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Figure 8 in The evolutionary significance of heterochrony in the abbreviated zoeal development of pilumnine crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Xanthoidea)
Figure 8. Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761), first maxilliped: A, zoea I; B, zoea II; C, zoea III; D, zoea IV.
Figure 16 in The evolutionary significance of heterochrony in the abbreviated zoeal development of pilumnine crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Xanthoidea)
Figure 16. The peramorphic development of the third maxilliped; the ancestral condition in Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761); A, zoea II; B, zoea III; C, zoea IV; predisplacement in Actumnus setifer (de Haan, 1835); D, zoea I; E, zoea II; F, zoea III; combined predisplacement and acceleration in Pilumnus sluiteri De Man, 1892; G, zoea I; H, zoea II (not drawn to scale).
Figure 7 in The evolutionary significance of heterochrony in the abbreviated zoeal development of pilumnine crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Xanthoidea)
Figure 7. Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761), maxilla: A, zoea I; B, zoea II; C, zoea III; D, zoea IV.
Figure 6 in The evolutionary significance of heterochrony in the abbreviated zoeal development of pilumnine crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Xanthoidea)
Figure 6. Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761), maxillule: A, zoea I; B, zoea II; C, zoea III; D, zoea IV.
Figure 3 in The evolutionary significance of heterochrony in the abbreviated zoeal development of pilumnine crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Xanthoidea)
Figure 3. Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761), ventral carapace margin: A, zoea II; B, zoea III, C, zoea IV.
Figure 2 in The evolutionary significance of heterochrony in the abbreviated zoeal development of pilumnine crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Xanthoidea)
Figure 2. Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761), anterior view of the carapace: A, zoea III; B, zoea IV.
Figure 1 in The evolutionary significance of heterochrony in the abbreviated zoeal development of pilumnine crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Xanthoidea)
Figure 1. Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761), anterior view of the carapace: A, zoea I; B, zoea II.
Data from: The dentary of hadrosauroid dinosaurs: evolution through heterochrony
<p><span>The near-global success reached by hadrosaurid dinosaurs during the Cretaceous has been attributed to mastication, a behaviour commonly recognized as a mammalian adaptation. Its occurrence in a non-mammalian lineage should be accompanied by the evolution of several morphological modifications associated with food acquisition and processing. This study investigated morphological variation in the dentary, a major element of the hadrosauroid lower jaw. Eighty-four hadrosauroid dentaries were subjected to geometric morphometric and statistical analyses to investigate their taxonomic, ontogenetic, and individual variation. Results suggest increased food acquisition and processing efficiency in saurolophids through a complex pattern of evolutionary and growth-related changes. The edentulous region grew longer relative to dentary length, allowing for food acquisition specialization anteriorly and processing posteriorly, and became ventrally directed, possibly associated with foraging low-growing vegetation, especially in younger individuals. The saurolophid coronoid process became anteriorly directed and relatively more elongate, with an expanded apex, increasing moment arm length, with muscles pulling the jaw more posteriorly, increasing mechanical advantage. During growth, all hadrosauroids underwent anteroposterior dental battery elongation by the addition of teeth, and edentulous region ventralization decreased. The dental battery became deeper in saurolophids by increasing the number of teeth per tooth family. The increased coronoid process anterior inclination and relative edentulous region elongation in saurolophids are hypothesized to have evolved through hypermorphosis and/or acceleration, peramorphic heterochronic processes, and the anteroposteriorly shorter but dorsoventrally taller saurolophid dentary, likely emerged due to post-displacement in dental battery elongation and edentulous region decreased ventral orientation, a paedomorphic heterochronic process.</span></p>
Scan files, 3D reconstructions, data spreadsheet and supplementary files for Heterochrony and parallel evolution of echinoderm, hemichordate and cephalochordate internal bars
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Data from: The dentary of hadrosauroid dinosaurs: evolution through heterochrony
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Data from: To hatch and hatch not: Rejecting the hypothesis that heterochrony in vestibular mechanosensing explains poor escape-hatching success of Agalychnis spurrelli in snake attacks compared with its congener A. callidryas
