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69 results for “hemipene”
Fig. 20 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 20. Hemipenis of Xenodon suspectus Cope; left retracted organ of AMNH R-52175 (see fig. 32). The basal half of the organ and the left lobe were opened midventrally, essentially along (and destroying) the sulcus spermaticus. Inset: Greatly enlarged terminus of left lobe, showing an apical cluster of narrow spines.
Fig. 12 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 12. Maxillary dentition of Eutrachelophis steinbachi (Boulenger). Right maxilla of AMNH R- 125695, in lateral and ventral view. Arrangement of tooth sockets shows a slight lateral offset of the last tooth behind the diastema; the offset is more pronounced in most other ''xenodontines,'' although a few genera have the posterior maxillary teeth arranged in a straight line configuration.
Fig. 9 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 9. Uneverted hemipenis of Eutrachelophis steinbachi (Boulenger); right organ of AMNH R-125695, opened by midventral incision, ×5. Abbreviation: STB, smooth terminal basin.
Fig. 6 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 6. Eutrachelophis steinbachi (Boulenger). The paralectotype (BMNH 1946.1.21.63), a juvenile male shown 1.6× life size.
Fig. 19 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 19. Everted hemipenis of Xenodon rabdocephalus, sensu lato, in sulcate view. Right organ of AMNH R-81935, manually everted (terminus of right lobe burst), from central Panama. Inset: Greatly enlarged terminus of left lobe, showing nude tip lacking an apical disc. The name Xenodon angustirostris W. Peters, 1864, is resurrected herein for populations of X. ''rabdocephalus'' characterized by this kind of hemipenis (compare hemipenis with apical disc in fig. 18).
Fig. 34 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 34. Xenodon. severus (Linnaeus), AMNH R-3606. This is one of two existing specimens of Xenodon in Prince Maximilian's Brazilian collection at the American Museum. It is cataloged as ''Xenodon rhabocephalus [5 rabdocephalus],'' but it is not one of the two specimens illustrated in the Abbildungen (see figs. 35–36). The cataloged locality for this specimen is ''Guiana,'' which seems to have been copied from the Prince's collection catalog (of taxa, not specimens; see text).
Fig. 4 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 4. Eutrachelophis species (MZUSP 10530, head in dorsal and lateral view; a female from Cabeceira do Rio Urucu, central Amazonian Brazil). This unnamed snake appears to be the sister species of E. bassleri. See Remarks and compare with figure 2. Formalin preservation caused the integument of this specimen to become slightly translucent, giving visibility to a large ''supralabial'' gland (SG); this large gland (similarly positioned in all three species of Eutrachelophis) is adherent to the medial side of the supralabial integument. The mucous and serous (Duvernoy's) parts of the gland cannot be distinguished in Eutrachelophis without histological examination.
Fig. 15. A in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 15. A. Taeniophallus nicagus (Cope). This small Brazilian snake resembles Eutrachelophis in having 15 dorsal scale rows and an ocellar nuchal pattern. It differs in hemipenial characters from closely related congeners and from all other xenodontines (and nearly all dipsadines) in having an unforked sulcus spermaticus. B. Taeniophallus occipitalis (Jan), a Brazilian specimen. This species displays considerable variation in the head and nuchal color pattern, sometimes resembling T. nicagus above (cf., T. occipitalis in Myers, 1974: fig. 48) (photographs by Marcio Martins).
Fig. 3 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 3. Hemipenes of Eutrachelophis bassleri, new species. The distal nude section is greatly distensible, becoming hemispherical on eversion. Because of differential tissue expansion, the close-lying branches of the sulcus spermaticus diverge and acquire a centrifugal orientation, entering onto the nude dome from nearly opposite sides of the everted organ. A. Uneverted left hemipenis of AMNH R-55786 (paratype), opened by midventral incision. B. Everted right hemipenis in sulcate view, AMNH R-25193 (paratype; depiction of the manually everted organ). C. Same organ as in B, in asulcate view. D. Distal half of everted hemipenis showing appearance of the maximally inflated, mostly nude dome, from left to right: asulcate side, apex, and sulcate side. Left organ of TCWC 41424, paratype. (This organ previously had been manually turned inside out, but, because the base had been badly damaged, only the distal half was tied off and injected with petroleum jelly in an attempt to determine maximum inflation). Abbreviations: Folds, expansion folds; Mus, major retractor muscle; ND, nude dome; SB, a branch of the sulcus spermaticus; SS, sulcus spermaticus (proximal to bifurcation); Spic, densely spiculate area below and around base of nude dome; SpLg, large lateral and basal spines; SpSm, small spines on sulcate and asulcate faces.
Fig. 1 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 1. Eutrachelophis bassleri, new species. Dorsal and ventral views of adult specimens: A. AMNH R- 52926 (male holotype), from upper Río Pisqui, Peru. B. AMNH R-53473 (female paratype), from upper Río Utuquinia, Peru, near border with Brazil. The conspicuous nuchal markings are ''cream'' or ''yellow'' in life. Specimens shown life size.
