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152 results for “gigantism”
Fig. 17.2 in Chapter 17: Gigantism, Dwarfism, and Cope's Rule: "Nothing in Evolution Makes Sense without a Phylogeny"
Fig. 17.2. (a) The most recent phylogenetic hypothesis of varanid relationships based on mtDNA (Ast, 2001) compared to (b) a compilation of the hypotheses of bodysize evolution of varanids (taken from Pianka, 1995). The maximum total lengths for the species were retrieved from King and Green, 1999, and Mertens, 1942; these are listed in appendix 17.1. Note the following terminal clades were collapsed for the sake of brevity: Varanus salvator togianus, V. salvator bivittatus, V. indicus, and V. panoptes (horni).
Fig. 17.3 in Chapter 17: Gigantism, Dwarfism, and Cope's Rule: "Nothing in Evolution Makes Sense without a Phylogeny"
Fig. 17.3. Patterns of bodysize evolution in fossil horses from North America, based on MacFadden (1987; modified figure reproduced in MacFadden, 1992). Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.
Fig. 17.1 in Chapter 17: Gigantism, Dwarfism, and Cope's Rule: "Nothing in Evolution Makes Sense without a Phylogeny"
Fig. 17.1. Threetaxon statements illustrating the four kinds of bodysize change discussed in the text.
Fig. 4 in Unique bone histology in partial large bone shafts from Upper Triassic of Aust Cliff, England: An early independent experiment in gigantism
Fig. 4. Flow diagram explaining the peculiar patterns of remodelling seen in the Aust Cliff bones BRSMG Cb3869 and Cb3870. In a simple vascular canal, lamellar bone is deposited centripetally forming a primary osteon. In the Aust Cliff shafts, the inner lamellae of this primary osteon are later resorbed from the inside. When erosion stops before the entire primary osteon is resorbed, leaving a resorption line within the primary osteon, new lamellae can be deposited and a secondary osteon forms within the primary one. With ongoing resorption, an erosion cavity forms, the size of which exceeds the one of the former primary osteon. When resorption stops, deposition of lamellar bone can resume.
Fig. 1 in Unique bone histology in partial large bone shafts from Upper Triassic of Aust Cliff, England: An early independent experiment in gigantism
Fig. 1. Photographs in different views of long bone shafts of BRSMG Cb3870 (A) and Cb3869 (B) from the Westbury Formation of Aust Cliff near Bristol, UK; in anterior (A 1, B 1),?lateral (A 2, B 2), posterior (A 3, B 3),?medial (A 4, B 4), proximal (B 5) and distal (A 6, B 6) views; cut and ground surface in distal view (A 5). The specimens represent notably straight shafts of large long bones, presumably femora. Core sample location indicated by the black circle. Note that in BRSMG Cb3870 only a small area of outer bone surface is preserved, constraining the sample location. Modified from Galton (2005).
Figure 2 in A gigantic bizarre marine turtle (Testudines: Chelonioidea) from the Middle Campanian (Late Cretaceous) of South-western Europe
Figure 2. Shellandpelvicgirdleelementsof Leviathanochelysaenigmatica gen. etsp. nov. (a) Dorsalviewof MCD9884 with the elements disposed as they were discovered, remarking in white the preserved carapace portion (MCD9884a). (b) Visceral view of the carapacewith asuperimposed interpretation of the shell elements. (c) Dorsal view of the preserved pelvic girdle without the carapace, and (d) ventral view of the same element with the carapace. Asterisk marks indicate the location of the autapomorphic accessory pubic process. Details of the accessory pubic process in (e) dorsal and (f) ventral view. (g) Close up view of the posteromedial part of the pubes, in ventral (upper picture) and posterior view (lower picture), preserving part of the thyroid fossae separated by a thick bone structure (black arrow). (h) Ventral view of the left acetabulum, illustrating the limits between the pelvic bones. (i) Detail of the outer ornamented surfaceof the ilium. (j) Histological section of the costal 8 (MCD9884.1), showing acancellous bone zone between the highly vascularized internal and external cortices. Abbreviations: (ac) Acetabulum; (app) Accessory Pubic Process; (cb) cancellous bone; (co) costal plate; (eco) External Cortex; (ico) Internal Cortex; (il) Ilium; (ils) ilium insertion scar; (isc) Ischium; (il) Ilium; (ne) neural plate; (pb) Pubis; (pbb) pubic bridge; (tf) Thyroid fossa.
Figure 1 in A gigantic bizarre marine turtle (Testudines: Chelonioidea) from the Middle Campanian (Late Cretaceous) of South-western Europe
Figure 1. GeographicandgeologicalsituationofCalTorrades. TheCalTorradesfossillocalitylocation, respect: (a) the Iberian Peninsula; and (b) the Eastern Pyrenees. (c) Simplified geological map including the locality (white star). (d) Field capture of Cal Torrades outcrop, marking with the star the location of the fossil remains: (e) pelvis; and (f) ilium. (g) Locality stratigraphic column with the geological materials and fossil remains. Modified from Costantinoand Angelini26,Vidal27 and free access digital mapsof the Institut de Cartografia i Geologia de Catalunya (ICGC; http://www.icc.cat/vissir3/).