<p>Phyllomedusid treefrogs hatch prematurely to escape egg predation, but escape success varies among species. During spontaneous hatching of <em>Agalychnis</em> <em>spurrelli</em>, snake attacks elicited 55% less escape-hatching than did attacks on less developed <em>A. callidryas</em>. <em>Agalychnis</em> <em>callidryas</em> use their vestibular system and, secondarily, their lateral line to sense physical disturbances that cue hatching. Since <em>A. spurrelli </em>develop faster, we hypothesized that heterochronic shifts in the onset timing of vestibular mechanosensory function, relative to hatching ability, might explain their lower escape response to mechanosensory cues. To test this, we compared the onset timing of hypoxia- and mechanosensory-cued hatching (MCH) and vestibular mechanosensory function in developmental series of <em>A. spurrelli</em> and <em>A. callidryas</em> embryos. Across species, most sibships began responding to each cue at the same developmental stage. MCH onset in A. spurrelli was associated with vestibular function onset, as indicated by measurements of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). Indeed, the first <em>A. spurrelli</em> embryos to show MCH had VOR amplitudes similar to those previously found for <em>A. callidryas</em> at the onset of MCH. These results indicate that low escape-hatching success in <em>A. spurrelli</em> is not caused by a relative delay in the onset of vestibular mechanosensory function, rejecting our initial hypothesis; the developmental timing of vestibular mechanosensing and its role in predator-induced hatching appears conserved. Our observations of both higher escape success of larger clutches in snake attacks and hatching complications in flooded A. spurrelli suggest, instead, that differences in egg capsule and clutch structure may contribute to species differences in escape-hatching success.</p>
Fig. 4. Callichimaeraperplexa n. gen. n in Exceptional preservation of mid-Cretaceous marine arthropods and the evolution of novel forms via heterochrony
Fig. 4. Callichimaeraperplexa n. gen. n. sp., reconstruction. (A and B) Line drawing of dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Colorsdenoteconvergent traitswith other decapod groups: light gray, dorsal carapace, similar to some lobsters and †Palaeocorystidae (Brachyura: Raninoida); dark gray, large eyes, similar to †Ekalakia (Dromiacea: †Glaessneropsidae) and several homoloids; red, pediform mxp3 bearing acrista dentata, similarto lobsters, most anomurans, and early-branching brachyurans (Homolodromioidea, most Homoloidea); yellow, spanner-like P1, similar to Hippoidea (Anomura), Raninoidea (Brachyura), and †Retrorsichela; green, flattened paddle-like legs P2 and P3, similar to Matutidae (Brachyura: Eubrachyura); blue, reduced legs P4 and P5, as in hermit crabs (Anomura: Paguroidea), podotreme brachyurans (e.g., Homolodromioidea and Cyclodorippoidea) and early-branchingeubrachyurans (e.g., Dorippoidea); orange, sternites S5 and S6 similar to †Retrorsichela, and Heikeopsis (Eubrachyura: Dorippoidea); and purple, symmetrical pleon lacksarticulatedrings anduropods/uropodal plates, likemost brachyurans. (C and D) Digital reconstruction. (C) Dorsal view. (D) Ventralview. A, pleon; Cx, coxa;Is, ischium; Ma, manus. Scalebar,10 mm. See movies S1 and S2 anddata file S2 for three-dimensional (3D) viewableand printable models. Line drawings by J.L. and 3D reconstructions by A.D.
Fig. 3 in Exceptional preservation of mid-Cretaceous marine arthropods and the evolution of novel forms via heterochrony
Fig. 3. Pleon and sexual dimorphism in Callichimaera perplexa n. gen. n. sp., lower Upper Cretaceous, Colombia. (A) Paratype IMG p881217, female, dorsal view showing thelegs 2 to 5 and thepleonites 1 to 4, two of them bearing anaxialtubercle. (B) Paratype IGMp881209b, female,showing the unfoldedpleon in lateralview and pleonites 2 to 5 andmultiple pairs of pleopods (white arrows). (C) Paratype MUN-STRI 27045-06, female, dorsalview, showing pleonites 1 to 6, theroundish telson, and the lack of uropods or uropodal plates. (D and E) Paratype IGM p881202, male. (D) Ventral view showing the chelipeds, pereopods, and pleon with sclerotized gonopods 1 and 2 [white box; see (E)]. (E) Close-upof sclerotized male gonopods 1 and 2 (white arrows), anarrow pleonite 6, anelongate telson,and the lackof uropods oruropodal plates. (F) Linedrawing of (E). (G) Paratype MUN-STRI 27045-09, a very small individual, possibly a megalopa or early postlarvalstage, preserving small and slender legs 2 and 3 compared to adult forms [see (I)]. (H) Paratype IGM p881220, juvenile, with legs 2 and 3, the pleon bearingan axial tubercle, and with a bifidrostrum anda pairof largecompoundeyesbearinghexagonalfacets (Fig.2G). (I) Paratype IGMp881206,adult female, ventralviewpreservingspanner-likechelipeds,longoar-likelegsor P2 and P3, reduced andslender legsor P4 and P5, and abroad pleon. G1 and G2, malegonopods 1 and 2; Pl1 to Pl6, pleonites 1 to 6; T, telson. All specimens were photographed dry; specimens in (A), (C), (D), and (G) to (I) were coated with ammonium chloride; specimens in (B) and (E) were uncoated. Photos by J.L.
