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Fig. 4 in Predictors of helminth parasite infection in female chacma baboons (Papio ursinus)

Fig. 4. An interaction between host reproductive state and progestagen concentrations in the infection intensity of Protospirura. Pregnant females (blue) exhibit increased infection intensity of Protospirura with rising progestagen concentrations. Non-pregnant females (red) exhibit decreased infection intensity of Protospirura with rising progestagen concentrations. Confidence intervals are in gray. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Predictors of helminth parasite infection in female chacma baboons (Papio ursinus)

Fig. 2. Plots showing associations between log Protospirura intensity (eggs per gram; epg) in female baboons and marginal effects of each predictor variable. Plots are (A) pregnant (no or yes); (B) log progestagen concentrations (low = below median; high = above median; ng/g); (C) season (dry or wet); (D) presence/absence of Oesophagostomum; and (E) log Trichuris intensity (epg). Points and whiskers on the plot represent the mean and confidence intervals. For Fig. 2E, the values of each fixed effect are divided into tertiles. Numbers above each bar indicate sample size.

Fig. 3 in Predictors of helminth parasite infection in female chacma baboons (Papio ursinus)

Fig. 3. Plots showing associations between log Trichuris intensity (eggs per gram; epg) in female baboons and marginal effects of each predictor variable. Plots are (A) cycling (no or yes); (B) log fecal glucocorticoid concentrations (ng/g); (C) season (dry or wet); (D) presence/absence of Oesophagostomum; and (E) log Protospirua intensity (epg). Points and whiskers on the plot represent the mean and confidence intervals. For Fig. 3B and E, the values of each fixed effect are divided into tertiles. Numbers above each bar indicate sample size. Photograph by Bobby Habig.

Fig. 1 in Predictors of helminth parasite infection in female chacma baboons (Papio ursinus)

Fig. 1. Population and host level processes proposed to drive within group variation in helminth infection risk among female chacma baboon hosts (partially adapted from Akinyi et al., 2019; Habig et al., 2019). Four key drivers of parasite risk are examined: environmental conditions; reproductive stage; steroid hormones; and patterns of coinfection.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in Helminth's assemblage of a small frog in the Brazilian semiarid: parasite-host-environment relationships

Fig. 1. Parasite load (total number of helminths per host) between females (N= 41) and males (N= 53) of Pseudopaludicola pocoto (Anura) from AssÚ municipality, Rio Grande do Norte state, northeastern Brazil.

Fig. 3 in Molecular phylogenetics and systematics of two enteric helminth parasites (Baylisascaris laevis and Diandrya vancouverensis) in the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis)

Fig. 3. Bayesian consensus phylogram based on Baylisascaris and outgroup alignments of concatenated nuclear sequences (28S, ITS, and ard1) from GenBank and this study (B. laevis). Branch labels represent Bayesian posterior probabilities. Branch lengths are scaled to expected number of substitutions per site. Abbreviations refer to sampling sites (AK = Alaska, ID = Idaho, CT = Connecticut; IL = Illinois; CA = California; WV = West Virginia; ALB = Alberta). See also Table 1.

Fig. 2 in Molecular phylogenetics and systematics of two enteric helminth parasites (Baylisascaris laevis and Diandrya vancouverensis) in the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis)

Fig. 2. Bayesian consensus phylogram based on Baylisascaris and outgroup alignments of concatenated mitochondrial sequences (12S, cox1, and cox2) from GenBank and this study (B. laevis). Branch labels represent Bayesian posterior probabilities. Branch lengths are scaled to expected number of substitutions per site. Abbreviations refer to sampling sites (AK = Alaska, ID = Idaho, CT = Connecticut; IL = Illinois; CA = California; WV = West Virginia; ALB = Alberta). See also Table 1.

Fig. 1 in Molecular phylogenetics and systematics of two enteric helminth parasites (Baylisascaris laevis and Diandrya vancouverensis) in the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis)

Fig. 1. Known geographic distributions of Baylisascaris laevis and Diandrya composita in North America.

