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89 results for “helminth infection”
Fig. 1 in Influence of seasonality and biological activity on infection by helminths in Cantabrian bear
Fig. 1. Distribution of the sampling of brown bear feces (n = 248) in the western part of the Cantabrian Mountains (Asturias and Le´on provinces, Spain). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 3 in Ranavirus and helminth parasite co-infection in invasive American bullfrogs in the Atlantic forest, Brazil
Fig. 3. (a) The negative relationship between log-transformed Nematoda abundance and Ranavirus load (copies-ng; P <0.05). Points represent individuals that tested positive for Ranavirus infection with viral load assay data (N = 12). The nematode abundances in Ranavirus-negative individuals are shown on the x-axis. (b) The relationship between log-transformed total macroparasite abundance and bullfrog snout-vent length (cm) and Ranavirus infection status with fitted regression lines (P <0.001). Data represent individuals from sites that had at least one Ranavirus infection (4 sites, N = 35).
Fig. 2 in Ranavirus and helminth parasite co-infection in invasive American bullfrogs in the Atlantic forest, Brazil
Fig. 2. (a) Observed occurrence matrix of presence (red cells) and absence (white cells) of Ranavirus and helminth taxa (6 rows) infection in individual bullfrogs (Aquarana catesbeiana; 65 columns). (b) Simulated occurrence matrix (65 columns, one null matrix out of 1000 simulations). (c) Distribution of simulated cooccurrence metric (blue histogram bars; 1000 null matrices). Vertical red line = observed co-occurrence metric. Dashed vertical lines = 95% and 99% confidence intervals. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Ranavirus and helminth parasite co-infection in invasive American bullfrogs in the Atlantic forest, Brazil
Fig. 1. Distribution of helminth macroparasite taxa and Ranavirus infection status and prevalence across sampling locations. The thick gray outline shown in the inset map of Brazil highlights the states where American bullfrog (Aquarana catesbeiana) sampling took place (SP = S˜ao Paulo, PR = Paran´a, SC = Santa Catarina). Green shading represents tropical and subtropical forest biomes. Sample locations included Embu das Artes (Site 1, N = 13), Piedade (Site 2, N = 10), and Iporanga (Site 3, N = 4) in S˜ao Paulo; Quatro Barras (Site 4, N = 10), Piraquara (5, N = 2), and S˜ao Jose´dos Pinhais (Site 6, N = 4) in Paran´a; and Blumenau (Site 7, N = 9), Urubici (Site 8, N = 10), and Chapeco´(Site 9, N = 3) in Santa Catarina. Helminth pie chart size corresponds to average helminth abundance in bullfrogs. Differences in helminth taxa richness (P <0.001) and evenness (PIE; P <0.001) were detected; however, helminth abundance did not differ among sites between collection sites. Sites where Ranavirus was detected (N = 4) have a corresponding pie chart, in which the size corresponds to average viral load (copies-ng) per individual at a site. Estimated Ranavirus prevalence among the positive sites did not differ significantly (P = 0.06). Viral load of positive individuals differed among sites (P <0.05), but differences were driven by the high load found in the single Blumenau (Site 7) Ranavirus-positive bullfrog. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Comparative analysis of helminth infectivity: growth in intermediate hosts increases establishment rates in the next host
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Fig. 2 in Helminth infections in fish in Vietnam: A systematic review
Fig. 2. Distribution map of potentially zoonotic helminths in fish in Vietnam.
Fig. 1 in Helminth infections in fish in Vietnam: A systematic review
Fig. 1. Distribution map of potentially pathogenic helminths in fish in Vietnam.
Fig. 1 in A comparison of helminth infections as assessed through coprological analysis and adult worm burdens in a wild host
Fig. 1. The frequency distribution of adult hookworm (U. criniformis) in Irish badgers (n = 289).
Fig. 1 in Helminth infection in wild boars in Primorye, Russia
Fig. 1. Map of research area.
