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50 results for “global trade”
Trait variation, trade-offs, and attributes may contribute to colonization and range expansion of a globally distributed weed
Premise of the study Trait variation, trade-offs, and attributes can facilitate colonization and range expansion. We explored how those trait features compare between ancestral and non-native populations of the globally distributed weed Centaurea solstitialis. Methods We measured traits related to survival, size, reproduction, and dispersal in field sampling following major environmental gradients; that of elevation in Anatolia (ancestral range) and that of precipitation in Argentina (non-native range). We also estimated abundance. Key results We found that overall variation in traits in ancestral populations was similar to that in non-native populations. Only one trait, seed mass, displayed greater variation in ancestral than non-native populations; coincidentally, seed mass has been shown to track global range expansion of C. solstitialis. Traits displayed several associations, among which seed mass and number were positively related in both ranges. Many traits varied with elevation in the ancestral range, whereas none varied with precipitation in the non-native one. Interestingly, most traits varying with elevation within the ancestral range also displayed differences in attributes between ancestral and non-native ranges. Unexpectedly, ancestral plants were more fecund than non-native plants, but density was greater in the non-native than ancestral range, indicating that C. solstitialis survives at larger proportions in the non-native than ancestral range. Conclusions Our results suggest that maintaining levels of trait variation in non-native populations comparable to those in ancestral populations, avoiding trait trade-offs, and developing differences in trait attributes between ranges can play a major role in the success of many weeds in novel environments.
Trade-off between vegetation type, soil erosion control and surface water in global semi-arid regions: A meta-analysis
<p>Soil erosion control and water resource protection can closely interact during restoration of terrestrial ecosystems. In semi‐arid ecosystems, an urgent issue is how vegetation restoration can achieve the goal of soil erosion mitigation and water conservation, which in turn, feeds back to ecosystem functioning.</p> <p>We reviewed 78 articles from 22 countries in semi‐arid areas to evaluate the effects of vegetation type (i.e. forest, grassland and scrubland) on runoff and sediment yields across different environmental conditions (i.e. vegetation coverage, rainfall intensity, slope gradient and soil texture).</p> <p>Our meta‐analysis shows that runoff and sediment reduction both increased as the vegetation coverage increased, and tended to be stable when vegetation coverage exceeded 60%. Vegetation provided a greater benefit for sediment reduction than for runoff control under intense rainfall. Grasslands were generally more effective in reducing sediment than other vegetation types. Forests, grasslands and scrublands were most efficient in soil erosion control on 20°–30°, 0°–25° and 10°–25° slopes respectively. Grasslands and scrublands generally performed better with respect to soil erosion control on moderately coarse soils, whereas forests were most effective on medium‐textured and moderately fine soils.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications. Effective restoration and soil erosion control in semi‐arid ecosystems strongly depends on the selection of vegetation type. Our study further indicates that, for land managers, it is critical to consider local slope, and soil texture, and maintain appropriate vegetation coverage to achieve ecosystem sustainability. Grasslands might be particularly suitable to optimize the trade‐off between soil erosion control and surface water resource in semi‐arid regions.</p>
Global Energy Virtual Water Trade Network and Country Electricity Water Footprints
<p>Global energy trade accounts for between 22 and 32% of total energy consumption, approximately 2.0 x 10<sup>11</sup> GJ of energy. Based on concepts of the energy-water nexus and water footprinting, we determine the water intensity of the energy trade for 11 different energy commodities, including primary (i.e., fossil fuels) and secondary (i.e., electricity) energy. In this data description, we present a database on the water footprint of country-to-country energy trade for 2010--2018 and water intensity values of electricity for each country. The database includes the country of origin, trade partner, type of energy commodity, quantity traded, value of the energy trade, a mean water footprint value in m<sup>3</sup>, and an estimated range of uncertainty water footprint. These data provide the basis for assessing international virtual water trade, water scarcity concerns, and the environmental implications for a changing global energy system. </p>
Data from: Trade-offs and synergies between bird conservation and wildfire suppression in the face of global change
