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Fig. 6 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 6. Color in life of species of the Phymaturus antofagastensis lineage (males). (A) Phymaturus antofagastensis (Photo: S. Nenda); (B) Phymaturus laurenti (Photo: F. Lobo); (C) Phymaturus denotatus (Photo: D. Slodki); (D) Phymaturus mallimaccii (Photo: C. Abdala).

Fig. 5 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 5. Female variation of Phymaturus fiambala sp. nov. Character 140 (1): presence of a scapular yellow to grey spot (females); character 180 (1): females or/and juvenile with transversal lighter stripes (whitish) over their backs; character 183 (2): flank color in females yellow (Photos: M. Quipildor).

Fig. 3 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 3. (A) Details of the head in a female of Phymaturus fiambala sp. nov. (MCN-UNSa 2123); (B) newborn P. fiambala sp. nov. (IBIGEO 5770); (C) ventral view of females of P. laurenti; (D) females of P. denotatus. Character 35 (number of precloacal pores in males) 112 (row of precloacal pores); character 138 (1) presence of enlarged postcloacal scales in males; character 156 (1) preocular scale small separated from canthal by another scale; character 165 (1) three to seven enlarged scales on the anterior border of the auditory meatus; character 166 (0) enlarged scales on the anterior border of auditory meatus projected posteriorly over the ear opening (Photos: M. Quipildor).

Fig. 1 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 1. (A) Dorsal view of the holotype of Phymaturus fiambala sp. nov. IBIGEO 5756. (B) Ventral view of the same specimen (Photos: M. Quipildor).

Fig. 2 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 2. (A) Dorsal view of a female of Phymaturus fiambala sp. nov. IBIGEO 5763. (B) Ventral view of the same specimen (Photos: M. Quipildor).

Fig. 4 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 4. Homogeneous pattern and color of males of Phymaturus fiambala sp. nov. Character 124 (0): sides and dorsum of head melanism of mature males absent; character 111 (0): anterior gular fold absent; character 108 (1): presence of enlarged scales on posterior gular fold; character 113 (1): presence of supernumerary precloacal pores; character 139 (1): presence of a scapular yellow to grey spot in males; character 172 (1): dorsal melanism of neck incomplete over the mid vertebral line (Photos: M. Quipildor); character 116 (0): Throat of males immaculate; character 138 (1): Presence of enlarged postcloacal scales in males.

Fig. 7 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 7. Phylogenetic relationships recovered for the mallimaccii subclade of the Phymaturus palluma group. (A) based on all available DNA sequences of the genbank (P. aguanegra and P. sp. lar not included because the lack of data). (B) based on a combined data set of DNA sequences and morphology. We updated morphological information on the new species and other nine species and added 15 new characters to Lobo et al. (2016) and Hibbard et al. (2019) original data sets. Values under branches are Jackknife support calculated TNT v1.5. Running the analysis with only DNA sequences P. fiambala sp. nov. is basal to the remaining species of the antofagastensis lineage.

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Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A. Norileca indica – male; B. paired structure of gonad (20 X); C-E. Gonad in different male stages (C: M1, D: M2, E: M3) (40 X); F. testes lobes showing different staged cells and germarium. t1, t2, t3- testis lobes 1-3, oovary, od- oviduct, vd- vas deferens, avd- anterior vas deferens, pvd- posterior vas deferens, Oo- oocytes, sp- spermatophore, ag- androgenic gland.

Figure 1 in Histological distinction between immature and regenerating females and its effect on maturity ogive estimation in three tropical hermaphroditic groupers

Figure 1. - Histological sections of ovaries in female Epinephelus morio (a), Mycteroperca bonaci (b) and Mycteroperca microlepis (c) in the regenerating phase (1), immature phase (2) and uncertain maturity phase (3). a1: E. morio, 72 cm FL, collected Jun. 1990; a2: E. morio, 68 cm FL, collected Jun. 1989; a3: E. morio, 51 cm FL, collected Aug. 1989. b1: M. bonaci, 107 cm FL, collected Jul. 1997; b2: M. bonaci, 62 cm FL, collected Oct. 1997; b3: M. bonaci, 65 cm FL, collected Jun. 1998. c1: M. microlepis, 97 cm FL, collected Jul. 1998; c2: M. microlepis, 82 cm FL, collected Aug. 1997; c3: M. microlepis, 89 cm FL, collected Jul. 1998. C, cord; BV, blood vessel; GW, gonad wall; MB, muscle bundle; OL, ovarian lamellae; PG, primary growth oocyte. Gabe and Martoja one-step trichrome stain. Scale bars = 300 microns.

Figure 4 in Histological distinction between immature and regenerating females and its effect on maturity ogive estimation in three tropical hermaphroditic groupers

Figure 4. - Size-frequency distributions of Mycteroperca microlepis females in immature, uncertain maturity, regenerating and mature active (developing, spawning capable, actively spawning and regressing) phases, collected in inshore and offshore waters of Campeche Bank, southern Gulf of Mexico.

