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35 results for “hatching success”
Data from: Egg predators improve the hatching success of salamander eggs
<p>A common challenge that oviparous animals face is securing survivorship during the vulnerable embryonic stage. One of the parental investment strategies to improve survivorship is providing physical structures to protect the embryos. In amphibians, there is a notable diversity in jelly-layer structures surrounding eggs. Previous studies show that these jelly layers provide eggs with protection against egg predators, egg pathogens, and desiccation. However, few studies examined the cost–benefit relationship of the jelly-layer structures. By using the predator–prey interaction between wood frog (<em>Lithobates sylvaticus</em>) tadpoles and spotted salamander (<em>Ambystoma maculatum</em>) eggs as a model system, we tested three hypotheses: (1) having the outer jelly layers would be costly to the embryos, (2) the relative benefit of the structural egg defense would become apparent and increase as the intensity of egg predation increases, and (3) a certain degree of predation would increase the hatching success of salamander embryos by mechanically thinning the thick outer jelly layers and increasing oxygen diffusion throughout an egg mass. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a factorial experiment in which we crossed four egg-predation levels with two jelly-layer conditions, intact or removed. We found that the jelly layers were essential in protecting spotted salamander embryos from wood frog tadpoles but that the associated cost was apparent in no-predation treatments. The differential survivorship between intact eggs and eggs without jelly layers showed that the fitness advantage of jelly layers increased as the level of predation increased. Finally, the hatching success of intact egg masses was highest under the high predation conditions. These results imply that the evolution of the jelly-layer thickness occurred under constant egg-predation pressure. Given this predator–prey coevolution, egg predators may play a critical role in improving the hatching success of salamander embryos under certain conditions.</p>
Data from: A 20-year investigation of declining leatherback hatching success: implications of climate variation
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Data from: Egg predators improve the hatching success of salamander eggs
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Spatiotemporal variation in hatching success and nestling sex ratios track rapid movement of a songbird hybrid zone
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Data from: Pathways to fitness: carry-over effects of late hatching and urbanisation on lifetime mating success
Life history theory and most empirical studies assume carry-over effects of larval conditions to shape adult fitness through their impact on metamorphic traits (age and mass at metamorphosis). Yet, very few formal tests of this connection across metamorphosis exist, because this entails longitudinal studies from the egg stage and requires measuring fitness in (semi)natural conditions. In a longitudinal one-year common-garden rearing experiment consisting of an outdoor microcosm part for the larval stage and a large outdoor insectary part for the adult stage, we studied the effects of two factors related to time constraints in the larval stage (egg hatching period and urbanisation) on life history traits and lifetime mating success in the males of the damselfly Coenagrion puella. We reared early- and late-hatched larvae from each of three rural and three urban populations from the egg stage throughout their adult life. Key findings were that both the hatching period and urbanisation shaped adult fitness, yet through different pathways. As expected, the more time-constrained late-hatched individuals accelerated their larval life history and this was associated with a lower lifetime mating success. A path analysis revealed this carry-over effect was mediated by the changes in the two metamorphic traits (reduced age and lower mass at emergence). Notably, urban males had a 50% lower lifetime mating success, which was not mediated by age and mass at emergence, and possibly driven by their shorter lifespan. Our results point to long-term carry-over effects of the usually ignored natural variation in egg hatching dates, and further contribute to the limited evidence showing fitness costs of adjusting to an urban lifestyle.
Data from: Simulated hatching failure predicts female plasticity in extra-pair behavior over successive broods
While many studies have investigated the occurrence of extra-pair paternity (EPP) and its adaptive significance in wild population of birds, we still know surprising little about the plasticity in mating behavior of females at the individual level and how it affects the patterns of paternity. To address this question, we focused on the direct fertility benefit hypothesis for the function of EPP and studied if female birds react in extra-pair mating behavior after reproductive failures using a wild population of the Japanese great tit, Parus minor, a socially monogamous passerine with a moderate frequency of EPP and a high multiple brooding rate. We simulated hatching failure by replacing with artificial eggs during the egg laying period to investigate if females subsequently altered their mating behavior and became more promiscuous to improve reproductive success in their following clutches. The proportion of extra-pair offspring per clutches of both experimental and control pairs increased in the second clutches (replacement and repeat), but compared to the control pairs, the increase in the experimental pairs was significantly greater. The present study suggests that individual females appear to be making decisions based on specific cues and flexibly altering mating behavior in adaptive ways. Also, our results are compatible with one of the long-debated hypotheses for the evolutionary maintenance of EPP which predicts females gain direct fitness benefit through increased reproductive success from mating multiply.
