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FIGURE 5 in A New Species of Whip-Like Gorgonian Coral in the Genus Swiftia from the Gulf of the Farallones in Central California, with a Key to Eastern Pacific Species in California (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Plexauridae)

FIGURE 5. Swiftia farallonesica sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs of coenenchymal sclerites — eight radiates. Scale bar = 0.03 mm.

FIGURE 6 in A New Species of Whip-Like Gorgonian Coral in the Genus Swiftia from the Gulf of the Farallones in Central California, with a Key to Eastern Pacific Species in California (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Plexauridae)

FIGURE 6. Swiftia farallonesica sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs of coenenchymal sclerites — spindles. Scale bar = 0.03 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A New Species of Whip-Like Gorgonian Coral in the Genus Swiftia from the Gulf of the Farallones in Central California, with a Key to Eastern Pacific Species in California (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Plexauridae)

FIGURE 3. Swiftia farallonesica sp. nov. Underwater photographs taken in situ by ROV, between 181 and 190 m in depth, 6 September 2014.

FIGURE 8 in A New Species of Whip-Like Gorgonian Coral in the Genus Swiftia from the Gulf of the Farallones in Central California, with a Key to Eastern Pacific Species in California (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Plexauridae)

FIGURE 8. Map of the Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary (central California, USA), showing type locality of Swiftia farallonesica sp. nov. (represented by red triangle). Map modified from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2014).

FIGURE 4 in Illustrated Key and Synopses of Shallow-water Gorgonians and Pennatulaceans of the Central Philippines, Part 2 (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia)

FIGURE 4. Keroeides gracilis. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites from the coenenchyme and calyces (CASIZ 201396). A-D, sclerites from the coenenchymal surface. E-N, sclerites from various calyces. Scale bar = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 3. Keroeides gracilis. A in Illustrated Key and Synopses of Shallow-water Gorgonians and Pennatulaceans of the Central Philippines, Part 2 (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia)

FIGURE 3. Keroeides gracilis. A. Entire wet-preserved colony (CASIZ 201396); scale bar = 30 mm. B. Detail of lower portion of colony in A; scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Illustrated Key and Synopses of Shallow-water Gorgonians and Pennatulaceans of the Central Philippines, Part 2 (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia)

FIGURE 1. Map of the Philippine Archipelago, showing major islands of the central Philippines shaded in blue.

FIGURE 6. Anthogorgia spp. Wet-preserved specimens. A in Illustrated Key and Synopses of Shallow-water Gorgonians and Pennatulaceans of the Central Philippines, Part 2 (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia)

FIGURE 6. Anthogorgia spp. Wet-preserved specimens. A. Anthogorgia sp. 2, partial colony (CASIZG 207505), scale bar = 50 mm. B. Anthogorgia sp. 1, partial colony (CASIZG 222412), scale bar = 30 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Illustrated Key and Synopses of Shallow-water Gorgonians and Pennatulaceans of the Central Philippines, Part 2 (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia)

FIGURE 2. Underwater photographs of various species of Melithaea from the central Philippine islands; those in A, C, and D were formerly included in the genus Acabaria, which is now considered as a junior synonym of Melithaea.

FIGURE 5 in Illustrated Key and Synopses of Shallow-water Gorgonians and Pennatulaceans of the Central Philippines, Part 2 (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia)

FIGURE 5. Anthogorgia sp. indet. Underwater photographs, Calumpan Peninsula, March/April 2017. A. Anthocodiae retracted into the domelike proximal parts of the polyps. B. Anthocodiae fully expanded from the cylindrical proximal parts of the polyps.

FIGURE 15 in X-ray Microanalysis and the Chemical Elemental Composition of Gorgonian and Pennatulacean Axial Structures (Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 15. Line chart of the between-taxa elemental weight percentage comparison of both gorgonians and sea pens

FIGURE 12 in X-ray Microanalysis and the Chemical Elemental Composition of Gorgonian and Pennatulacean Axial Structures (Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 12. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) linescan dataset. (A) EDS linescan site of interest BSE image in a cross-sectional view of a sea pen Stylatula sp. axial skeleton acquired by INCA Energy software using same region as Figure 11, horizontal linescan through the middle of the axis was applied for EDS analysis to examine the distribution of elements along the line. Scale bar = 900 μm. (B) Element linescan result displaying grouped linescans as colored: carbon (red), oxygen (orange), fluorine (yellow), sodium (green), magnesium (light green), aluminum (bright green), silicon (aqua), sulfur (light blue), calcium (blue), strontium (pink), ytterbium (purple), iron (hot pink).

