chesacardium laqueatum (FMNH UC7082): ac shape 7, pc shape 0. All scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 12 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 12. Stereophotos of cardinal areas of hinges of right valves. A, Cardium costatum (ANSP 54110): ac shape 4, pc shape 1. B, Bucardium ringens (UMMZ 24727): ac shape 5, pc shape 1. C, Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) aculeata (UNC 15376): ac shape 6, pc shape 1. D. Acanthocardia (Rudicardium) tuberculata (ANSP 53195): ac shape 6, pc shape 1. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B−D = 10 mm.
Figure 10 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 10. External views of right valves. A, Hedecardium (Hedecardium) waitakiense (DSIRGS 10837), hedeform shell shape. Scale bar = 10 mm. B, Freneixicardia verrucosa (NHM L7962), circular shell shape. Scale bar = 5 mm. Arrow indicates set of imbricated spines.
Figure 11 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 11. Internal views of right valves. A, Cardium costatum (ANSP 54110). Note strong internal expression of radial ribs, absence of impression of adductor muscle scars. Scale bar = 10 mm. B, Plagiocardium granulosum (ANSP 6268). Scale in cm indicated in figure. C, Orthocardium porulosum (ANSP 6266). Scale bar = 10 mm. In B and C, radial ribs expressed internally only at shell margin; adductor muscle scars impressed. Only anterior adductor muscle scar labelled; posterior adductor muscle scar equally well-impressed into shell, but not readily visible in these views due to foreshortening.
Figure 8. A in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 8. A, Afrocardium exochum (ANSP 293709), exterior of right valve, circular shell shape. B, Loxocardium obliquum (FMNH PE 3642), exterior of right valve, loxoform shell shape. C, Schedocardia hatchetigbeense (USNM 645087), exterior of left valve, schediform shell shape. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, C = 10 mm.
Figure 9 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 9. External views of right valves. A, Europicardium multicostatum (NHM PI TB5), europiform shell shape. B, Dinocardium robustum (ANSP 186595), dinoform shell shape. C, Vepricardium multispinosum (ANSP 54220), circular shell shape. D, Bucardium ringens (ANSP 54234), circular shell shape. All scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 7 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 7. External views of right valves. A, Agnocardia spinosifrons (USGS 26439), circular shell shape. B, Plagiocardium granulosum (ANSP 6268), oval shell shape. C, Granocardium kuemmeli (AMNH 45042), ovate shell shape. D, Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) aculeata (ANSP 54235), cardiiform shell shape. E, Orthocardium porulosum (ANSP 6266), circular shell shape. Scale bars: A, C−E = 10 mm; B = 5 mm.
Figure 4 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 4. External anatomy of right side of cardiids. A, Dinocardium robustum (LACMNH 50–53.2), scale bar = 10 mm. B, Bucardium ringens (NHM Acc. no. 2322), scale in cm indicated on figure.
Figure 6 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 6. External views of right valves. A, Cardium costatum (ANSP 54110), cardiiform shell shape. B, Nemocardium bechei (ANSP 252661), quadrate-short shell shape. C, Planicardium virginianum (USNM 2831), planiform shell shape. All scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 3. Shell ontogeny. A in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 3. Shell ontogeny. A, Chesacardium laqueatum (FMNH UC7082), B, Chesacardium laqueatum (FMNH PE3523). C, D, Planicardium virginianum (UNC 11856). All scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 1 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 1. Phylogenetic hypothesis of stem group eucardiids, from Schneider (1998a). The representatives of the ingroup in the present study (Schedocardia, Hedecardium, Orthocardium, Loxocardium, Sawkinsia and Plagiocardium) formed a paraphyletic group.
