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Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 in A new gigantic carnivore (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of France

Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 position on the mandible. Modified from Dehm (1950), Kuss (1965), Bergounioux & Crouzel (1973), Viranta (1996), Peigné & Heizmann (2003), Peigné et al. (2008), Nagel, Stefen & Morlo (2009), Morales et al. (2021a) and Morales et al. (2021b). NMB TD1162 (Heizmannocyon steinheimensis), NMB SO4377 (Megamphicyon giganteus). The scale bar is five cm for the mandibles. The p4 are not to scale. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-4

Figure 3 in A new gigantic carnivore (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of France

Figure 3 Holotype (MHNBx 2020.20.1) of Tartarocyon cazanavei nov. gen. & sp. from Sallespisse (MN7/8, Southwest France), in occlusal, lingual, and labial views. Scale bar is 5 cm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-3

Figure 2 in A new gigantic carnivore (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of France

Figure 2 Sedimentological succession of the Sallespisse outcrop with the location of the specimen MHNBx 2020.20.1. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-2

Figure 5 in A new gigantic carnivore (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of France

Figure 5 Reconstruction of Tartarocyon cazanavei nov. gen. & sp. feeding on a stranded dolphin along the Serravallian sea. We know only few on the inland environmental conditions where Tartarocyon lived. This illustration thus combines all the data from the site la Crousquillière in Sallespisse including the intertidal dark deposits, the abundance of the molluscs, and the mandible of Tartarocyon in the high-tide line. Drawing by Denny Navarra. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-5

Figure 1 in A new gigantic carnivore (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of France

Figure 1 Geographical position of the fossiliferous locality of Sallespisse (Close-up on the Southwest France, redrawn from Cahuzac, Janin & Steurbaut, 1995). The light grey area represents the maximum of extension of the Serravallian Sea. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-1

Fig. 4 in A new gigantic titanosaurian sauropod from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina)

Fig. 4. Axial skeleton of the titanosaurian sauropod Bustingorrytitan shiva gen. et sp. nov. from "Bustingorry II" site, Neuquén Province, Argentina, upper Cenomanian. A. Right dentary (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/1) in medial (A1) and dorsal (A2) views (numbers indicate alveoli with partial teeth). B. Mid to posterior cervical vertebra (paratype, MMCH-Pv 60/1) in right ventro-lateral (B1) and anterior (B2) views. C. Sixth? or seventh? dorsal vertebra (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/3) in left lateral (C1), anterior (C2), and posterior (C3) views. D. Haemal arch (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/8) in right lateral (D1) and anterior (D2) views. E. Anterior caudal vertebra (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/4) in left lateral (E1), anterior (E2), and posterior (E3) views. F. Mid-caudal vertebra (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/6) in left lateral (F1), anterior (F2), and posterior (F3) views. G. Posterior caudal vertebra (paratype, MMCH-Pv 60/2) in anterior (G1) and left lateral (G2) views. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; a-spdl, anterior ramus of the spinodiapophyseal lamina; cpaf, centroparapophyseal fossa; cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; cprl: centroprezygapophyseal lamina; d, diapophysis; hy, hyposphene; hyp, hypantrum; ns, neural spine; p, parapophysis; pacdf, parapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pcpl, posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; pl, pleurocoel; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; posdf, postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prsl, prespinal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; p-spdl, posterior ramus of the spinodiapophyseal lamina; sf, splenial furrow; spdl-f, spinodiapophyseal lamina fossa; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina.

Fig. 6 in A new gigantic titanosaurian sauropod from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina)

Fig. 6. Pelvic and hindlimb elements of the titanosaurian sauropod Bustingorrytitan shiva gen. et sp. nov. from "Bustingorry II" site, upper Cenomanian. A. Right ilium (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/16) in medial view. B. Right pubis (holotype, MMCH.Pv 59/19) in medial view. C. Proximal portion of right tibia (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/31) in proximal (C1) and lateral (C2) views. D. Left tibia (paratype, MMCH-Pv 60/6) in proximal (D1), lateral (D2), and distal (D3) views. E. Proximal portion of right femur (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/30) in anterior view. F. Distal portion of right femur (paratype, MMCH-Pv 60/5) in anterior (F1) and distal (F2) views. G. Proximal portion of right fibula (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/32) in lateral view. H. Right phalange ungual II (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/39) in lateral (reversed) (H1) and plantar (H2) views. I. Left astragalus (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/34) in anterior (I1), lateral (I2), posterior (I3), distal (I4), and medial (I5) views. J. Left metatarsal I (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/35) in dorsal (J1), medial (J2), proximal (J3) and distal (J4) views. Abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; af, articulation for the fibula; ai, articulation for the ilium; ap, ascending process; at, articulation for the tibia.