1. The combined effects of climate change and other factors, such as land use change or fire disturbance, pose daunting challenges for biodiversity conservation worldwide. 2. In this study, we predicted the future effectiveness of the Natura 2000 (N2000), the current network of protected areas (PA) in Europe, at maintaining and representing suitable environmental conditions for a set of 79 bird species between 2000 and 2050 in a fire-prone area strongly affected by land abandonment processes in NE Spain. We then compared PA performance against a set of alternative priority areas for conservation, which take into account fire–vegetation dynamics, selected by using a conservation planning tool (MARXAN). Fire–vegetation dynamics were modelled using a process-based model (MEDFIRE MODEL) under alternative fire management and climate change scenarios. Bird assemblage distributions were predicted using the spatially-explicit species assemblage modelling frameworkSESAMusing distribution models from individual species that hierarchically integrate climate change and wildfire–vegetation dynamics. 3. The amount of suitable environmental conditions within the N2000 network was predicted to fall by around 15%, on average, over the next decades in relation to the initial conditions, but could be partially modulated by fire management policies in the near future. The efficiency of the current PA system was predicted to decrease from 17.4 to 15% over the next decades. However, a more efficient PA system could be achieved with a conservation planning approach that explicitly considers fire–vegetation dynamics and their management. 4. Synthesis and applications: Our findings shed light on: (1) how the current Natura 2000 might still hold an important bird conservation value by 2050; (2) how the relocation of some protected areas could be considered along the next decades to substantially increase bird conservation effectiveness; and (3) how the integration of fire-vegetation dynamics, fire management policies and their objectives within conservation planning can provide 'win-win' solutions for bird conservation and fire prevention in fire-prone abandoned landscapes.
Trends in the global trade of live CITES-listed raptors: Trade volumes, spatiotemporal dynamics and conservation implications
<p>The global legal wildlife trade is worth US$4-20 billion to the world's economy every year. Raptors frequently enter the wildlife trade for use as display animals, by falconers or hobbyists for sport and recreation. Using data from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora's (CITES) Trade Database, we examined trends in the global, legal commercial trade of CITES-listed raptors between 1975-2020. Overall 272 raptor species were traded, totalling 188,149 individuals, with the number of traded raptors increasing over time. Hybrid Falcons (N = 50,366) were most commonly traded, comprising more than a third of the global diurnal CITES-listed raptor trade, followed by Gyrfalcons (<em>Falco rusticolus</em>; N = 30,510), Saker Falcons (<em>F. cherrug</em>; N = 21,679), Peregrine Falcons (<em>F. peregrinus</em>; N = 13,390) and Northern White-faced Owls (<em>Ptilopsis leucotis</em>; N = 6,725). More than half of wild-caught diurnal raptors were classified as globally threatened. The United Kingdom was the largest exporter of live raptors and the United Arab Emirates was the largest importer. More affluent countries were likely to import more raptors than those less affluent. Larger-bodied diurnal species were traded more relative to their smaller-bodied conspecifics. Following the introduction of the European Union's Wild Bird Trade Ban in 2005, the number of traded wild-caught raptors declined. Despite its limitations, the CITES Trade Database provides an important baseline of the legal trade of live raptors for commercial purposes. However, better understanding of illegal wildlife trade networks and smuggling routes, both on-the-ground and online, are essential for future conservation efforts.</p>
Supporting information for "Global trade-drivers in emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated health impacts"
<p>Emissions: PAH emission inventory for 17 sectors in 189 regions, input-output tables of emissions from the perspectives of primary input, final sale and final consumption, net flow patterns of emissions, the contributions of different drivers to the changes in PAH emissions (Gg) in 13 worldwide regions from 2012 to 2015.</p> <p>Health impacts: Lung cancer rates, Concentrations of BaP, lifetime lung cancer deaths in worldwide regions, input-output tables of deaths from the perspectives of primary input, final sale and final consumption, net flow patterns of deaths, the contributions of different drivers to the changes in the lifetime lung cancer deaths in 13 worldwide regions from 2012 to 2015.</p>
Global food shock and trade model
