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91 results for “glyphosate”
Data from: Herbicidal interference: Glyphosate drives both the ecology and evolution of plant-herbivore interactions
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Data from: Bumblebees can be exposed to the herbicide glyphosate whilst foraging
<p>Bee declines are attributed to multiple factors, one of which is the use of pesticides. However, there is very little research surround the effects of non-insecticidal pesticides on bees. Herbicides are one of the most applied pesticide groups globally, with glyphosate being one of the most applied pesticides in the world. When herbicides are applied to plants, the plant typically dies a few days later. In the period between herbicide application and plant death it is unknown if bumblebees would choose to forage on the herbicide treated plants, especially if there is uncontaminated healthy forage available. This dataset shows the frequency and duration of bumblebee interactions with glyphosate treated and control plants in a choice test, observing how individual foragers interacted with plants. In a second experiment, data was collected on the availability of nectar and pollen in glyphosate treated plants over a 5-6 day period, to help determine if resources remain available for bees to collect whilst the plant was dying. We observed that bees chose to forage on both glyphosate treated and control plants indiscriminately. We also observed that bees spent significantly less time collecting nectar from each individual flower indicating a potential deterrent effect. We also found that over time, plants had a lower standing crop of nectar after treatment with glyphosate. These results suggest that bees could be exposed to herbicide whilst foraging in the environment.</p>
Conservation implications of herbicides on seagrasses: sublethal glyphosate exposure decreases fitness in the endangered Zostera capensis
<p>Dataset containing morphological, biomass and chlorophyll responses of the seagrass, Zostera capensis, to sublethal glyphosate exposure over a 3 week exposure period.</p>
Glyphosate Crithidia Publication Supporting Datasets and Analysis Straw and Brown
<p>The raw data, analysis and meta-data for each individual analysis within the publication. </p> <p>Files prior to revision</p>
Amaranthus palmeri EPSPS copy number and glyphosate resistance variation
<p>Gene copy number variation (CNV) has been increasingly associated with organismal responses to environmental stress, but we know little about the quantitative relation between CNV and phenotypic variation. In this study we quantify the relation between variation in <i>EPSPS</i> (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) copy number using digital drop PCR and variation in phenotypic glyphosate resistance in 22 populations of <i>Amaranthus palmeri</i> (Palmer Amaranth), a range-expanding agricultural weed. Overall, we detected a significant positive relation between population mean copy number and resistance. The majority of populations exhibited high glyphosate resistance yet maintained low-resistance individuals, resulting in bimodality in many populations. We also investigated threshold models for the relation between copy number and resistance, and found evidence for a threshold of ~15 <i>EPSPS</i> copies: there was a steep increase in resistance below the threshold, followed by a much shallower increase. Across 924 individuals, as copy number increases the range of variation in resistance decreases, yielding an increasing frequency of high phenotypic resistance individuals. Among populations <span>we detected a decline in variation (s.d.) as mean phenotypic resistance increased from moderate to high, consistent with the prediction that as phenotypic resistance increases in populations, stabilizing selection decreases variation in the trait. Our study demonstrates that populations of <i>A. palmeri</i> can harbour wide variation in <i>EPSPS</i> copy number and phenotypic glyphosate resistance, reflecting the history of, and template for future, resistance evolution.</span></p>
Pathways of glyphosate effects on litter decomposition in grasslands
<p>1. Grasslands store a third of global terrestrial carbon but are vulnerable to carbon loss due to inappropriate livestock grazing. Grasslands management can be improved with a mechanistic understanding of biogeochemical processes that determine carbon storage, such as plant litter decomposition.</p> <p>2. Herbicides, such as glyphosate, are used to improve the quantity and quality of the forage. In the Flooding Pampa, the most extensive cattle-grazed natural grassland and one of the few remnant temperate grasslands in South America, glyphosate is applied to promote <em>Lolium</em> <em>multiflorum</em>, a forage grass associated with a fungal endophyte non-toxic for cattle.</p> <p>3. We studied five mechanistic pathways in which the application of glyphosate can alter litter decomposition. We grouped them into single application pathways, through effects on living plants (1), leaf litter (2) and bare soil (3), and repeated annual application pathways, through legacies on ecosystem properties (4) and through the growth of an annual forage grass with a fungal endophyte (5). Single application pathways were tested in a greenhouse experiment using leaf litter of <em>L. multiflorum</em> and of a native dominant grass. Repeated annual application pathways were tested through a field experiment with 3-year annual glyphosate application using leaf and root litter of <em>L. multiflorum</em> with and without endophyte association.