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58 results for “ground nesting”
Fig. 1 in A new technique in the excavation of ground-nest bee burrows (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
Fig. 1. Rubber refills used as tracer for excavation: (A) with graded marks, and (B) glued to each other by their extremities tracing an Epicharis fasciata nest gallery. (C) Posterior gallery excavation in of Epicharis fasciata nests in order to obtain randomly placed brood cells around the rubber refill tracer.
Habitat geometry rather than visual acuity limits the visibility of a ground-nesting bird's clutch to terrestrial predators
<p><span>The nests of ground-nesting birds rely heavily on camouflage for their survival, and predation risk, often linked to ecological changes from human activity, is a major source of mortality. </span>Numerous ground-nesting bird populations are in decline, so understanding the effects of camouflage on their nesting behaviour is of relevance to their conservation concern. Habitat three-dimensional (3D) geometry together with predator visual abilities, viewing distance, and viewing angle determine whether a nest is either visible, occluded or too far away to detect. While this link is intuitive, few studies have investigated how fine-scale geometry is likely to help defend nests from different predator guilds. We quantified nest visibility based on 3D occlusion, camouflage, and predator visual modelling in northern lapwing, <em>Vanellus vanellus</em>, on different land management regimes. <span>Lapwings selected local backgrounds that had a higher 3D complexity at a spatial scale greater than their entire clutches compared to local control sites. Importantly, our findings show that habitat geometry – rather than predator visual acuity – restricts nest visibility to terrestrial predators, and that their field habitats perceived by humans as open are functionally closed with respect to a terrestrial predator searching for nests on the ground. </span>Taken together with lapwings' careful nest site selection, our findings highlight the importance of considering habitat geometry for understanding the evolutionary ecology and management of conservation sites for ground-nesting birds.</p>
Habitat geometry rather than visual acuity limits the visibility of a ground-nesting bird's clutch to terrestrial predators
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Data from: Associations between soil characteristics and ground-nesting bees on farms
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Figure 1. - Nesting habitat of Xylocopanasalis; A nesting habitat of Xylocopanasalis on a makeshift roof of a restaurant in Suan Pheung district, Ratch Buri province, Thailand. The red arrows indicate locations where the bamboo culms were arranged ca. 2.50 m above the ground (1a and 1b). At the nest entrance, the female of Xylocopanasalis was dehydrating the nectar previously foraged (1c).
Figure 1. - Nesting habitat of Xylocopanasalis; A nesting habitat of Xylocopanasalis on a makeshift roof of a restaurant in Suan Pheung district, Ratch Buri province, Thailand. The red arrows indicate locations where the bamboo culms were arranged ca. 2.50 m above the ground (1a and 1b). At the nest entrance, the female of Xylocopanasalis was dehydrating the nectar previously foraged (1c).
FIGURE 4 in A trunk-nesting form of the processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster lunifer (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) restricted to a single host species Corymbia tessellaris (Myrtaceae), with some comparisons to the ground-nesting form
FIGURE 4 Frequency plot of the head capsule widths of Ochrogaster lunifer tree-hugger larvae.
The decline of ground-nesting birds in Europe: do we need to manage predation in addition to habitat?
<p>Bird populations are declining globally with losses recorded in many European breeding birds. Habitat management measures have not resulted in a widespread reversal of these declines. We analysed national bird population trends from ten European countries (France, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK) in relation to the species' nesting strategy ('ground-nesting' or 'other'), Annex I designation ('designated' or 'not designated') and association with agricultural habitats for breeding ('associated' or 'not associated'). For each country in our dataset, we also defined the following factors: farming intensity; predator community complexity; and predator control effort. Our results showed additive effects of nesting strategy, designation, and breeding habitats on the likelihood of population decline. Ground-nesting birds were 86% more likely to decline than birds with other nesting strategies. Annex I designated species of the Birds Directive were 50% less likely to decline than non-designated birds. Birds breeding primarily in agricultural habitats were more likely to decline than birds breeding in other habitats, interactively with farming intensity. Homogenous trends across Europe (i.e., trends in two or more countries that were either not declining in all countries or declining in all countries) indicate that the probability of population decline was related to nesting strategy and breeding habitat, with ground-nesting birds being 15.6 times more likely than other birds to have a declining trend across Europe, and birds nesting in agricultural habitat being 17.8 times more likely than birds nesting in other habitats to have a declining trend across Europe. Our results highlight a widespread challenge, therefore widespread instruments (e.g. legislation, economic policies, agri-environment schemes) will be required to reserve these declines. Ground-nesting species requirements can be complex and multiple strategies will be needed to restore populations including the development of predation management tools.</p>
Data from: Do ditch-side electrical fences improve the breeding productivity of ground-nesting waders?