Fig. 6 in Exceptional preservation of mid-Cretaceous marine arthropods and the evolution of novel forms via heterochrony
Fig. 6. Convergent decarcinized body forms in various families of false and true crabs and convergent appendages in swimming and/or fossorial arthropods. (A to I) Decarcinized crabs. (A to D) Anomura. (A to C) Molecrabs,Hippoidea: (A) Hippidae, Hippamarmorata, Taiwan.(B) Blepharipodidae: Blepharipodaoccidentalis. (C) Albuneidae: Albunea occulta, Taiwan. (D) Porcelain crabs, Galatheoidea: Porcellanidae: Euceramus panatelus, Panama. (E to I) Brachyura. (E and F) Frog crabs, Raninoidea: Raninidae: (E) Raninoides benedicti, Panamá. (F) Symethis sp. Panamá. (G and H) Masked burrowing crabs, Eubrachyura: Corystoidea: Corystidae: (G) Corystes cassivelaunus, Belgium. (H) Jonas distinctus, Taiwan. (I) Chimera crab, †Callichimaeroidea: Callichimaeridae: Callichimaeraperplexa n. gen. n. sp., Cenomanian-Turonian (95 to 90 Ma ago) of Colombia. (J to Q) Otheraquatic arthropods with modified appendages for swimming and/or digging. (J) Sea scorpions, Chelicerata: †Eurypterida: Eurypterusremipes, YPM 211521, upper Silurian, New York. (K to M) Insecta. (K) Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Cybisterfimbriolatus, YPMENT.959234; (L) Hemiptera: Corixidae: Hesperocorixa kennicottii, YPM ENT.452851; (M) Hemiptera: Notonectidae: Notonectaundulate, last instarnymph, Alberta, Canada. (N) Isopoda: Munnopsidae: Munnopsis longiremis, USNM 113282, Baja California, Mexico. (O to Q) Brachyura. (O) Orithyioidea: Orithyiidae: Orithyia sinica, USNM 134243, China. (P) Calappoidea: Matutidae: Matutavictor. (Q) Portunoidea:Portunidae:Arenaeus cribrarius. Photosby T. Y. Chan (A, C, and H), C. Boyko (B), A. Anker (D, E, and N), J.L. (F and O), H. Hillewaert (G), J. Utrup (J), E. Lazo-Wasem (K and L), J. Acorn (M), and O. Radosta (P and Q).