</p> <p>4. Glyphosate application on living plants produced leaf litter with 70% higher nitrogen content and 140% higher decomposition constant than naturally senesced litter. In contrast, glyphosate application on naturally senesced leaf litter reduced decomposition constant by 20%. Glyphosate application on the soil did not affect the decomposition of naturally senesced leaf litter but accelerated the decomposition of the glyphosate-killed plants even more.</p> <p>5. Legacies of repeated annual application of glyphosate resulted in a notable reduction in plant cover (45%) and potential soil respiration (57%), with a consistent acceleration of leaf (53%) and root (18%) litter decomposition. Furthermore, the association of endophytes in <em>L</em>. <em>multiflorum</em> plants reduced leaf litter decomposition by 22%. On the contrary, the association of endophytes did not alter root litter decomposition.</p> <p>6. Glyphosate application on living plants and legacies of repeated application on the ecosystem stimulate litter decomposition, which can result in a net carbon loss from grasslands. In other ecosystems, the net result on decomposition would depend on the relative cover of vegetation, aboveground litter, and bare soil. This study highlights that glyphosate application should be considered when evaluating sustainable management to preserve and enhance soil carbon storage in grasslands.</p>
The number of glyphosate resistant seeds produced by each of three bee species as they visit alfalfa flowers in sequence during a foraging bout
<p>Since the release of genetically engineered (GE) crops, there has been increased concern about the introduction of GE genes into non-GE fields of a crop and their spread to feral or wild cross-compatible relatives. More recently, attention has been given to the differential impact of distinct pollinators on gene flow, with the goal of developing isolation distances associated with specific managed pollinators. To examine the differential impact of bee species on gene movement, we <span>quantified the relationship between the probability of getting a GE seed in a pod, and the order in which a flower was visited, or the cumulative distance traveled by a bee in a foraging bout. We refer to these relationships as 'seed curves' and compare these seeds curves among three bee species. </span>The experiments used <em><span>Medicago sativa</span></em><span> L. plants carrying three copies of the glyphosate resistance (GR) allele as pollen donors (<em>M. sativa</em> is a tetraploid), such that each pollen grain carried the GR allele, and conventional plants as pollen recipients. </span><span>Different foraging metrics, including the number of GR seeds produced over a foraging bout, were also quantified and contrasted among bee species. The lowest number of GR seeds set per foraging bout, and the GR seeds set at the shortest distances, were produced following leafcutting bee visits. In contrast, GR seeds were found at the longest distances following bumble bee visits. Values for honey bees were intermediate. The ranking of bee species based on seed curves correlated well with field-based gene flow estimates. Thus, differential seed curves of bee species, which describe patterns of seed production within foraging bouts, translated into distinct abilities of bee species to move genes at a landscape level. Bee behavior at a local scale (foraging bout) helps predict gene flow and </span><span>the spread of GE genes at the landscape scale. </span></p>
Integrating perennial biomass crops into crop rotations: How to remove miscanthus and switchgrass without glyphosate
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Perennial energy grasses have gained attention in recent years as a promising resource for the bioeconomy because of their benign environmental profile, high stress tolerance, high biomass yields and low input requirements. Currently, strong breeding efforts are being made to extend the range of commercially available miscanthus and switchgrass genotypes. In order to foster farmers' acceptance of these crops, and especially of novel hybrids, more information is required about how they can be efficiently integrated into cropping rotations, how they can be removed at the end of their productive lifespan, and what effect they have on subsequently grown crops. Farmers in Europe are meanwhile increasingly constrained in the methods available to them to remove these crops, and there is a risk that the herbicide glyphosate, which has been used in many studies to remove them, will be banned in coming years. This study looks at the removal of seven-year-old stands of miscanthus and switchgrass over one year at an experimental site in Southern-Germany. Three novel miscanthus genotypes were studied, alongside one variety of switchgrass, and the impact of each crop's removal on the yield of maize grown as a follow-on crop was examined. A combination of soil tillage and grass herbicides for maize cultivation was successful in controlling miscanthus regrowth, such that yields of maize grown after miscanthus did not differ significantly from yields of maize grown in monoculture rotation (18.1 t dry biomass ha<sup>-1</sup>). Yields of maize grown after switchgrass (14.4 t dry biomass ha<sup>-1</sup>) were significantly lower than maize in monoculture rotation caused by insufficient control of switchgrass regrowth by the applied maize herbicide. Although some regrowth of miscanthus and switchgrass was observed in the follow-on crop maize, complete eradication of both crops was achieved by subsequent winter wheat cultivation.</span></p>