Helminth-associated changes in host immune phenotype connect top-down and bottom-up interactions during co-infection
<p>Within-host parasite interactions can be mediated by the host and changes in host phenotypes often serve as indicators of the presence or intensity of parasite interactions.</p> <p>Parasites like helminths induce a range of physiological, morphological, and immunological changes in hosts that can drive bottom-up (resource-mediated) or top-down (immune-mediated) interactions with co-infecting parasites. Although top-down and bottom-up interactions are typically studied in isolation, the diverse phenotypic changes induced by parasite infection may serve as a useful tool for understanding if, and when, these processes act in concert.</p> <p>Using an anthelmintic treatment study of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), we tracked changes in host immunological and morphological phenotypes during helminth-coccidia co-infection to investigate their role in driving independent and combinatorial bottom-up and top-down parasite interactions. We also examined repercussions for host fitness.</p> <p>Clearance of a blood-sucking helminth, Haemonchus, from the host gastrointestinal tract induced a systemic Th2 immune phenotype, while clearance of a tissue-feeding helminth, Cooperia, induced a systemic Th1 phenotype. Furthermore, the Haemonchus-associated systemic Th2 immune phenotype drove simultaneous top-down and bottom-up effects that increased coccidia shedding by changing the immunological and morphological landscapes of the intestine.</p> <p>Higher coccidia shedding was associated with lower host body condition, a lower chance of pregnancy, and older age at first pregnancy, suggesting that coccidia infection imposed significant condition and reproductive costs on the host.</p> <p>Our findings suggest that top-down and bottom-up interactions may commonly co-occur and that tracking key host phenotypes that change in response to infection can help uncover complex pathways by which parasites interact.</p>
Supplementary materials. Publication "Three-way relationships between gut microbiota, helminth assemblages and bacterial infections in wild rodent populations" by Bouilloud et al.
<p><strong>Supplementary information</strong></p> <p><strong>Supplementary Figure S1</strong>. Maps showing the sampling area (left) and localities (right) in France. Forests are indicated in green and water in blue. The four sampling localities are represented with a colored polygon. The arrow indicates the North.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supplementary Figure S2</strong>. Composition of the gut bacteriota. The relative abundance of six phyla representing 99% of the total composition is represented. Individuals are grouped by sampling localities, which are ordered from North to South. (A) Bar graph shows individual variation in phyla composition (phylum=color). (B) Box and whisker plots represent median and interquartile values for each phylum. Black dots correspond to mean values, and colored dots correspond to individuals.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supplementary Figure S3</strong>. Variations of alpha diversity with individual factors, for the gut bacteriota (family level), pathogenic bacteria and gastro-intestinal helminths of bank voles. Alpha diversity is estimated using the specific richness (A, B and C) and the Shannon index (D, E and F). In graphs C and F, the blue line corresponds to the linear regression line.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supplementary Figure S4</strong>. Relationships between the composition of the gut bacteriota, pathogenic bacteria and gastro-intestinal helminth communities: The db-RDA triplot shows the structure of the gut bacteriota at the phylum level and the correlations with the intra-host parasite communities. The arrows correspond to the significant explanatory variables. Each point corresponds to an individual, and the colors correspond to the different sampling localities.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supplementary Table S1. </strong>Variation of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio with localities and individual factors.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supplementary Table S2. </strong>Alpha diversity metrics and statistics for the gut bacteriota, pathogenic bacteria and helminth communities of bank voles.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supplementary Table S3. </strong>Beta diversity metrics and statistics for the gut bacteriota, pathogenic bacteria and helminth communities of bank voles</p>
Data from: Infection by a helminth parasite is associated with changes in DNA methylation in the house sparrow