FIGURE 10 in X-ray Microanalysis and the Chemical Elemental Composition of Gorgonian and Pennatulacean Axial Structures (Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 10. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) linescan dataset. (A) EDS linescan site of interest BSE image in a cross-sectional view of a sea pen Virgularia sp. axial skeleton acquired by INCA Energy software using same region as Figure 9, horizontal linescan through the middle of the axis was applied for EDS analysis to examine the distribution of elements along the line. (B) Element linescan result displaying grouped linescans as colored: carbon (purple), oxygen (bright green), fluorine (pink), sodium (blue), magnesium (green), sulfur (teal), chlorine (red), calcium (light green), ytterbium (gold). (C) Sum spectrum of the linescan. Scale bar = 1 mm. (D) Bar chart of the quantitative results from the sum spectrum.

FIGURE 9 in X-ray Microanalysis and the Chemical Elemental Composition of Gorgonian and Pennatulacean Axial Structures (Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 9. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of a cross-sectional view of a sea pen Virgularia sp. axial skeleton. (A) In this secondary electron (SE) image a great degree of the radiating patterns well-arranged across the whole axial surface can be observed, such character is also used in the morphological phylogenetic studies of the calcaxonian gorgonians and sea pens. Scale bar = 200 μm. (B) Back-scattered electron (BSE) image. There seemed to be some chemical composition contrast appearing darker in the central portion of the axis, though several between-site area scans were performed, yet no differences in chemical composition can be found (data not shown); however, the between-site changes on weight percentage value of some elements can be detected as shown in the next Figure 10B. Scale bar = 200 μm.

FIGURE 5 in X-ray Microanalysis and the Chemical Elemental Composition of Gorgonian and Pennatulacean Axial Structures (Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of a cross-sectional view of a gorgonian Ellisella sp. axial skeleton. (A) Secondary electron (SE) image. The axis of Ellisella sp. is featured by the concentric growth rings resembling that in trees, also by the slightly radiating patterns on the surface. These characters are useful for comparative morphology studies on calcaxonian gorgonians and sea pens. Scale bar = 200 μm. (B) Back-scattered electron (BSE) image. The compositional change is minute since again no detectable contrast is observed in the image though the topographical contrast is apparent like that in the SE image. Scale bar = 200 μm.

FIGURE 2 in X-ray Microanalysis and the Chemical Elemental Composition of Gorgonian and Pennatulacean Axial Structures (Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 2. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) area scan dataset. (A) EDS site of interest BSE image in a cross-sectional view of a gorgonian Isis hippuris axial skeleton acquired by INCA Energy software using the same region as Figure 1, where spectrum 1 was collected across the full span of the maximum horizontal length of the axial surface and spectrum 2 was collected across the full span of the maximum vertical length of the axial surface. Scale bar = 100 μm. (B) Bar chart of the quantitative results from (C) spectrum 1 for reference in that the analytical results of the two sites are fairly similar as presented in Table 1.

Fig. 4 in Two new species of deep-water Calcigorgia gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Kurile Islands, Sea of Okhotsk, with a review of distinctive characters of the known species of the genus

Fig. 4. Calcigorgia matua sp. nov., holotype (MIMB 20722), sclerites from the coenenchyme. A. Clubs with a head consisting of leafy processes. B. Warty clubs. C. Spindles. D. Well calcified capstans. E. Capstans with less developed processes. F. Ovals. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 13 in Two new species of deep-water Calcigorgia gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Kurile Islands, Sea of Okhotsk, with a review of distinctive characters of the known species of the genus

Fig. 13. Calcigorgia simushiri sp. nov., paratype (MIMB 20703), sclerites of the coenenchyme. A. Ovals. B. Capstans with unequally developed ends. C. Capstans (8-radiate sclerites) with symmetrically developed end with well calcified processes. D. Capstans (8-radiate sclerites) with less calcified processes. E. Spindles. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 9 in Two new species of deep-water Calcigorgia gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Kurile Islands, Sea of Okhotsk, with a review of distinctive characters of the known species of the genus

Fig. 9. Calcigorgia simushiri sp. nov., holotype (MIMB 20721), sclerites from the lower part of the polyp body wall. A. Densely ornamented short clubs. B. Longer clubs with slightly curved handles. C. Clublike spindle. D. Spindles densely ornamented with inclined conical hillocks. E. Ovals. F. Capstans ornamented with girdled warts. G. Thick spindles covered by warts tending to be girdled. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 7 in Two new species of deep-water Calcigorgia gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Kurile Islands, Sea of Okhotsk, with a review of distinctive characters of the known species of the genus

Fig. 7. Calcigorgia simushiri sp. nov., holotype (MIMB 20721), sclerites from the tentacles of polyp. A. Clubs. B. Club-like spindles. C. Spindles ornamented with tubercles. D. Spindles ornamented with conical hillocks inclined toward the spindle ends. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.