<p>Main code to run global food shock and agricultural trade model, supporting the results of Verschuur et al. (under review), "The impacts of polycrisis on global grain availability and prices".</p> <p>This includes:<br>1/ The calibration procedure per crop to quantify the calibration constants per trade flow given the present-day trade network<br>2/ The simulation analysis of various shocks, including:<br>-(i) 54 years of baseline yield variability;<br>-(ii) (i) + Ukraine war supply shock;<br>-(iii) (i) + Energy price shock;<br>-(iv) (i) + Trade bans;<br>-(v) (i) + all shocks combined</p> <p> </p> <p>All optimisation is written in Pyomo (<a href="https://www.pyomo.org/" rel="nofollow">https://www.pyomo.org/</a>) with HSL's MA27 as (non-linear) solver:<br><a href="https://github.com/coin-or-tools/ThirdParty-HSL">https://github.com/coin-or-tools/ThirdParty-HSL</a><br>Alternatively, one can run the code using the standard ipopt solver in Pyomo.<br><br>Software requirements:<br>-Python Python 3.9.12<br>-Tested on MacOS Monterey v12.2.1<br><br>Runtime:<br>-Calibration runtime depends on crop but around 1-2h.<br>-To run the shocks, runtime is around 15 minutes per modelled year.<br><br>Demo:<br>Alongside the code for the paper, we uploaded a small demo model based on the AGRODEP Spatial trade model developed by IFPRI (<a href="https://www.agrodep.org/models/agrodep-spatial-equilibrium-model" rel="nofollow">https://www.agrodep.org/models/agrodep-spatial-equilibrium-model</a>), which can help users to get familiar with spatial price equilibrium modelling. We have modified the original AGRODEP model to be in line with the trade cost formulation adopted in our paper. Runtime should be minutes.</p>
Supplementary material to Increasing health burdens driven by global trade induced air pollution
<p><span>Supplementary material to Increasing health burdens driven by global trade induced air pollution</span></p> <p><span>File Name: Supplementary Data 1 </span></p> <p><span>Description: The net flow tables of atmospheric emissions (kt) between worldwide regions in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015.</span></p> <p><span>File Name: Supplementary Data 2 </span></p> <p><span>Description: The PM2.5-related health burdens for all regions from 2000 to 2015 with confidence intervals</span></p> <p><span>File Name: Supplementary Data 3 </span></p> <p><span>Description: The contributions of different drivers to the changes in PM2.5-related health burdens for all regions from 2000 to 2015.</span></p>
Supporting data and code for: "Global unsustainable virtual water flows in agricultural trade"
<p>Supporting data and code for: "<strong>Global unsustainable virtual water flows in agricultural trade"</strong></p> <p>This file contains:</p> <p>-The code used to process trade and production data.</p> <p>- Crop- and country-specific unsustainable virtual water flows for years 2000 and 2015.</p> <p>-Crop- and country-specific sustainable and unsustainable irrigation water consumption.</p> <p> </p>
Investigating the "Too Bright" Issue Pertaining to Non-PBL Clouds over the South Pacific Trade-Wind Region in CMIP6 Global Climate Models
<p><a href="../api/records/13314147/draft/files/f09.C6.B-hist.SON_ANN.tar.gz/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">f09.C6.B-hist.SON_ANN.tar.g</a>z</p> <p>CESM2-CAM6 with falling ice radiative effects (FIREs), fully coupled run folloing CMIP6 historical run, same as CESM2-CAM6 in CMIP6 data port.</p> <p> </p> <p>The data includes with netcdf self description.</p> <p>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_AWNC_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CLDHGH_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CLDLIQ_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CLDLOW_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CLDMED_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CLDTOT_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CLOUD_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CLOUDFRAC_CLUBB_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_CONCLD_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_FREQL_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_ICWMR_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_NUMLIQ_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_OMEGA_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_PRECC_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_PRECL_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_SST_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.h01_tauy_ANN_climo-CDO.nc</p> <p><a href="../api/records/13314147/draft/files/f09.C6.B-hist.SON_ANN.tar.gz/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">f09.C6.B-hist.NOS_ANN.tar.g</a>z</p> <p>CESM2-CAM6 without falling ice radiative effects (FIREs), fully coupled run folloing CMIP6 historical run, same as CESM2-CAM6 in CMIP6 data port.</p> <p><br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_AWNC_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CDNUMC_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CLDHGH_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CLDLIQ_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CLDLOW_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CLDMED_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CLDTOT_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CLOUD_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CLOUDFRAC_CLUBB_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_CONCLD_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_FREQL_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_ICWMR_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_NUMLIQ_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_OMEGA_ANN_15L-CDO_1x1.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_PRECC_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_PRECL_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_SST_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_taux_ANN_climo-CDO.nc<br>f09.C6.B-hist.nos81_tauy_ANN_climo-CDO.nc</p>
