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89 results for “ground squirrel”
Data from: Impacts of inference method and dataset filtering on phylogenomic resolution in a rapid radiation of ground squirrels (Xerinae: Marmotini)
Phylogenomic datasets are illuminating many areas of the Tree of Life. However, the large size of these datasets alone may be insufficient to resolve problematic nodes in the most rapid evolutionary radiations, because inferences in zones of extraordinarily low phylogenetic signal can be sensitive to the model and method of inference, as well as the information content of loci employed. We used a dataset of >3,950 ultraconserved element (UCE) loci from a classic mammalian radiation, ground-dwelling squirrels of the tribe Marmotini (Sciuridae: Xerinae), to assess sensitivity of phylogenetic estimates to varying per-locus information content across 4 different inference methods (RAxML, ASTRAL, NJst, SVDquartets). Persistent discordance was found in topology and bootstrap support between concatenation- and coalescent-based inferences; among methods within the coalescent framework; and within all methods in response to different filtering scenarios. Contrary to some recent empirical UCE-based studies, filtering by information content did not promote complete among-method concordance. Nevertheless, filtering did improve concordance relative to randomly selected locus sets, largely via improved consistency of two-step summary methods (particularly NJst) under conditions of higher average per-locus variation (and thus increasing gene tree precision). The benefits of dataset filtering are notably variable among classes of inference methods and across different evolutionary scenarios, reiterating the complexities of resolving rapid radiations, even with robust taxon and character sampling.
Cape ground squirrel site comparison dataset
<p>Male mating strategies respond to female availability such that variation in resources that affect spatial distribution can also alter cost-benefit tradeoffs within a population. In arid-adapted species, rainfall alters reproduction, behavior, morphology, and population density such that populations differing in resource availability may also differ in successful reproductive strategies. Here we compare two populations of Cape ground squirrels (Xerus inauris), a sub-Saharan species with year-round breeding and intense mating competition. Unlike most mammals where males resort to aggressive interactions over females, male X. inauris are tolerant of one another, relying instead on other non-aggressive pre- and post-copulatory strategies to determine reproductive success. Our findings suggest that differences in resource availability affect female distribution which ultimately leads to intraspecific variation in male reproductive tactics and sexual morphology. Sperm competition, assessed by reproductive morphometrics, was more pronounced in our high resource site where females were distributed evenly across the landscape whereas dominance seemed to be an important determinant of success in our low resource site where females were more aggregated. Both sites had similar mating intensities, and most males did not sire any offspring. However, our low resource site had a higher variance in fertilization success with fewer males siring multiple offspring compared to our high resource site where more individuals were successful. Our results lend support to resource models where variations in female spatial distribution attributed to environmental resources ultimately impact male reproductive behaviors and morphology.</p>
Fig. 1 in Bartonella, Blechomonas and Trypanosoma in fleas from the long-tailed ground squirrel (Spermophilus undulatus) in northwestern China
Fig. 1. Map of northwestern China showing sampling sites and coordinates.
Senescence and the stress axis in male ground squirrels
<p>A critical time in the life of a male occurs at reproduction when his behavior, physiology, and resources must be brought to bear for the central purpose of his life. We ask whether reproduction results in dysfunction of the stress axis, is linked to life history, and causes senescence. We assessed if deterioration in the axis underlies variation in reproductive lifespan in males of 5 species of North American ground squirrels whose life history varies from near semelparity to iteroparity. The most stressful and energy-demanding time occurs in spring during the intense 2–3 week breeding competition just after arousal from hibernation. We compared their stress axis functioning before and after the mating period using a hormonal challenge protocol. We found no evidence of stress axis dysfunction nor was there a relationship between reproductive lifespan and stress axis functional deterioration. Moreover, there was no consistent relationship between free cortisol levels and downstream measures. Thus, stress axis function was not traded off to promote reproduction and conclude that it is a pre-requisite for life. Hence, it functions as a constraint and does not undergo senescence.</p>
Senescence and the stress axis in male ground squirrels
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Data from: Pest or pest control? Coyote interactions with cattle and Richardson’s ground squirrels
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Cape ground squirrel site comparison dataset
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Data from: Impacts of inference method and dataset filtering on phylogenomic resolution in a rapid radiation of ground squirrels (Xerinae: Marmotini)