Figure 2 in Histological distinction between immature and regenerating females and its effect on maturity ogive estimation in three tropical hermaphroditic groupers

Figure 2. - Size-frequency distributions of Epinephelus morio females in immature, uncertain maturity, regenerating and mature active (developing, spawning capable, actively spawning and regressing) phases, collected in inshore and offshore waters of Campeche Bank, southern Gulf of Mexico.

Figure 3 in Histological distinction between immature and regenerating females and its effect on maturity ogive estimation in three tropical hermaphroditic groupers

Figure 3.- Size-frequency distributions of Mycteroperca bonaci females in immature, uncertain maturity, regenerating and mature active (developing, spawning capable, actively spawning and regressing) phases, collected in inshore, offshore waters and coral reefs of Campeche Bank, southern Gulf of Mexico.

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Figure 1 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism and sex ratio in Lysmata nayaritensis Wicksten, 2000 (Decapoda: Caridea)

Figure 1. Lysmata nayaritensis, anatomical and morphological differences between males and hermaphrodites. (A) Gonopores of male; (B) spermatophores retrieved from gonopores of hermaphrodite; (C) sperm from male; (D) ovotestes from dissected hermaphrodite (anterior female and posterior male portions on the left and right, respectively); (E) close-up of the male gonad portion (arrow points at the left vas deferentia); (F) ovotestes from male (anterior female and male portions on left and right, respectively) (upper and lower arrows point at the right oviduct and left vas deferentia, respectively); (G) close-up of the female gonad portion in male (arrow points at immature oocyte); (H) endopod of first pleopod lacking cincinulli in hermaphrodite; (I) endopod of second pleopod lacking appendix masculina in hermaphrodite; (J) endopod of first pleopod in male (arrow points at cincinulli); (K) endopod of second pleopod in male (arrow points at appendix masculina).

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Figure 2 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism and sex ratio in Lysmata nayaritensis Wicksten, 2000 (Decapoda: Caridea)

Figure 2. Population structure of Lysmata nayaritensis at Chumical, Pacific coast of Panama, between December 2006 and March 2007.

Fig. 10 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig. 10. Pathways of the reproductive cycle of Alphestes afer showing the steps of protogynous hermaphroditism steps according to histological evidences observed. The schematic figures represent a portion of the histological section observed in microscopic. Fbi (Im), immature bisexual female; Tr(Rp), transitional ripe; TR(Sp), transitional spent; TR(Re), transitional resting; PM, primary male; SM, secondary male.

Fig. 9 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig. 9. Relationship between gonasosomatic index (I) and G size (T) of ripe females (n = 31) and males (n = 33) of Alphestes L afer during the reproductive peak (August up to September 2008, 2009).

Fig. 5 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig. 5. Monthly distribution of number (N) of females of Alphestes afer in sex change during reproductive cycle (from March 2008 up to October 2009); I, gonadosomatic index. G Fbi (Im), inactive bisexual phase of female; Tr(Re), transitional phase of resting; Tr(Rp), transitional phase of ripe; Tr(Sp), transitional phase of spent female; Rc, reproductive cycle (n= 17).

Fig.7 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig.7. Monthly variation analysis of the gonasosomatic index (I) of Females (I F; n=200) Males (I M; n=57); and fat G G G deposited in the mesenteries (Mesenteric fat – Mf F; Mf M) of Alphestes afer from Pernambuco coast. Error bars show standard deviation of original data.

Fig. 4 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig. 4. (left column) Females with bisexual and transitional phases in Alphestes afer. (a) Section showing a gonad in bisexual phase of immature female (bar = 50 μm) (16.1 cm T; L May 2008). (a*) Detail of spermatic crypt in major magnification of same specimen (1000x; bar = 20 μm). (b) Section showing a gonad in transitional phase of resting female with sperm crypts spread among ovarian tissue (bar = 50μm) (19.8 cm T; May L 2009). (b*) Detail of spermatic crypt (1000x; bar = 2μm). (c) Section of ovary showing transitional phase of spent female with sperm crypts around vitellogenic stage oocyte (bar = 50 μm) (21.1 cm T; October 2009). (c*) Detail of spermatic crypt L (1000x, bar = 2 μm) O = primary growth stage oocyte; dot = 1 degenerating ovarian tissue, scr = sperm crypts; mb = muscle boundle; O3 = vitellogenic stage oocyte; atr = atretic vitellogenic oocytes; spd = spermatides.

Fig. 2 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of histological sections from males Alphestes afer gonads. (a), (b) Section from a ripe male (a - bar = 300μm, 15.1 cm T; September 2008; b - bar = 37 μm, 19.0 cm L T; August 2009). (c) Section from a ripening male with residual L previtellogenic oocytes (bar = 50μm; 21 cm T; June 2009). lu L = lumen, spz = spermatozoa; ro = residual oocytes.