Pathways of glyphosate effects on litter decomposition in grasslands
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The number of glyphosate resistant seeds produced by each of three bee species as they visit alfalfa flowers in sequence during a foraging bout
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Amaranthus palmeri EPSPS copy number and glyphosate resistance variation
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Data from: Bumblebees can be exposed to the herbicide glyphosate whilst foraging
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Integrating perennial biomass crops into crop rotations: How to remove miscanthus and switchgrass without glyphosate
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Data from: Impact of field-realistic doses of glyphosate and nutritional stress on mosquito life history-traits and susceptibility to malaria parasite infection
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Data for: Risk in the circular food economy: Glyphosate-based herbicide residues in manure fertilizers decrease crop yield
<p>Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most frequently used herbicides globally. They were launched as a safe solution for weed control, but recently, an increasing number of studies have shown the existence of GBH residues and highlighted the associated risks they pose throughout ecosystems. Conventional agricultural practices often include the use of GBHs, and the use of glyphosate-resistant genetically modified crops is largely based on the application of glyphosate, which increases the likelihood of its residues ending up in animal feed. These residues persist throughout the digestive process of production animals and accumulate in their excretion products. The poultry industry, in particular, is rapidly growing, and excreted products are used as plant fertilizers in line with circular food economy practices. We studied the potential effects of unintentional glyphosate contamination on an agronomically important forage grass, meadow fescue (<i>Festuca pratensis</i>) and a horticulturally important strawberry (<i>Fragaria x vescana</i>) using glyphosate residues containing poultry manure as a plant fertilizer in a common garden experiment. Glyphosate in the manure decreased plant growth in both species and vegetative reproduction in <i>F. x vescana</i>. Furthermore, our results indicate that glyphosate residues in organic fertilizers might have indirect effects on sexual reproduction in <i>F. pratensis</i> and herbivory in <i>F. x vescana</i> because they positively correlate with plant size. Our results highlight that glyphosate can be unintentionally spread via organic fertilizer, counteracting its ability to promote plant growth.</p>
No evidence for early fitness penalty in glyphosate-resistant biotypes of Conyza canadensis: common garden experiments in the absence of glyphosate
<p>Strong selection from herbicides has led to the rapid evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds, greatly complicating weed management efforts worldwide. In particular, overreliance on glyphosate, the active ingredient in RoundUp®, has spurred the evolution of resistance to this herbicide in ≥40 species. Previously, we reported that <i>Conyza canadensis</i> (horseweed) has evolved extreme resistance to glyphosate, surviving at 40x the original 1x effective dosage. Here, we tested for underlying fitness effects of glyphosate resistance to better understand whether resistance could persist indefinitely in this self-pollinating, annual weed. We sampled seeds from a single maternal plant ("biotype") at each of 26 horseweed populations in Iowa, representing 9 susceptible biotypes (S), 8 with low-level resistance (LR), and 9 with extreme resistance (ER). In 2016 and 2017, we compared early growth rates and bolting dates of these biotypes in common garden experiments at two sites near Ames, Iowa. Nested ANOVAs showed that, as a group, ER biotypes attained similar or larger rosette size after 6 weeks compared to S or LR biotypes, which were similar to each other in size. Also, ER biotypes bolted 1-2 weeks earlier than S or LR biotypes. These fitness-related traits also varied among biotypes within the same resistance category, and time to bolting was inversely correlated with rosette size across all biotypes. Disease symptoms affected 40% of all plants in 2016 and 78% in 2017, so we did not attempt to measure lifetime fecundity. In both years, the frequency of disease symptoms was greatest in S biotypes and similar in LR vs. ER biotypes. Overall, our findings indicate there is no early growth penalty and possibly no lifetime fitness penalty associated with glyphosate resistance, including extremely strong resistance. We conclude that glyphosate resistance is likely to persist in horseweed populations, with or without continued selection pressure from exposure to glyphosate.</p>
Female preference and adverse developmental effects of glyphosate-based herbicides on ecologically relevant traits in Japanese quail
