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62 results for “hominin”
Fig. 5 A in A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines
Fig. 5 A phylogeny of the taxa included in this analysis consistent with most of the cladograms presented here. Taxa are positioned in chronological order without regard to geography, with most taxa only known from a limited time span. Exceptions are Ekembo and Sivapithecus, with longer time ranges, which are positioned roughly when they are most abundant, in both cases about mid-way in their known time ranges. The different colored "puddles" represent hominid clades and/or stages of evolution. These can also be imagined as pools of related species in somewhat delimited space and time with broad ancestordescendant relationships. The lines are disconnected to reflect the difficulty in identifying actual ancestor-descendant relationships, but that these relations can be estimated between "puddles". Blue puddle taxa are stem hominids and are all confined to Africa. Among these taxa the relations of Samburupithecus and Chororapithecus are unresolved in the cladograms except in so far as they are excluded from the clade that includes all Eurasian taxa and crown hominins. Other lines of evidence suggest that these taxa are members of the early or middle Miocene radiation of early apes (see text). The orange puddles are the pongines, which probably have their origin within the middle Miocene puddle, although not necessarily any of the taxa included here (another taxon, Griphopithecus, known from Europe and Türkiye, would be a member of the blue puddle but was not included in the cladistic analyses). While both are pongines, Ankarapithecus lacks derived features shared by Sivapithecus and Pongo, so the line representing the relationship between the latter two bi-passes Ankarapithecus. The three green-shade puddles represent the hominine clades as defined here. Bright green are the dryopithecins, with the younger taxa Rudapithecus and Hispanopithecus depicted as closely related and descendant from any of the older taxa or an unknown taxon sharing attributes with these three. The light green puddle includes the Balkan and Anatolian taxa, likely to have descended from somewhere in the dryopithecin puddle. Possible ancestor-descendant relationships are depicted in this puddle. The darker green puddle represents the crown hominines. The various lineages diverge from unknown ancestors, but probably a member of either of the older green shade puddles. Gorillas diverge first, followed by chimpanzees and humans. Orrorin and Ardipithecus are depicted in a manner consistent with their sister clade status, without implying a direct ancestor-descendant relationship.
Fig. 2 in A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines
Fig. 2 Cross sectional anatomy of the palate in Anadoluvius and other hominids (not to scale). Ekembo and extant hominids redrawn from31 Rudapithecus modified from40. Ouranopithecus redrawn from41 based on a ct scan. The Ardipithecus specimen, modified from42, is a surface rendering derived from ct scans and does not show the cross section but the lateral aspect. The Ekembo specimen is based on BMNH 16664, the holotype of Ekembo nyanzae. The Rudapithecus specimens are RUD 12, a female, and RUD 44, a male. The photographs to the right of the line drawings of Rudapithecus are the original specimens. The Anadoluvius specimens are CO-2100/2800 (female, left) and CO-205 (male, right), with photographs of casts of the reconstructed specimens (see SI for details of the reconstruction.) Line drawings of Anadoluvius are original to this work.
Data from: Pattern and process in hominin brain size evolution are scale-dependent
A large brain is a defining feature of modern humans, yet there is no consensus regarding the patterns, rates, and processes involved in hominin brain size evolution. We use a reliable proxy for brain size in fossils, endocranial volume (ECV), to better understand how brain size evolved at both clade- and lineage-level scales. For the hominin clade overall, the dominant signal is consistent with a gradual increase in brain size. This gradual trend appears to have been generated primarily by processes operating within hypothesized lineages – 64% or 88% depending on whether one uses a more or less speciose taxonomy, respectively. These processes were supplemented by the appearance in the fossil record of larger-brained Homo species and the subsequent disappearance of smaller-brained Australopithecus and Paranthropus taxa. When the estimated rate of within-lineage ECV increase is compared to an exponential model that operationalizes generation-scale evolutionary processes, it suggests that the observed data were the result of episodes of directional selection interspersed with periods of stasis and/or drift; all of this occurs on too fine a time scale to be resolved by the current human fossil record, thus producing apparent gradual trends within lineages. Our findings provide a quantitative basis for developing and testing scale-explicit hypotheses about the factors that led brain size to increase during hominin evolution.