Fig. 4 in Molecular phylogenetics and systematics of two enteric helminth parasites (Baylisascaris laevis and Diandrya vancouverensis) in the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis)

Fig. 4. Bayesian consensus phylogram based on Baylisascaris and outgroup alignments of concatenated mitochondrial (12S, cox1, and cox2) and nuclear sequences (28S, ITS, and ard1) from GenBank and this study (B. laevis). Branch labels represent Bayesian posterior probabilities. Branch lengths are scaled to expected number of substitutions per site. Abbreviations refer to sampling sites (AK = Alaska, ID = Idaho, CT = Connecticut; IL = Illinois; CA = California; WV = West Virginia; ALB = Alberta). See also Table 1.

Fig. 4 in Biases in parasite biodiversity research: why some helminth species attract more research than others

Fig. 4. Box plots (median and interquartile range) showing (A) number of citations received by species descriptions following their publication, and (B) number of mentions of a species' name in the scientific literature following its description, for helminth parasites as a function of the number of authors of the original species description. Data from the Zoological Record™ database. Extreme values (25 species descriptions with more than 50 citations; 3 species with more than 30 mentions) are excluded to avoid distorting the figures.

Fig. 3 in Biases in parasite biodiversity research: why some helminth species attract more research than others

Fig. 3. Box plots (median and interquartile range) showing (A) number of citations received by species descriptions following their publication, and (B) number of mentions of a species' name in the scientific literature following its description, for helminths parasitising six host groups. Data from the Zoological Record™ database. Values greater than 50 citations (comprising 14 fish, 1 amphibian, 5 reptiles, 1 bird and 4 mammals) and greater than 30 mentions (comprising 1 amphibian, 1 bird and 1 mammal) are excluded to avoid distorting the figures.

Fig. 2 in Biases in parasite biodiversity research: why some helminth species attract more research than others

Fig. 2. Box plots (median and interquartile range) showing (A) number of citations received by species descriptions following their publication, and (B) number of mentions of a species' name in the scientific literature following its description, for helminth parasites of five higher taxa. Data from the Zoological Record™ database. Values greater than 50 citations (comprising 1 cestode, 10 monogeneans, 3 trematodes, and 11 nematodes) and greater than 30 mentions (comprising 1 trematode and 2 nematodes) are excluded to avoid distorting the figures.

Fig. 1 in Biases in parasite biodiversity research: why some helminth species attract more research than others

Fig. 1. Frequency distribution of (A) number of citations received by species descriptions following their publication, and (B) number of mentions of a species' name in the scientific literature following its description, for helminth parasites described between the years 2000 and 2018. Data from the Zoological Record™ database. Extreme values (25 species descriptions with more than 50 citations; 3 species with more than 30 mentions) are excluded to avoid distorting the figures.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Fig. 3 in Ranavirus and helminth parasite co-infection in invasive American bullfrogs in the Atlantic forest, Brazil

Fig. 3. (a) The negative relationship between log-transformed Nematoda abundance and Ranavirus load (copies-ng; P <0.05). Points represent individuals that tested positive for Ranavirus infection with viral load assay data (N = 12). The nematode abundances in Ranavirus-negative individuals are shown on the x-axis. (b) The relationship between log-transformed total macroparasite abundance and bullfrog snout-vent length (cm) and Ranavirus infection status with fitted regression lines (P <0.001). Data represent individuals from sites that had at least one Ranavirus infection (4 sites, N = 35).

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Fig. 2 in Ranavirus and helminth parasite co-infection in invasive American bullfrogs in the Atlantic forest, Brazil

Fig. 2. (a) Observed occurrence matrix of presence (red cells) and absence (white cells) of Ranavirus and helminth taxa (6 rows) infection in individual bullfrogs (Aquarana catesbeiana; 65 columns). (b) Simulated occurrence matrix (65 columns, one null matrix out of 1000 simulations). (c) Distribution of simulated cooccurrence metric (blue histogram bars; 1000 null matrices). Vertical red line = observed co-occurrence metric. Dashed vertical lines = 95% and 99% confidence intervals. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)