Data from: The role of partial incubation and egg repositioning within the clutch in hatching asynchrony and subsequent effects on breeding success
The main mechanism to achieve hatching asynchrony (HA) for incubating birds is to start heating the eggs before clutch completion. This might be achieved through partial incubation and/or early incubation. Even in the absence of incubation behaviour during the laying phase, clutches still experience a certain degree of asynchrony. Recent studies have shown that eggs located in the centre of the nest receive more heat than peripheral ones during incubation. Since eggs receiving more heat would develop faster, we hypothesised that HA should be shorter in nests where eggs were moved homogeneously along the centre-periphery space during incubation compared to those nests where eggs repeatedly remained in the same locations, either centrally or peripherally. We explored the relative roles of egg repositioning and partial incubation in determining HA in wild birds by (1) removing eggs from 20 Great Tit Parus major nests on day of laying and replacing them with fake eggs to avoid partial incubation, and returning them when full incubation began; (2) monitoring twice a day the position of each individually marked egg relative to the clutch centre during incubation, and estimating the coefficient of variation of the distances (CVdistance); (3) determining HA in each nest. Preventing partial incubation reduced HA by 51% days in experimental nests. It also caused negative effects for the incubating females (lengthening the full incubation period) and positive effects for the brood (increasing fledging success). However, our hypothesis about the role of egg repositioning on HA was not supported: all the females moved the eggs with remarkable consistency, generally attaining a CVdistance around 33%, and it was not related to the HA experienced. We therefore conclude that partial incubation is an important factor regulating HA, and females compensate for the potential effects of differential heating by moving the eggs homogeneously within the clutch.
FIG. 2 in A Successful Reintroduction of Columbia Spotted Frog (Rana luteiventris) through Repatriation of Recently Hatched Larvae
FIG. 2. Total CSF egg mass counts and cumulative depositional areas at Taylors Fork.
Figure 3 in Hatching success in brackish water of Perca fluviatilis eggs obtained from the western Baltic Sea
Figure 3. - Distribution of the overall clades of perch Perca fluviatilis in Europe, upper map and western Baltic Sea, lower map; Sweden (SWE), Denmark (DEN) and Germany (GER). The pie charts show the relative distribution within a sampling site, and the size of the pie chart the relative sample size. * = fusion of 2 sample sites, ** = fusion of 3 sample sites, *** = fusion of 5 sample sites, **** = fusion of 6 sample sites. Colours are uniform with colours in figure 2.
Figure 2 in Hatching success in brackish water of Perca fluviatilis eggs obtained from the western Baltic Sea
Figure 2. - Haplotype network of perch Perca fluviatilis in Europe (n = 707). Each line represents one base pair substitution. Two component numbers (x-y) refers to clade number (x) and haplotype (y). Circle sizes are relative to number of individuals (see text for references).
Figure 1 in Hatching success in brackish water of Perca fluviatilis eggs obtained from the western Baltic Sea
Figure 1. - Experimental setup for the egg hatching study of Perca fluviatilis. A, B: Fertilized egg strands curled up among reeds in the brackish water of Ishøj Harbour (ISH), 55°36'32"N, 12°23'10"E; C: Reduced egg strands in one liter aquaria containing water with salinities of 4, 7, 10 or 12‰ (n = 8 for each treatment); D: A total of 32 aquaria (one liter) placed in a 12°C water bath at Den Blå Planet National Aquarium Denmark, in order to stabilize temperature close to the optimal level for incubation of perch eggs.
Data from: Pathways to fitness: carry-over effects of late hatching and urbanisation on lifetime mating success
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Data from: Simulated hatching failure predicts female plasticity in extra-pair behavior over successive broods
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Data from: The role of partial incubation and egg repositioning within the clutch in hatching asynchrony and subsequent effects on breeding success
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FIG. 4 in Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success
FIG. 4. Daily rainfall (mm) during the 2018 (A) and 2019 (B) incubation periods and average 15-minute soil saturation (%) for sections of the nest cavities with 100% hatch success (red line; n ¼ 3, 2018; n ¼ 5, 2019) and 0% hatch success (black line; n ¼ 5, 2018; n ¼ 4, 2019).
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