Data from: Understanding the biological invasion risk posed by the global wildlife trade: propagule pressure drives the introduction and establishment of Nearctic turtles
Biological invasions are a key component of human-induced global change. The continuing increase in global wildlife trade has raised concerns about the parallel increase in the number of new invasive species. However, the factors that link the wildlife trade to the biological invasion process are still poorly understood. Moreover, there are analytical challenges in researching the role of global wildlife trade in biological invasions, particularly issues related to the under-reporting of introduced and established populations in areas with reduced sampling effort. In this work, we use high-quality data on the international trade in Nearctic turtles (1999–2009) coupled with a statistical modelling framework, which explicitly accounts for detection, to investigate the factors that influence the introduction (release, or escape into the wild) of globally traded Nearctic turtles and the establishment success (self-sustaining exotic populations) of slider turtles (Trachemys scripta), the most frequently traded turtle species. We found that the introduction of a species was influenced by the total number of turtles exported to a jurisdiction and the age at maturity of the species, while the establishment success of slider turtles was best associated with the propagule number (number of release events), and the number of native turtles in the jurisdiction of introduction. These results indicate both a direct and indirect association between the wildlife trade and the introduction of turtles and establishment success of slider turtles, respectively. Our results highlight the existence of gaps in the number of globally recorded introduction events and established populations of slider turtles, although the expected bias is low. We emphasize the importance of researching independently the factors that affect the different stages of the invasion pathway. Critically, we observe that the number of traded individuals might not always be an adequate proxy for propagule pressure and establishment success.
All datasets used for "How Preferential Trade Agreements Affect the Global Income Distribution: A Study of the Global Winners and Losers"
<p>These are all datasets derived from sources in the public domain. Please find below references and links to sources. Refer to websites for conditions of usage.</p> <p>Center for Systemic Peace (2018), ‘Polity5 annual time-series, 1946-2018’. Data retrieved from: https: //www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html [Last accessed: January 4th 2023].</p> <p>Dür, A., Baccini, L. & Elsig, M. (2014), ‘The design of international trade agreements: Introducing a new database’, The Review of International Organizations 9(3), 353–375.</p> <p>United Nations (2020), ‘Human Development Index (HDI)’. Data retrieved from: https://hdr.undp.org/ en/indicators/137506 [Last accessed: January 4th 2023].</p> <p>WID (2022), ‘World Inequality Database’. Data retrieved from: https://wid.world [Last accessed: January 4th 2023].</p> <p>World Bank (2022), ‘World Bank country and lending groups’. Data retrieved from: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/ 906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups [Last accessed: January 4th 2023].</p> <p> </p>
Supplementary material 4 from: Auliya M, Altherr S, Nithart C, Hughes A, Bickford D (2023) Numerous uncertainties in the multifaceted global trade in frogs' legs with the EU as the major consumer. Nature Conservation 51: 71-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.51.93868
Amphibian species assessed in the IUCN Red List that are utilized either doemticalyy/nationally and or internationally
Supplementary material 2 from: Auliya M, Altherr S, Nithart C, Hughes A, Bickford D (2023) Numerous uncertainties in the multifaceted global trade in frogs' legs with the EU as the major consumer. Nature Conservation 51: 71-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.51.93868
Anuran species assessed in the IUCN Red List with uncertainties mainly prevailing in national/international trade routes, and level of exploitation
Data from: Global invasion history of the Tropical Fire Ant: a stowaway on the first global trade routes
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Data from: Trade-offs and synergies between bird conservation and wildfire suppression in the face of global change
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Trade-off between vegetation type, soil erosion control and surface water in global semi-arid regions: A meta-analysis
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Trends in the global trade of live CITES-listed raptors: Trade volumes, spatiotemporal dynamics and conservation implications
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Data from: Ancestral origins and invasion pathways in a globally invasive bird correlate with climate and influences from bird trade
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Data from: Understanding the biological invasion risk posed by the global wildlife trade: propagule pressure drives the introduction and establishment of Nearctic turtles
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