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Data for: Cytoprotection by a naturally occurring variant of ATP5G1 in Arctic ground squirrel neural progenitor cells
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Data from: Range instability leads to cytonuclear discordance in a morphologically cryptic ground squirrel species complex
The processes responsible for cytonuclear discordance frequently remain unclear. Here, we employed an exon capture dataset and demographic methods to test hypotheses generated by species distribution models to examine how contrasting histories of range stability vs. fluctuation have caused cytonuclear concordance and discordance in ground squirrel lineages from the Otospermophilus beecheyi species complex. Previous studies in O. beecheyi revealed three morphologically cryptic and highly divergent mitochondrial DNA lineages (named the Northern, Central, and Southern lineages based on geography) with only the Northern lineage exhibiting concordant divergence for nuclear genes. Here, we showed that these mtDNA lineages likely formed in allopatry during the Pleistocene, but responded differentially to climatic changes that occurred since the last interglacial (~120,000 years ago). We find that the Northern lineage maintained a stable range throughout this period, correlating with genetic distinctiveness among all genetic markers and low migration rates with the other lineages. In contrast, our results suggested that the Southern lineage expanded from Baja California Sur during the Late Pleistocene to overlap and potentially swamp a contracting Central lineage. High rates of intraspecific gene flow between Southern lineage individuals among expansion origin and expansion edge populations largely eroded Central ancestry from autosomal markers. However, male-biased dispersal in this system preserved signals of this past hybridization and introgression event in matrilineal-biased X-chromosome and mtDNA markers. Our results highlight the importance of range stability in maintaining the persistence of phylogeographic lineages, whereas unstable range dynamics can increase the tendency for lineages to merge upon secondary contact.
Data from: The secret life of ground squirrels: accelerometry reveals sex-dependent plasticity in above-ground activity
The sexes differ in how and when they allocate energy towards reproduction, but how this influences phenotypic plasticity in daily activity patterns is unclear. Here, we use collar-mounted light loggers and triaxial accelerometers to examine factors that affect time spent above ground and overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA), an index of activity-specific energy expenditure, across the active season of free-living, semi-fossorial arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii). We found high day-to-day variability in time spent above ground and ODBA with most of the variance explained by environmental conditions known to affect thermal exchange. In both years, females spent more time below ground compared with males during parturition and early lactation; however, this difference was fourfold larger in the second year, possibly, because females were in better body condition. Daily ODBA positively correlated with time spent above ground in both sexes, but females were more active per unit time above ground. Consequently, daily ODBA did not differ between the sexes when females were early in lactation, even though females were above ground three to six fewer hours each day. Further, on top of having the additional burden of milk production, ODBA data indicate females also had fragmented rest patterns and were more active during late lactation. Our results indicate that sex differences in reproductive requirements can have a substantial influence on activity patterns, but the size of this effect may be dependent on capital resources accrued during gestation.
Up-regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum function protects skeletal muscle against cytoplasmic calcium overload during hibernation in ground squirrels
<p>We investigated the potential mechanism of the SR in maintenance of calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) homeostasis of slow-twitch muscle (soleus, SOL), fast-twitch muscle (extensor digitorum longus, EDL) and mixed muscle (gastrocnemius, GAS) in hibernating ground squirrels (<i>Spermophilus dauricus</i>). Results showed that cytosolic and SR Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentrations in distinct skeletal muscle fibers increased and decreased during late torpor, respectively, but both returned to summer-active levels during early torpor. Ryanodine receptor1 (RyR1) and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase isoform 1 (SERCA1) protein expression increased during hibernation. Up-regulation factors of SERCA activity: Phospholamban phosphorylation increased in the SOL and GAS, β-adrenergic receptor-2 protein expression increased in the GAS, and calmodulin kinase-2 phosphorylation increased in the SOL during hibernation. Down-regulation factors of SERCA activity: Sarcolipin and SERCA1 co-localization decreased in the EDL and GAS. These data suggest that SERCA activity in skeletal muscle fibers increases likely during hibernation. FKBP12/calsequestrin1 (negative regulatory factors of RyR1) and RyR1 co-localization decreased in the GAS, indicating that the RyR1 channel opening probability increased during hibernation. Dihydropyridine receptors protein expression and its co-localization with RYR1 decreased during hibernation prompts that the contractility of skeletal muscle was weakened. Protein expression