Fig. 2 in A new gigantic titanosaurian sauropod from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina)

Fig. 2. Simplified section of the site showing the stratigraphical position of Bustingorrytitan shiva gen. et sp. nov. (modified from Otero et al. 2011).

Fig. 1. A in A new gigantic titanosaurian sauropod from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina)

Fig. 1. A. General location map of Neuquén Province. B. Location of the fossiliferous site (asterisk) in the surroundings of Villa El Chocón, Neuquén Province (modified from Otero et al. 2011).

Fig. 7 in A new gigantic titanosaurian sauropod from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina)

Fig. 7. Strict consensus of the phylogenetic analysis, after pruning the unstable taxa, showing the different alternative positions of Andesaurus (asterisk). Bremer support values higher than 1 are shown. Note: to save space only the part of the cladogram from Patagosaurus onwards is shown.

Fig. 3 in A new gigantic titanosaurian sauropod from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina)

Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of skeletal elements of the titanosaurian sauropod Bustingorrytitan shiva gen. et sp. nov. from "Bustingorry II" site, Neuquén Province, Argentina, upper Cenomanian. Numbers correspond to MMCH-Pv specimens. The solid lines correspond to the materials extracted in the first field works February 1–10, 2001 (when the bones overlap in some sector, it is continued with stippled lines). The materials extracted during the second and third field works (November 30–December 9, 2001, and December 15–22, 2001), are indicated by dotted lines.

Fig. 5 in A new gigantic titanosaurian sauropod from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina)

Fig. 5. Forelimb bones of the titanosaurian sauropod Bustingorrytitan shiva gen. et sp. nov. from "Bustingorry II" site, Neuquén Province, Argentina, upper Cenomanian. A. Left coracoid (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/13) in lateral view. B. Left scapula (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/11) in lateral view. C. Left humerus (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/21) in proximal (C1), anterior (C2), and distal (C3) views. D. Right radius (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/22) in posterior view. E. Left sternal plate (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/15) in dorsal view. F. Articulated metacarpals I–V (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/25–29) in proximal F1), anterior (F2) and distal (F3) views. G. Right ulna (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/23) in medial (G1) and proximal (G2) views. Abbreviations: cf, coracoid foramen; gas, glenoid articular surface; igl, infraglenoid lip; I–V, metacarpals. Scale bars 200 mm.

Fig. 1. A in First known gigantic sea turtle from the Maastrichtian deposits in Egypt

Fig. 1. A. Location map of the south Western Desert of Egypt (star). B. Geologic map of the studied area at Abu Minqar.

Fig. 4 in First known gigantic sea turtle from the Maastrichtian deposits in Egypt

Fig. 4. Left humerus (NVP010) of panchelonioidean turtle, from Maastrichtian, Abu Minqar, southern Western Desert of Egypt. Photograps (A) and explanatory drawings (B), in anterior (A1, B1), dorsal (A2, B2), posterior (A3, B3), ventral (A4, B4), distal (A5, B5), and proximal (A6, B6) views.

Fig. 3. A in First known gigantic sea turtle from the Maastrichtian deposits in Egypt

Fig. 3. A. General view of Qaret Selmi, north Abu Minqar, showing the Dakhla and Tarawan formations. B. The fossiliferous siltstone and sandstone layer, showing bioturbations or enormous concentrations of ammonites (e.g., Baculites sp.), bivalves (e.g., Exogyra overwagi, Pycnodonta vesicularis, pectinids), gastropods, echinoids, corals, fossilized fruits of mangrove palm (Nypa) and vertebrate remains.

Fig. 2 in First known gigantic sea turtle from the Maastrichtian deposits in Egypt

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic section of Qaret Selmi, north Abu Miqar village, showing the Maastrichtian–Paleocene successions of Dakhla Formation.

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Fig. 1 in Role of temperature and carbonate system variability on a host-parasite system: Implications for the gigantism hypothesis

Fig. 1. Study sites along the Chilean coast (Quintay and Concepción), and variability in temperature, pH, salinity, total alkalinity, partial pressure of CO2, and aragonite saturation state. Bars indicate ± 1 standard error. Asterisk represents significant differences between sites (p <0.001).