Supplementary Data to: "Quantifying sub-seasonal growth rate changes in fossil giant clams using wavelet transformation of daily Mg/Ca cycles" in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
<p>El/Ca data and high resolution images of 3 laser-ablation tracks on a fossil giant calm. The following Isotopes were monitored <sup>11</sup>B, <sup>23</sup>Na, <sup>24</sup>Mg, <sup>27</sup>Al, <sup>43</sup>Ca, <sup>88</sup>Sr, <sup>89</sup>Y and <sup>138</sup>Ba. The data was measured with laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) using a 3 x 33 µm laser slit. El/Ca ratios were calibrated using NIST SRM 612 as bracketing external standard (Jochum et al., 2011) with updated Mg values from Evans & Müller (2018) and <sup>43</sup>Ca as the internal standard; data quantification follows Longerich et al. (1996) and was performed using the software iolite 4 (Paton et al., 2011). For details see main text.</p> <p>References:</p> <p>Evans, D., & Müller, W. (2018). Automated Extraction of a Five-Year LA-ICP-MS Trace Element Data Set of Ten Common Glass and Carbonate Reference Materials: Long-Term Data Quality, Optimisation and Laser Cell Homogeneity. <em>Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research</em>, <em>42</em>(2), 159–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggr.12204</p> <p>Jochum, K. P., Weis, U., Stoll, B., Kuzmin, D., Yang, Q., Raczek, I., Jacob, D. E., Stracke, A., Birbaum, K., Frick, D. A., Günther, D., & Enzweiler, J. (2011). Determination of Reference Values for NIST SRM 610–617 Glasses Following ISO Guidelines. <em>Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research</em>, <em>35</em>(4), 397–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.2011.00120.x</p> <p>Longerich, H. P., Jackson, S. E., & Günther, D. (1996). Inter-laboratory note. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric transient signal data acquisition and analyte concentration calculation. <em>Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry</em>, <em>11</em>(9), 899–904. https://doi.org/10.1039/JA9961100899</p> <p>Paton, C., Hellstrom, J., Paul, B., Woodhead, J., & Hergt, J. (2011). Iolite: Freeware for the visualisation and processing of mass spectrometric data. <em>Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry</em>, <em>26</em>(12), 2508–2518. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1JA10172B</p>
Elevated temperature and carbon dioxide levels alter growth rates and shell composition in the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa
<p>We investigated the effects of 60-d exposure to end-of-the-century projections for seawater temperature (+3 °C) and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> (+500 µatm) on growth, mineralogy, and organic content of shells and scutes in juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa </em>clams. The provided excel file contains tables supplying the following raw datasets:</p> <p>(1) Concentrations of trace minerals (Data_Minerals) in shells and scutes</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>IndividualID</strong> - unique ID for each juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa</em> clam<br> <strong>Type</strong> - type of skeletal material sampled (New: newly-formed, Old: older-growth, Shell: shell, Scute: scute).<br> <strong>Exposure</strong> - experimental treatments (Ambient: ambient seawater conditions, High Temp: elevated temperature alone, High pCO2: elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> alone, Multistressor: elevated temperature and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> in combination).<br> <strong>SampleMass_mg</strong> - mass (in mg) of powdered skeletal material analyzed.<br> <strong>X_ppb</strong> - concentration (in parts per billion) of element X (Mg: Magnesium, Si: Silica, P: Phosphorus, K: Potassium, Mn: Manganese, As: Arsenic, Sr: Strontium, Ba: Barium, Ca: Calcium) in the sample.<br> <strong>X_mmol_kg-1</strong> - concentration (in mmol kg<sup>-1</sup>) of element X in the sample.<br> <strong>XCaRatio_mmol_mol-1</strong> - ratio of the concentrations of element X (in mmol) and calcium (in mol).<br> <strong>BaCaRatio_µmol_mol-1 </strong>- ratio of the concentrations of barium (in µmol) and calcium (in mol).</p> </blockquote> <p>(2) Morphometric characteristics (Data_Morphometry) of shells/scutes</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>IndividualID</strong> - unique ID for each juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa</em> clam<br> <strong>Exposure</strong> - experimental treatments (Ambient: ambient seawater conditions, High Temp: elevated temperature alone, High pCO2: elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> alone, Multistressor: elevated temperature and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> in combination).<br> <strong>X_pre_mm</strong> - measurement value (in millimeters) prior to exposure to experimental treatments (APM: anterior-posterior margin or shell length, DVM: dorsal-ventral margin or shell height, OrnamentationMaxWidth: maximum width of the shell across the scutes, Width: shell width).<br> <strong>X_pre_g</strong> - measurement value (in grams) prior to exposure to experimental treatments (WetMass: whole animal wet mass).<br> <strong>X_post_mm</strong> - measurement value (in millimeters) after 60-d exposure to experimental treatments.<br> <strong>X_post_g</strong> - measurement value (in grams) after 60-d exposure to experimental treatments.<br> <strong>X_gain_mm</strong> - change in measurment value (in millimeters) over the course of the 60-d experiment.<br> <strong>X_gain_%change</strong> - change in measurment value over the course of the 60-d experiment as a percentage of the initial, pre-exposure value (i.e., % change).</p> </blockquote> <p>(3) Organic content (Data_Organics) of shells</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>IndividualID</strong> - unique ID for each juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa</em> clam<br> <strong>Exposure</strong> - experimental treatments (Ambient: ambient seawater conditions, High Temp: elevated temperature alone, High pCO2: elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> alone, Multistressor: elevated temperature and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> in combination).<br> <strong>X-newgrowth_weight%</strong> - concentration of element X (Nitrogen, Carbon, or Hydrogen) as a percentage of the weight of sample analyzed in newly-formed shell.<br> <strong>X-oldgrowth_weight% </strong>- concentration of element X as a percentage of the weight of sample analyzed in older-growth shell.</p> </blockquote> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Population structure of giant clams (sub-family: Tridacninae) across Palau: implications for conservation