<p>Parasites can exert strong selective pressures on their hosts and influence the evolution of host immunity. While several studies have examined the genetic basis for parasite resistance, the role of epigenetics in the immune response to parasites is less understood. Yet, epigenetic modifications, such as changes in DNA methylation, may allow species to respond rapidly to parasite prevalence or virulence. To test the role of DNA methylation in relation to parasite infection we examined genome-wide DNA methylation before and during infection by a parasitic nematode, <em>Syngamus trachea</em>, in a natural population of house sparrows (<em>Passer domesticus</em>) using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). We found that DNA methylation levels were slightly lower in infected house sparrows, and identified candidate genes relating to the initial immune response, activation of innate and adaptive immunity, and mucus membrane functional integrity that were differentially methylated between infected and control birds. Subsequently, we used methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) analyses to verify the relationship between methylation proportion and <em>Syngamus trachea </em>infection status at two candidate genes in a larger sample dataset. We found that methylation level at <em>NR1D1</em>, but not <em>CLDN22</em>, remained related to infection status, and that juvenile recruitment probability was positively related to methylation level at <em>NR1D1</em>. This underscores the importance of performing follow up studies on candidate genes. Our findings demonstrate that plasticity in the immune response to parasites can be epigenetically mediated, and <span>highlight</span><span> </span><span>the potential for epigenetic studies </span><span>in natural populations </span><span>to provide </span><span>further</span><span> mechanistic </span><span>insight</span><span> </span><span>into</span><span> host-parasite interactions.</span></p>
Helminth-associated changes in host immune phenotype connect top-down and bottom-up interactions during co-infection
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Data from: Infection by a helminth parasite is associated with changes in DNA methylation in the house sparrow
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Data from: Competing for blood: the ecology of parasite resource competition in human malaria-helminth co-infections
Ecological theory suggests that co-infecting parasite species can interact within hosts directly, via host immunity and/or via resource competition. In mice, competition for red blood cells (RBCs) between malaria and bloodsucking helminths can regulate malaria population dynamics, but the importance of RBC competition in human hosts was unknown. We analyzed infection density (i.e. the concentration of parasites in infected hosts), from a 2-year deworming study of over 4,000 human subjects. After accounting for resource-use differences among parasites, we find evidence of resource competition, priority effects, and a competitive hierarchy within co-infected individuals. For example, reducing competition via deworming increased Plasmodium vivax densities 2.8-fold, and this effect is limited to bloodsucking hookworms. Our ecological, resource-based perspective sheds new light into decades of conflicting outcomes of malaria-helminth co-infection studies with significant health and transmission consequences. Beyond blood, investigating within-human resource competition may bring new insights for improving human health.
Data from: Crossed effects of helminth infection and lead exposure on fitness: an experimental study in feral pigeons (Columba livia)
<p><span>Living organisms are exposed to multiple environmental factors that can affect their fitness. The effects of these simultaneous stressors can be additive or can interact in negative synergistic or antagonistic ways to affect the health of exposed individuals. Parasites can accumulate pollutants in their own tissues and have been shown to increase the tolerance of their hosts to different pollutants (antagonistic interaction between parasites and pollutants). We tested the existence of combined antagonistic effects between intestinal parasites and lead exposure on urban feral pigeons (<em>Columba livia</em>) which are known to be exposed to trace metal pollution and harbor a wide variety of internal and external parasites. </span><span>We experimentally exposed feral pigeons to two treatments: an anthelmintic treatment to eliminate intestinal nematode parasites; an exposure to lead for a period of 6 months. We tested the effects of these crossed treatments on several components of fitness: immunocompetence, reproduction, and body mass. </span><span>Our findings suggest that the overall effects of lead exposure, either alone or in combination with the presence of intestinal parasites (without </span><span>anthelmintic </span><span>treatment) were negative, through either additive or synergistic means. </span><span>In the absence of putative antagonistic effects between lead exposure and with helminths, the detoxification hypothesis could not be confirmed. </span><span>Our results reveal the existence of negative combined effects between pollutant exposure and intestinal parasites, highlighting the importance of accounting for multiple stress factors when studying the effects of exposure to pollutants and/or other environmental stressors on the fitness of organisms.</span></p>
Efficacy and Safety of Emodepside in Participants With Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06736691. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Efficacy and Safety of Emodepside in Participants With Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06800248. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Immune Responses to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) in People With Latent Tuberculosis Infection With or Without Concomitant Helminth Infection
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02225158. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
The Influence of Malnutrition, Diabetes Mellitus, and Helminth Infections on Biosignatures in Latent Tuberculosis in a South Indian Population
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04526613. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
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