Fig. 2 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 2. Heads of Eutrachelophis bassleri, new species. A, B. AMNH R-53473, adult female (369 mm total length), in dorsal and lateral view, ×3.9. C. TCWC 41425, juvenile male (160 mm total length), ×2.5. In addition to the white or yellow nuchal markings, the postocular extension of white or yellow labial color (B) is diagnostic of E. bassleri and its unnamed sister species (cf. fig. 4); the white preocular bar is present or absent in E. bassleri.
Map 1 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Map 1. Locality records for three species of Eutrachelophis, new genus, in western and middle Amazonia.
Fig. 26 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 26. Two small Panamanian snakes, genus Enulius— anatomically similar and apparently closely related—but recently separated generically on the basis of what appears to be extreme variation in the hemipenes (see text and fig. 27). A. Enulius flavitorques (Cope), with a yellow nape band (AMNH R- 109600, Canal Zone, Ancon). B. ''Enuliophis'' sclateri (Boulenger), with an enamel white head (KU 112619, San Blas, Camp Sasardí. Both photographed larger than life by C.W. Myers).
Fig. 8 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 8. Head of Eutrachelophis steinbachi (Boulenger) (UMMZ 60736), showing details of color pattern. The oblique alignment of the pale ocelli differentiates E. steinbachi from E. bassleri and its unnamed sister species (cf. figs. 2 and 4).
Fig. 16 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 16. Everted hemipenis of Mehelya poensis (Smith). (AMNH R-12053, left organ.) This is a slight, deeply forked hemipenis with long slender lobes and a very long retractor muscle that originates close to the tail tip. This organ divides at subcaudal 4, with the lobes terminating at about subcaudal 21 (an indistinct join between lobe and retractor); the two slips of retractor muscle fuse at subcaudal 29, but the long muscle continues posteriorly to a broad attachment between caudals 46–49, only 10 subcaudals before the terminal caudal spine.
Fig. 7 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 7. Eutrachelophis steinbachi (Boulenger), handheld preserved specimens. Upper. A specimen (NMW 23106) cited as ''syntypus'' by Tiedemann and Häupl (1980: 61) but not mentioned in Boulenger's (1905: 454) original description. Low- er. The syntype (BMNH 1946.1.21.63) designated lectotype in this paper (photograph courtesy of James R. Dixon).
Fig. 14. A in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 14. A. Echinanthera undulata (Wied). Vivid pale nuchal spots—similar to Eutrachelophis spp.— characterize some xenodontine (and dipsadine) snakes such as this Brazilian snake (AMNH R-119764). B. Taeniophallus bilineatus (Fischer). A distinct lateral line of whitish dashes emphasized by black edging characterize Eutrachelophis spp. and other xenodontines (and dipsadines) such as this Brazilian species (AMNH R-119769); the pale canthal line seen here is variably present in ''xenodontines,'' but does not occur in Eutrachelophis (photographs by C.W. Myers).
Fig. 25 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 25. Evolutionary loss of a bilobed hemipenis and a forked sulcus spermaticus, demonstrated by apparent sister species. A. Taeniophallus brevirostris (W. Peters) showing retention of weak bilobation (right lobe incompletely everted) and shortening of the left branch of the sulcus spermaticus (MZUSP 8484, left organ). B. T. brevirostris showing complete loss of bilobation and similar shortening of the left branch of the sulcus spermaticus (AMNH R-28799, right organ). C. Taeniophallus nicagus (Cope) showing complete loss of bilobation and complete loss of bifurcation in the now-single sulcus spermaticus, which extends from the base to one side of the apex (AMNH R-138683, right organ). D. T. nicagus, an uneverted hemipenis, showing the unbifurcated sulcus spermaticus that extends to the apex, where it is largely concealed by the close-pressed sulcus lips (MCZ 149545, left organ). The first three hemipenes were manually and fully everted (except for one resistant lobe in A), but they probably are not completely expanded as is commonplace with eversions made from preserved specimens. Not to same scale.
Fig. 30 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 30. Xenodon rabdocephalus, sensu lato (these specimens tentatively assigned to X. angustirostris W. Peters). Dorsal and ventral views of young specimens from western coastal Colombia (Quebrada Guanguí, Dept. Cauca, 100–200 m. A. AMNH R-109777 subadult female. B. AMNH R-109776 juvenile). See also figure 31 for specimens from Panama and Venezuela.
Fig. 24 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 24. Inter- and intrapopulational hemipenial variation in Rhadinaea decorata (Günther). A. Short bulbous hemipenis, 7 subcaudals long, Veracruz, Mexico (TCWC 21391, right organ). B. Long slender hemipenis, 11 subcaudals long, Costa Rica (USNM 120832, right organ). Geographic variation is complex, comprising lengths of 5–8 subcaudals in Mexico and 6–14 subcaudals in Costa Rica through Panama. Field eversions, drawn to same scale, from Myers, 1974: 74–75.
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