<p>Giant clams (Sub-family: Tridacninae) are an important food and economic resource for the Republic of Palau. Previous surveys of giant clams conducted over 20 years ago found diverse, localized populations across Helen Reef and the Rock Islands Southern Lagoon. This study updates population structure data for Palauan giant clams and investigates the impacts of conservation on these important bivalves. We surveyed eleven sites within fringing, barrier, atoll, and oceanic reefs across the Palauan archipelago (total area = 1650m<sup>2</sup>). A total of 831 clams were measured across seven species (<i>Tridacna crocea, T. maxima, T. noae, T. squamosa, T. derasa, T. gigas, </i>and <i>Hippopus hippopus</i>). In addition, this is the first documented case of <i>T. noae</i> in Palau. Our measurements show that giant clams in Palau are among the most abundant and densely distributed compared to other Indo-Pacific reefs. <i>T. crocea </i>exhibited the highest abundance (521 individuals) and density (20.0 ± 2.9 per 50m<sup>2</sup>) of all species in this survey. However, high demand from local and international markets may have resulted in low average shell lengths and reduced abundances of adult clams within the most abundant species: <i>T. crocea, T. maxima, </i>and <i>T. squamosa</i>. Despite these harvesting pressures, Palau's incorporation of bottom-up traditional and modern conservation initiatives has positively impacted <i>T. crocea</i>, the most targeted species by local fishers. Within the Ngermedellim Marine Sanctuary, <i>T. crocea </i>exhibit high abundances of recruits and adults, suggesting that protection from fishing has increased replenishment rates and reduced mortality within this conservation area. As these bivalves continue to be exploited, we suggest that continued protection of and the implementation of size-limits will enable giant clams to remain abundant and diverse in Palau.</p>
The giant clam photosymbiosis is a physically optimized photoconversion system for the most intense sunlight on Earth
<p>Giant clams are photosymbiotic with unicellular algae ("zooxanthellae") organized in the clam's mantle tissue. This tissue has an especially low albedo for a photosynthetic system, generally less than 10\% at all visible wavelengths. This efficient absorbance of light occurs in the ecological context of the high solar irradiances in intertidal habitats near the equator. At these light levels, photosynthetic systems typically adapt to absorb less light in order to prevent radiative damage to chloroplasts. Giant clams are therefore unusual. If the giant clam photosymbiosis proves to be simultaneously efficient at absorption and at phototransduction at these irradiances, they are potentially remarkably productive and an important source of bioinspiration. We showed previously that the clams organize algae into vertical pillars in the mantle tissue. The clams' iridocytes, or optically structured skin cells on the surface of the tissue, then function to evenly distribute incoming solar irradiance along the vertical faces of the pillars. The result is that zooxanthellae in the system absorb solar power at lower rates than that of incoming solar flux. The overall energetic performance of this phtooconversion scheme has, however, been difficult to characterize given the complex three-dimensional structure and the fact that it is coupled to a much more voluminous, respiring animal. Here we use a combination of photochemical characterization and new quantitative modeling of data from the literature to estimate the photochemical efficiency as a function of incoming irradiance of the initial electron-transfer events. Our approach is to consider the clam mantle tissue in isolation as a meta-material for photoconversion. To do this, we developed a method to directly measure the system's photochemical efficiency with spatial resolution of 10's of microns using optical microprobes threaded through the tissue. These experimental efficiency data then serve as ground-truthing for a subsequent reanalysis of photosynthesis-irradiance curves of clams taken from the literature. For this quantitative re-analysis, we incorporated the clam system's quantum efficiency as a function of irradiance per cell into a Monte Carlo model of radiative transfer among cells to find the tissue's area-specific oxygen evolution apart from any sinks. We found that cells located within the dense clam system had fluorescence transients (i.e., Kautsky curves), a direct measure of the efficiency of PS II) that were very slow and of low intensity, particularly for a dense system, consistent with photochemical efficiencies generally greater than 50\% and often greater than 90\%. When incorporated into a larger computational model, we found that mature Tridacnid clams can efficiently perform photoconversion of light energy into chemical energy at light intensities many times more intense than the maximum time-averaged environmental radiance, or even the solar constant. The intensities to which the clam is adapted, however, can be found in strong wave-lensed pulses of irradiance that are characteristic of the clams' habitats. This surprising result makes sense if the system has evolved to both avoid damage from and utilize the power in the intense pulses of light that result from wave-lensing. Our model predicts that by evolving to compensate for the intense pulses of solar energy produced by wave-lensing, the clam system can perform photochemical conversion of radiation at intensities many times greater than the solar constant at around 90\% quantum efficiency. This result in turn suggests a strategy for organic, engineered materials performing photoconversion under solar concentration.</p>
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