of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-binding proteins calsequestrin1 and calmodulin increased indicating that the ability of intracellular free calcium binding increased during whole hibernation period. These findings confirm that the release, uptake, and binding of free Ca<sup>2+</sup> in the SR were enhanced in different skeletal muscles during hibernation. Up-regulation of muscular sarcoplasmic reticulum function protects skeletal muscle fibers against cytoplasmic calcium overload during hibernation in ground squirrels.We investigated the potential mechanism of the SR in maintenance of calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) homeostasis of slow-twitch muscle (soleus, SOL), fast-twitch muscle (extensor digitorum longus, EDL) and mixed muscle (gastrocnemius, GAS) in hibernating ground squirrels (<i>Spermophilus dauricus</i>). Results showed that cytosolic and SR Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentrations in distinct skeletal muscle fibers increased and decreased during late torpor, respectively, but both returned to summer-active levels during early torpor. Ryanodine receptor1 (RyR1) and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase isoform 1 (SERCA1) protein expression increased during hibernation. Up-regulation factors of SERCA activity: Phospholamban phosphorylation increased in the SOL and GAS, β-adrenergic receptor-2 protein expression increased in the GAS, and calmodulin kinase-2 phosphorylation increased in the SOL during hibernation. Down-regulation factors of SERCA activity: Sarcolipin and SERCA1 co-localization decreased in the EDL and GAS. These data suggest that SERCA activity in skeletal muscle fibers increases likely during hibernation. FKBP12/calsequestrin1 (negative regulatory factors of RyR1) and RyR1 co-localization decreased in the GAS, indicating that the RyR1 channel opening probability increased during hibernation. Dihydropyridine receptors protein expression and its co-localization with RYR1 decreased during hibernation prompts that the contractility of skeletal muscle was weakened. Protein expression of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-binding proteins calsequestrin1 and calmodulin increased indicating that the ability of intracellular free calcium binding increased during whole hibernation period. These findings confirm that the release, uptake, and binding of free Ca<sup>2+</sup> in the SR were enhanced in different skeletal muscles during hibernation. Up-regulation of muscular sarcoplasmic reticulum function protects skeletal muscle fibers against cytoplasmic calcium overload during hibernation in ground squirrels.</p>
Data from: Kin effects on energy allocation in group-living ground squirrels
The social environment has potent effects on individual phenotype and fitness in group-living species. We asked whether the presence of kin might act on energy allocation, a central aspect of life-history variation. Using a 22-year data set on reproductive and somatic allocations in Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus), we tested the effects of co-breeding and non-breeding kin on the fitness and energy allocation balance between reproduction and personal body condition of individual females. Greater numbers of co-breeding kin had a positive effect on the number of offspring weaned, through the mechanism of altering energy allocation patterns. On average, females with higher numbers of co-breeding kin did not increase energy income but biased energy allocation towards reproduction. Co-breeding female kin ground squirrels maintain close nest burrows, likely providing a social buffer against territorial invasions from non-kin ground squirrels. Lower aggressiveness, lower risks of infanticide from female kin and greater protection of territorial boundaries may allow individual females to derive net fitness benefits via their energy allocation strategies. We demonstrated the importance of kin effects on a fundamental life-history trade-off.
Data from: Managing anabolic steroids in pre-hibernating Arctic ground squirrels: obtaining their benefits and avoiding their costs
Androgens have benefits, such as promoting muscle growth, but also significant costs, including suppression of immune function. In many species, these trade-offs in androgen action are reflected in regulated androgen production, which is typically highest only in reproductive males. However, all non-reproductive Arctic ground squirrels, irrespective of age and sex, have high levels of androgens prior to hibernating at sub-zero temperatures. Androgens appear to be required to make muscle in summer, which, together with lipid, is then catabolized during overwinter. By contrast, most hibernating mammals catabolize only lipid. We tested the hypothesis that androgen action is selectively enhanced in Arctic ground squirrel muscle because of an upregulation of androgen receptors (ARs). Using Western blot analysis, we found that Arctic ground squirrels have AR in skeletal muscle more than four times that of Columbian ground squirrels, a related southern species that overwinters at approximately 0°C and has low pre-hibernation androgen levels. By contrast, AR in lymph nodes was equivalent in both species. Brain AR was also modestly but significantly increased in Arctic ground squirrel relative to Columbian ground squirrel. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that tissue-specific AR regulation prior to hibernation provides a mechanism whereby Arctic ground squirrels obtain the life-history benefits and mitigate the costs associated with high androgen production.