<p class="MsoNormal">I<span>nsufficient reproduction as a consequence of predation on eggs and chicks is a major determinant of population decline in ground-nesting birds, including waders. For many populations, there is an urgent need to maintain breeding populations at key sites, and conservation practitioners need to find viable management solutions to reduce predation.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">One tool available to the practitioner are fences that exclude key predators from areas containing breeding birds. Temporary electric fencing is an increasingly popular predator exclusion intervention, but such fences have costs associated with purchase and the time needed to erect and maintain them. Their effectiveness and optimal application are also frequently questioned.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">We evaluate the use of temporary ditch-side four-strand electric fences in lowland grasslands in two countries, The Netherlands and England, in areas containing high densities of breeding waders.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In both countries and in all years, godwit and lapwing nest survival was significantly higher within areas enclosed by ditch-side electric fences. Brood survival, assessed for godwits in The Netherlands, was also higher within fenced areas in all years. This demonstrates that using temporary electric fences to enclose ground-nesting birds can be an effective tool for improving breeding productivity.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In our study, closely managed electric fences were effective at excluding red foxes <em>Vulpes vulpes</em>, but not avian and other mammalian predators. The positive effect that electric fencing had on nest and brood survival therefore likely results from a reduction in the total number of visits by mammalian predators, and especially visits by foxes.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Although it requires a substantial time investment throughout the period of use, our temporary electric fence design provides flexibility compared to other fence designs when it comes to enclosing different areas within a season and between years, as the targets for protection change or as land and flood management dictate. <span>This conservation intervention can help buy the time required to develop and implement longer term solutions for application at larger scales.</span></p>
Subarctic afforestation: effects of forest plantations on ground-nesting birds in lowland Iceland
<p>Planting forests is a commonly suggested measure to mitigate climate change. The resulting changes in habitat structure can greatly influence the diversity and abundance of pre-existing wildlife. Understanding these consequences is key for avoiding unintended impacts of afforestation on habitats and populations of conservation concern. Afforestation in lowland Iceland has been gaining momentum in recent years and further increases are planned. Iceland supports internationally important breeding populations of several ground-nesting, migratory bird species that mostly breed in open habitats. If afforestation impacts the distribution and abundance of these species, the consequences may be apparent throughout their non-breeding ranges across Europe and Africa. To quantify the effects of plantation forests on the abundance and distribution of ground-nesting birds (in particular waders, Charadriiformes), surveys were conducted on 161 transects (surrounding 118 plantations) perpendicular to forest edges throughout Iceland. The resulting variation in density with distance from plantation was used to estimate the likely changes in bird numbers resulting from future afforestation plans, and to explore the potential effects of different planting configuration (size and number of forest patches) scenarios. Of seven wader species, densities of five (golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria), whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus), dunlin (Calidris alpina) and black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa)) in the 200 m surrounding plantations were just over half of those further away (up to 700 m). Redshank (Tringa totanus) densities were lowest <150 m from the plantation edge while snipe (Gallinago gallinago) densities were 50% higher close to plantations (0-50 m) than further away (51-700 m), and no consistent effects of plantation height, diameter, density or type were identified. Plantations are typically small and widespread, and simulated scenarios indicated that total declines in bird abundance resulting from planting trees in one large block (1000 ha) could result in only ~11% of the declines predicted from planting multiple small blocks (1 ha) in similar habitats. Synthesis and application: The severe impact that planting forests in open landscapes can have on populations of ground-nesting birds emphasises the need for strategic planning of tree-planting schemes. Given Iceland's statutory commitments to species protection and the huge contribution of Iceland to global migratory bird flyways, these are challenges that must be addressed quickly, before population-level impacts are observed across migratory ranges.</p>
Contrasting effects of vineyard type, soil and landscape factors on ground- versus above-ground nesting bees