<p>Controversial glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most frequently used herbicides globally. An increasing number of studies have identified GBH residues in soil, water and even human food that may expose non-target organism including wildlife, livestock, and humans to health risks. After a heated debate, European Union allowed the use of GBHs to continue until 2022, after which their risks will be re-evaluated. Thus, decision makers urgently need scientific evidence on GBH residues and their possible effects on ecosystems. An important, yet neglected, aspect is to assess whether animals show preference or avoidance for GBH contaminated food, as it can influence the likelihood of adverse health effects in wildlife. Here, using Japanese quails (<i>Coturnix japonica</i>) as our model, we show that females preferred GBH-contaminated food compared to control food. In females, exposure to GBHs caused delayed plumage development, and GBH residues were present in eggs, muscles and liver. These results indicate that female preference is not adaptive, potentially exposing non-target animals to greater risk of adverse effects of GBHs in natural and agricultural environments. Our results on tissue residues suggest that further studies are needed to understand the risks of such residues in the food chain.</p>
Data from: Accounting for multiple comparisons in statistical analysis of the extensive bioassay data on glyphosate
<p>Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide worldwide. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reviewed glyphosate cancer bioassays and human studies, declared that the evidence for carcinogenicity of glyphosate is sufficient in experimental animals. We analyzed ten glyphosate rodent bioassays, including those in which IARC found evidence of carcinogenicity, using a meta-analytic procedure that adjusts for the large number of tumors eligible for statistical testing and provides valid false-positive probabilities. The test statistics for these global tests are functions of p-values from a standard test for dose-response trends applied to each specific type of tumor. We evaluated three global tests, using as test statistics the smallest p-value from a standard statistical test for dose-response trend and the number of such tests for which the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05 or 0.01. The false-positive probabilities obtained from two implementations of these three global tests are: smallest p-value: 0.26, 0.17, p-values ≤ 0.05: 0.08, 0.12, p-values ≤ 0.01: 0.06, 0.08. In addition, we found more evidence for negative dose-response trends than positive. Thus, we found no strong evidence that glyphosate is an animal carcinogen. The main cause for the discrepancy between IARC's finding and ours appears to be that IARC did not account for the large number of statistical tests performed in the bioassays they reviewed and the resulting multiple comparison problem. This work provides a more comprehensive analysis of the animal carcinogenicity data for this important herbicide than previously available.</p>
In-depth comparative toxicogenomics of glyphosate and Roundup herbicides: Histopathology, transcriptome and epigenome signatures, and DNA damage
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Whether or not glyphosate activates cellular mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis remains controversial. We tested whether glyphosate and three glyphosate-based commercial herbicide formulations activate mechanisms known to be key characteristics of carcinogens. The mammalian stem cell-based genotoxicity ToxTracker assay showed that the representative EU formulation Roundup MON 52276 and the UK formulation Roundup MON 76473, but not glyphosate and the US Roundup formulation MON 76207, activated oxidative stress and unfolded protein responses. High-throughput molecular profiling of liver function was performed in female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to glyphosate or MON 52276 (both at 0.5, 50, 175 mg/kg bw/day glyphosate equivalent concentration) for 90 days. Histopathology and serum biochemistry analysis showed that MON 52276 but not glyphosate treatment increased hepatic steatosis and necrosis. MON 52276 and glyphosate altered the expression of genes in liver reflecting TP53 activation by DNA damage and the regulation of circadian rhythms. The most affected genes in liver also had their expression similarly altered in kidneys. Small RNA profiling in liver showed miR-22 and miR-17 had their levels decreased by MON 52276, while mir-30 levels were decreased, whilst miR-10 levels were increased by glyphosate. DNA methylation profiling of liver revealed 5,727 and 4,496 differentially methylated CpG sites between the control and glyphosate and MON 52276 exposed groups of animals respectively. Direct DNA damage measurement by apurinic/apyrimidinic lesion formation in liver was increased with glyphosate exposure. Altogether, our results show that Roundup herbicide formulations are causing more biological changes than glyphosate alone, activating mechanisms involved in cellular carcinogenesis.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Replication Package for: Down the River: Glyphosate Use in Agriculture and Birth Outcomes of Surrounding Populations
<p>This package contains all the code necessary to reproduce the figures and tables in Dias, Rocha, and Soares (Forthcoming). “Down the River: Glyphosate Use in Agriculture and Birth Outcomes of Surrounding Populations”. Review of Economic Studies. We also provide the raw data and the codes necessary to generate the final datasets. The only raw datasets not provided are the births, mortality, and Census microdata due to their size. We provide the cleaned and aggregated data we use and indicate how to access these (and all other) datasets.</p>
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