On following pages: 223. Mohave Ground Squirrel (Xerospermophilus mohavensis); 224. Perote Ground Squirrel (Xerospermophilus perotensis); 225. Ring-tailed Ground Squirrel (Notocitellus annulatus); 226. Tropical Ground Squirrel (Notocitellus adocetus); 227. European Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus citellus); 228. Russet Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus major); 229. Speckled Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus suslicus); 230. Yellow Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus fulvus); 231. Little Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus pygmaeus); 232. Caucasian Mountain Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus musicus); 233. Asia Minor Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus); 234. Tauren Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus taurensis); 235. Red-cheeked Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus erythrogenys); 236. Relict Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus relictus); 237. Tian Shan Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus nilkaensis); 238. Brandt's Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus brevicauda); 239. Pallid Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus pallidicauda); 240. Alashan Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus alashanicus); 241. Daurian Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus). in Sciuridae
On following pages: 223. Mohave Ground Squirrel (Xerospermophilus mohavensis); 224. Perote Ground Squirrel (Xerospermophilus perotensis); 225. Ring-tailed Ground Squirrel (Notocitellus annulatus); 226. Tropical Ground Squirrel (Notocitellus adocetus); 227. European Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus citellus); 228. Russet Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus major); 229. Speckled Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus suslicus); 230. Yellow Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus fulvus); 231. Little Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus pygmaeus); 232. Caucasian Mountain Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus musicus); 233. Asia Minor Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus); 234. Tauren Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus taurensis); 235. Red-cheeked Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus erythrogenys); 236. Relict Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus relictus); 237. Tian Shan Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus nilkaensis); 238. Brandt's Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus brevicauda); 239. Pallid Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus pallidicauda); 240. Alashan Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus alashanicus); 241. Daurian Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus).
On following pages: 201. Columbian Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus columbianus); 202. Richardson's Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus richardsonii); 203. Washington Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus washingtoni); 204. Townsend's Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus townsendii); 205. Belding's Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus beldingi); 206. Uinta Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus armatus); 207. Wyoming Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus elegans); 208. Piute Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus mollis); 209. Merriam's Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus canus); 210. Idaho Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus brunneus); 211. Common Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (Callospermophilus lateralis); 212. Cascade Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (Callospermophilus saturatus); 213. Sierra Madre Ground Squirrel (Callospermophilus madrensis); 214. Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel (/ctidomys tridecemlineatus); 215. Rio Grande Ground Squirrel (Ictidomys parvidens); 216. Mexican Ground Squirrel (/ctidomys mexicanus); 217. Franklin's Ground Squirrel (Poliocitellus franklinii); 218. California Ground Squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi); 219. Common Rock Squirrel (Otospermophilus variegatus); 220. Baja California Rock Squirrel (Otospermophilus atricapillus). in Sciuridae
On following pages: 201. Columbian Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus columbianus); 202. Richardson's Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus richardsonii); 203. Washington Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus washingtoni); 204. Townsend's Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus townsendii); 205. Belding's Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus beldingi); 206. Uinta Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus armatus); 207. Wyoming Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus elegans); 208. Piute Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus mollis); 209. Merriam's Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus canus); 210. Idaho Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus brunneus); 211. Common Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (Callospermophilus lateralis); 212. Cascade Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (Callospermophilus saturatus); 213. Sierra Madre Ground Squirrel (Callospermophilus madrensis); 214. Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel (/ctidomys tridecemlineatus); 215. Rio Grande Ground Squirrel (Ictidomys parvidens); 216. Mexican Ground Squirrel (/ctidomys mexicanus); 217. Franklin's Ground Squirrel (Poliocitellus franklinii); 218. California Ground Squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi); 219. Common Rock Squirrel (Otospermophilus variegatus); 220. Baja California Rock Squirrel (Otospermophilus atricapillus).
On following pages: 165. Unstriped Ground Squirrel (Xerus rutilus); 166. Damara Ground Squirrel (Geosciurus princeps davidianus); 169. Forrest's Rock Squirrel (Sciurotamias forresti); 170. Siberian Chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus); 171. Least (Tamias townsendii); 174. Red-tailed Chipmunk (Tamias ruficaudus); 175. Shadow Chipmunk (Tamias senex); 176.); 167. South African Ground Squirrel (Geosciurus inauris); 168. Pere David's Rock Squirrel (Sciurotamias Chipmunk (Tamias minimus); 172. Yellow-pine Chipmunk (7Tamias amoenus); 173. Townsend's Chipmunk Uinta Chipmunk (Tamias umbrinus). in Sciuridae
On following pages: 165. Unstriped Ground Squirrel (Xerus rutilus); 166. Damara Ground Squirrel (Geosciurus princeps davidianus); 169. Forrest's Rock Squirrel (Sciurotamias forresti); 170. Siberian Chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus); 171. Least (Tamias townsendii); 174. Red-tailed Chipmunk (Tamias ruficaudus); 175. Shadow Chipmunk (Tamias senex); 176.); 167. South African Ground Squirrel (Geosciurus inauris); 168. Pere David's Rock Squirrel (Sciurotamias Chipmunk (Tamias minimus); 172. Yellow-pine Chipmunk (7Tamias amoenus); 173. Townsend's Chipmunk Uinta Chipmunk (Tamias umbrinus).