Fig. 2 in Exceptional preservation of mid-Cretaceous marine arthropods and the evolution of novel forms via heterochrony
Fig. 2. Dorsal, frontal, and ocular features in Callichimaera perplexa n. gen. n. sp., from the mid-Cretaceous of Colombia. (A and B) Paratype MUN-STRI 27044-02, showing three specimensin dorsal view (left), ventral view (right), and anisolated dorsal carapace (bottom center). (A) Color image. (B) Inverted color image highlighting details of thecarapace outlines, clawsand legs, andlarge eyes. (C) Paratype IMGp881203, dorsalview, showingdetails of thecarapace groovesandridgesandthelackof true orbits. (D) Paratype IMGp881218, dorsal view, showing details of dorsal carapace, claws, andlarge oar-like legs 2 and 3. (E and F) Paratype IGM p881209a.(E) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image showing details of large compound eye, optical lobe, rostrum (R), and two pairs of short antennae between the eyes. (F) SEM showing aclose-upof theoptical lobe. (G) Paratype IGMp881220,SEM oflargeeyepreservingmostlyhexagonalfacetsinhexagonalarrangement (left box), althoughtheproximal cornea bears squarishfacets inorthogonal packing (right box). (H to J) Paratype IGMp881208, ventral view,(H) showing thelargeeyes and bifidrostrum,(I) SEMof ventral right eye, and (J) SEMof ventralleft eye.An1, antenna 1 orantennula; An2,antenna 2; Bcg, branchio-cardiac groove; Cg, cervical groove; E, compound eye; Lr,longitudinal ridge; Ol, opticallobe; Pfr, postfrontal longitudinal ridge; Pgr,protogastric longitudinal ridge.All specimenswere photographed dry; specimensin (C) and (D) were coated with ammonium chloride; specimens in (A), (B), and (E) to (J) were uncoated. Photos by J.L.
Fig. 1 in Exceptional preservation of mid-Cretaceous marine arthropods and the evolution of novel forms via heterochrony
Fig. 1. Ventraland appendicularfeatures in Callichimaera perplexa n. gen. n. sp., fromthemid-Cretaceous of Colombia. (A to C) Holotype IGM p881215.(A) Ventral view. (B) Close-up of sternal plates, sutures, and linea media (lm); the white arrow shows a spine in the third leg coxae. (C) Close-up of sternal crown, mandibles, and maxillipeds 2 and 3, thelatterbearingarowof spinesorcristadentata (cd) intheischium. (D and E) Paratype IGMp881196. (D) Ventralview. (E) Close-upof sternumand sutures. (F) Paratype IGM p881185, showingdetails of thespanner-like claw. (G to I) Paratype IGM p881214. (G) Close-up of the large oar-like legs 2 and 3. (H) Ventralview showing the sternites, claws, legs, and pleon. (I) Close-up of the reduced and slender legs 4 and 5. Ba, basis; Ca, carpus; Da, dactylus; Pr, propodus; Ma, mandibula; Me, merus; Mxp2 and Mxp3, second and third maxillipeds, respectively; P1, claw or cheliped; P2 to P5, pereopods or legs 2 to 5; Po, pollex or fixed finger tip; Pl, pleon or "abdomen"; S1 to S7, sternites 1 to 7; 4/5–6/7, sternal sutures. All specimens were photographed dry; specimens in (A), (D), (E), (G), and (H) were coated with ammonium chloride; specimensin (B), (C), (F), and (I) were uncoated. Photos by J.L.
Fig. 5 in Exceptional preservation of mid-Cretaceous marine arthropods and the evolution of novel forms via heterochrony
Fig. 5. Phylogenetic relationships among the main families, superfamilies, and sections of "true" crabs or Brachyura. Tree topology after figs. S5 and S6. Each color and letter (encircled) represents one of the nine major brachyuran evolutionary branches. Dromiacea (red) (A) and Homoloida (purple) (B) are first known from the Jurassic, while †Callichimaeroida section nov. (dark blue) (C), †Torynommoida (light blue) (D), †Etyoida (dark green) (E), Raninoida (light green) (F), †Dakoticancroida (yellow) (G), Cyclodorippoida (orange) (H), and Eubrachyura or "higher" brachyurans (brown) (I) are all first known from the Cretaceous.Thick solid lines represent the ages of the first and last occurrences of each family within the main lineages. Dotted lines and daggers indicate extinct taxa; solid lines indicate living taxa. Black triangles indicate that in Anomura,decarcinization has occurred twice (anomuran clades not illustrated).White triangles indicate the three Brachyura lineages where decarcinization has occurred. Figure by J.L.
Figure 13 in The evolutionary significance of heterochrony in the abbreviated zoeal development of pilumnine crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Xanthoidea)
Figure 13. Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761), dorsal view of abdomen: A, zoea III; B, zoea IV.
Figure 12 in The evolutionary significance of heterochrony in the abbreviated zoeal development of pilumnine crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Xanthoidea)
Figure 12. Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761), dorsal view of abdomen: A, zoea I; B, zoea II.
Compounding heterochrony shapes the salamander visual system across adaptive zones
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