Figure 3 in A gigantic bizarre marine turtle (Testudines: Chelonioidea) from the Middle Campanian (Late Cretaceous) of South-western Europe
Figure 3. Phylogeneticrelationshipof Leviathanochelysaenigmatica gen. etsp. nov. Simplifiedphylogenetic hypothesis of the relationship of Leviathanochelysaenigmatica within Pan-Chelonioidea based of 20 MPT with 1647 steps according to the Strict Consensus topology. Number under main branching nodes correlate with Bremer support values. Taxa are illustrated according to their time-range occurrence, but not to the timedivergence of the nodes which are tentatively placed according to fossil record evidences.
FIG. 21 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores
FIG. 21. Comparison of humerus morphology and ratios of Huracan coffeyi and related taxa. A. Ursus arctos, Alaska, AMNH M 135504. B. Arctodus simus, Alaska, AMNH F:AM 95656. C. Huracan coffeyi, Coffee Ranch, UCMP 31818. D. Agriotherium africanum, Langebaanweg, PQ-L 45063 (reversed; photos courtesy of A. Valenciano). E. Indarctos cf. I. oregonensis, Withlacoochee River 4A, Florida, UF 13799. F. Ailuropoda melanoleuca, AMNH M 147746. G. Panthera leo, Tanzania, AMNH M 85143. H, I. Ratios of humerus measurements in these taxa.
FIG. 19 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores
FIG. 19. Cranial comparison of Huracan and related taxa. A. Indarctos zdanskyi AMNH F:AM 22345; B. Huracan qiui HMV 2005; C. H. coffeyi AMNH F:AM 49372; and D. Agriotherium sivalense BMNH 39721 (photo courtesy of P. Brewer and H. Taylor).
FIG. 23 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores
FIG. 23. Geographic distribution pattern of Agriotheriini (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae) in the Northern Hemisphere through time (early Late Miocene to late Pleistocene). Artwork by Yu Chen.
FIG. 18 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores
FIG. 18. Dental and mandible plots of Huracan and related taxa, with emphasis on dental length and its with/ length ratio, ratio of length between different teeth, and premolar/molar row length.
FIG. 16 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores
FIG. 16. Calcaneum of Huracan coffeyi: A. UCMP 31837, Coffee Ranch, A1. anterior (dorsal) view; A2. posterior (ventral) view; A3. distal view. B. AMNH F:AM 76097, Quiburis Formation. C. AMNH F:AM 146510, Quiburis Formation.
FIG. 15 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores
FIG. 15. Femur of Huracan coffeyi: A. AMNH F:AM 50086, Quiburis Formation. B. AMNH F:AM 76105, Quiburis Formation. C. AMNH F:AM 146503, Quiburis Formation.
FIG. 13 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores
FIG. 13. Radius of Huracan coffeyi: A. UNSM 76013, Sherman Co. Locality SM-101, A1. anterior view; A2. posterior view; A3. distal view; A4. proximal view. B. AMNH F:AM 76077, Quiburis Formation. C. AMNH F:AM 76078, Quiburis Formation.
FIG. 12 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores
FIG. 12. Humerus of Huracan coffeyi: A. UCMP 31818, Coffee Ranch. B. AMNH F:AM 76070, Quiburis Formation. C. AMNH F:AM 76072, Quiburis Formation.
FIG. 20 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores
FIG. 20. Phylogenetic trees of Agriotheriini: A. strict consensus tree, parsimony with equal weighting, tree length 473, CI = 0.548, RI = 0.834; B. single most parsimonious tree, parsimony with implied weighting (k = 12), tree length 16.16, CI = 0.549, RI = 0.835. Number in the node represents bootstrap value (1000 times).
FIG. 14 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores
FIG. 14. Ulna of Huracan coffeyi: A. AMNH F:AM 50042, Guymon, A1. lateral view; A2. medial view; A3. anterior view. B. AMNH F:AM 76008, Quiburis Formation. C. AMNH F:AM 76082, Quiburis Formation.
FIG. 11 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores
FIG. 11. Comparison of incisors among Huracan, Indarctos, and Agriotherium. A. Huracan coffeyi: A1. left I1/2, AMNH F:AM 76038; A2. left I1/2, AMNH F:AM 146477; A3. right I1/2, AMNH F:AM 146473; A4. right I1/2, AMNH F:AM 146472; A5. right i1/2, AMNH F:AM 146474; A6. right i3, AMNH F:AM 76028A; A7. left I3, AMNH F:AM 146475; A8. left I3, AMNH F:AM 146475. B. Huracan qiui: HMV 2005, left I1–3. C. Indarctos lagrelii: cast of type, left I1–3. D. Agriotherium palaeindicum: Xiaoxian, Anhui Province, China, left I1–2. Note the specialised characters on I1–3, emphasized in the figures of Huracan, which are absent in both Indarctos and Agriotherium.
FIG. 10 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores
FIG. 10. Mandibles of Huracan coffeyi (lateral and dorsal views). A1, 2. AMNH F:AM 76010; B1, 2. AMNH F:AM 144551; C. AMNH F:AM 76005; D1, 2. AMNH F:AM 50032. Note variation of the premasseteric fossa.
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