On following pages: 98. Northern Amazon Red Squirrel (Sciurus igniventris); 99. Southern Amazon Red Squirrel (Junin Red Squirrel (Sciurus pyrrhinus); 103. Sanborn's Squirrel (Sciurus sanborni); 104. Tufted Ground Squirrel (Rheithrosciurus (Microsciurus mimulus); 107. Santander Dwarf Squirrel (Microsciurus santanderensis); 108. Amazon Dwarf Squirrel Sciurus spadiceus); 100. Guayaquil Squirrel (Sciurus stramineus); 101. Bolivian Squirrel (Sciurus ignitus); 102. macrotis); 105. Central American Dwarf Squirrel (Microsciurus alfar); 106. Western Dwarf Squirrel (Microsciurus flaviventer); 109. Bangs's Mountain Squirrel (Syntheosciurus brochus) in Sciuridae
On following pages: 98. Northern Amazon Red Squirrel (Sciurus igniventris); 99. Southern Amazon Red Squirrel (Junin Red Squirrel (Sciurus pyrrhinus); 103. Sanborn's Squirrel (Sciurus sanborni); 104. Tufted Ground Squirrel (Rheithrosciurus (Microsciurus mimulus); 107. Santander Dwarf Squirrel (Microsciurus santanderensis); 108. Amazon Dwarf Squirrel Sciurus spadiceus); 100. Guayaquil Squirrel (Sciurus stramineus); 101. Bolivian Squirrel (Sciurus ignitus); 102. macrotis); 105. Central American Dwarf Squirrel (Microsciurus alfar); 106. Western Dwarf Squirrel (Microsciurus flaviventer); 109. Bangs's Mountain Squirrel (Syntheosciurus brochus)
On following pages: 46. Davao Squirrel (Sundasciurus davensis); 47. Sumatran Mountain Squirrel (Sundasciurus altitudinis Mountain Ground Squirrel (Sundasciurus everett); 51. Jentink's Squirrel (Sundasciurus jentinki); 52. Indochinese Ground Squirrel (Lariscus insignis); 55. Four-striped Ground Squirrel (Lariscus hosel); 56. Niobe Ground Squirrel (Lariscus niobe); 48. Fraternal Squirrel (Sundasciurus fraterculus); 49. Brooke's Squirrel (Sundasciurus brookel); 50. Bornean Squirrel (Menetes berdmorei); 53. Shrew-faced Squirrel (Rhinosciurus laticaudatus); 54. Three-striped Ground); 57. Mentawai Three-striped Squirrel (Lariscus obscurus); 58. Sculptor Squirrel (Glyphotes simus). in Sciuridae
On following pages: 46. Davao Squirrel (Sundasciurus davensis); 47. Sumatran Mountain Squirrel (Sundasciurus altitudinis Mountain Ground Squirrel (Sundasciurus everett); 51. Jentink's Squirrel (Sundasciurus jentinki); 52. Indochinese Ground Squirrel (Lariscus insignis); 55. Four-striped Ground Squirrel (Lariscus hosel); 56. Niobe Ground Squirrel (Lariscus niobe); 48. Fraternal Squirrel (Sundasciurus fraterculus); 49. Brooke's Squirrel (Sundasciurus brookel); 50. Bornean Squirrel (Menetes berdmorei); 53. Shrew-faced Squirrel (Rhinosciurus laticaudatus); 54. Three-striped Ground); 57. Mentawai Three-striped Squirrel (Lariscus obscurus); 58. Sculptor Squirrel (Glyphotes simus).
Figure 2 in Endoparasites of the European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) (Rodentia: Sciuridae) in central Macedonia, Greece
Figure 2. The sampling sites of Spermophilus citellus in central Macedonia, Greece (1: University Agriculture Farm, 2: C Army Veterinary Hospital, 3: Axios – eastern coast, 4: Axios – western mound, 5: Anatoliko, 6: Aggelochori salt pits).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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