<p><span>1. Agricultural intensification and abandonment of traditional agricultural practices are main drivers of current insect declines. The resulting loss of feeding and nesting opportunities has led to a decrease in pollinator populations like wild bees. While the restoration of floral resources has been widely implemented in wild bee conservation, nesting resources, particularly for ground-nesting species, are barely considered.</span></p> <p><span>2. We assessed wild bee diversity in a wine-growing area in Germany in 15 study sites along a soil gradient and evaluated whether wild bees were distinctly affected by different vineyard types (vertically oriented, terraced, abandoned), local conditions (e.g. shrub and flower cover), and landscape factors in response to divergent nesting needs (above-ground vs. ground-nesting). </span></p> <p><span>3. We found that wild bees responded more strongly to the availability of nesting sites than to flower resources. While ground-nesting bees were determined by the suitability of soil aspects for nesting irrespective of vineyard management types, above-ground nesting bees profited from vineyard abandonment and shrub encroachment in vineyard fallows and were enhanced by the availability of seminatural habitats (SNH) in the surrounding landscape. In contrast, floral resource availability in managed vineyards had only marginal effects on above-ground-nesting bees.</span></p> <p><span>4. Synthesis and applications: Life history traits like nesting strategies have long been neglected in wild bee conservation approaches, but proved to be highly relevant, especially for ground-nesting bees. For this, agri-environmental schemes can no longer solely focus on the restoration of floral resources, but should equally address nesting resources. Therefore, management efforts for enhancing wild bees in vineyard landscapes should aim at complementing nesting resources for ground-nesting bees (e.g. exposed bare ground patches) and above-ground-nesting bees (e.g. woody elements, hedges) in addition to floral resources. At the landscape level, conserving heterogeneous landscapes at a mixture of actively managed vineyards and semi-natural and woody elements is significant to maintain diverse bee communities. </span></p>
Grassland extensification enhances nest densities of ground-nesting wild bees
<ol> <li>Ground-nesting wild bees provide essential pollination services in agroecosystems, but they are jeopardized by intensive agricultural management. To mitigate such negative impacts, agri-environment schemes have been implemented. While the success of enhancing floral food resources is relatively well studied, the role of agri-environmental schemes in providing suitable nesting habitat remains underexplored.</li> <li>We studied the effectiveness of meadow extensification according to the Swiss agri-environment scheme in promoting nesting of ground-nesting bees. Using a paired design, we quantified their nests during four rounds (March-June) in pairs of nine randomly selected extensively (i.e. no fertilizer input, postponed first mowing) and nine intensively managed meadows with similar soil properties, slope, exposure and landscape context. Nest numbers and vegetation characteristics were surveyed in areas of 250 m<sup>2</sup>. Vegetation properties were also assessed in 0.5 m × 0.5 m plots around nest locations and randomly selected locations without nests within each meadow to assess their role as drivers of nesting incidence (nest presence/absence) at this plot scale.</li> <li>We found substantially higher nest numbers of ground-nesting bees in extensively (mean ± SE per sampling round = 46.8 ± 14.2) compared to intensively managed meadows (0.8 ± 0.3; no nests in three out of nine intensively managed meadows). Extensively managed meadows harboured nests of several dominant crop pollinator species, including aggregations of e.g. <em>Lasioglossum malachurum</em> contributing to high nest densities in some of them. Number of nests was negatively related to grass cover and vegetation height, which were lower in extensively compared to intensively managed meadows. Plot-level nesting incidence increased with bare ground and moss cover, and decreased with grass cover.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications.</em> Our study shows that extensively managed meadows are better nesting habitats for ground-nesting bees than intensively managed meadows, if reduced management intensity is associated with altered vegetation characteristics such as reduced grass cover and vegetation height, and small-scale availability of bare ground, driving these effects. This highlights that maintaining and promoting extensive management of meadows can promote ground-nesting wild bees, including dominant crop pollinators, not only by enhancing floral resources but also by improving nesting opportunities in agroecosystems.</li> </ol>
A solitary ground-nesting wasp truncates its parental investment in response to detection of parasites
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Subarctic afforestation: effects of forest plantations on ground-nesting birds in lowland Iceland
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Grassland extensification enhances nest densities of ground-nesting wild bees
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Single and combined exposure to ‘bee safe’ pesticides alter behaviour and offspring production in a ground-nesting solitary bee (Xenoglossa pruinosa)
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Contrasting effects of vineyard type, soil and landscape factors on ground- versus above-ground nesting bees
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Data from: Do ditch-side electrical fences improve the breeding productivity of ground-nesting waders?
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Data for: Effect of low-traffic roads on abundance of ground-nesting birds in sub-Arctic habitats
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Data from: Reproductive plasticity and landscape heterogeneity benefit a ground-nesting bird in a fire-prone ecosystem
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The decline of ground-nesting birds in Europe: do we need to manage predation in addition to habitat?
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.