Finite element models from: Mechanical compensation in the evolution of the early hominin feeding apparatus
<p>Australopiths, a group of hominins from the Plio-Pleistocene of Africa, are characterized by derived traits in their crania hypothesized to strengthen the facial skeleton against feeding loads and increase the efficiency of bite force production. The crania of robust australopiths are further thought to be stronger and more efficient than those of gracile australopiths. Results of prior mechanical analyses have been broadly consistent with this hypothesis, but here we show that the predictions of the hypothesis with respect to mechanical strength are not met: some gracile australopith crania are as strong as that of a robust australopith, and the strength of gracile australopith crania overlaps substantially with that of chimpanzee crania. We hypothesize that the evolution of cranial traits that increased the efficiency of bite force production in australopiths may have simultaneously weakened the face, leading to the compensatory evolution of additional traits that reinforced the facial skeleton. The evolution of facial form in early hominins can therefore be thought of as a trade-off between the need to increase the efficiency of bite force production and the need to maintain the structural integrity of the face. This may have implications for interpreting cranial form in other vertebrates.</p>
FIGURE 7 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 7. Representative SEM results from one (TDES 3) of the fossil eggshells.
FIGURE 1. Fossil eggs from Taung, T92-88 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 1. Fossil eggs from Taung, T92-88 on the right and T93-17 on the left.
Data from: Sporadic sampling not climatic forcing drives observed early hominin diversity
The role of climate change in the origin and diversification of early hominins is hotly debated. Most accounts of early hominin evolution link observed fluctuations in species diversity to directional shifts in climate or periods of intense climatic instability. None of these hypotheses, however, have tested whether observed diversity patterns are distorted by variation in the quality of the hominin fossil record. Here, we present a detailed examination of early hominin diversity dynamics, including both taxic and phylogenetically corrected diversity estimates. Unlike past studies, we compare these estimates to sampling metrics for rock availability (hominin-, primate-, and mammal-bearing formations) and collection effort, in order to assess the geological and anthropogenic controls on the sampling of the early hominin fossil record. Taxic diversity, primate-bearing formations, and collection effort show strong positive correlations, demonstrating that observed patterns of early hominin taxic diversity can be explained by temporal heterogeneity in fossil sampling rather than genuine evolutionary processes. Peak taxic diversity at 1.9 million years ago (Ma) is a sampling artefact, reflecting merely maximal rock availability and collection effort. In contrast, phylogenetic diversity estimates imply peak diversity at 2.4 Ma and show little relation to sampling metrics. We find that apparent relationships between early hominin diversity and indicators of climatic instability are, in fact, driven largely by variation in suitable rock exposure and collection effort. Our results suggest that significant improvements in the quality of the fossil record are required before the role of climate in hominin evolution can be reliably determined.
Postcranial characters for analyzing hominin relationships and adaptations
<p class="MsoNormal">A new matrix of postcranial hominin characters is here presented, consisting of 239 characters and 14 taxa. The taxa include extant humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, and the fossil taxa consist of <em>Ardipithecus ramidus</em>, three species of <em>Australopithecus</em>, and seven <em>Homo</em> taxa. The matrix is 65.7% complete, with 2,197 scored character states. The characters are not polarized. These data could be useful for applications in cluster analysis, classification, and phylogeny.</p>
Data from: Hominin fossils from Kromdraai and Drimolen inform Paranthropus robustus craniofacial ontogeny
<p>Growth and development provide critical information about the evolutionary history of early hominin adult morphology. Using fossils from the southern African site of Kromdraai, we herein present the digital models of three juvenile specimens that are especially valuable because they shed light on how the distinct adult craniofacial characteristics of <em>Paranthropus robustus</em> developed. We find significant differences in the development of <em>P. robustus</em> and <em>Australopithecus africanus</em>. Additionally, some features of the <em>P. robustus</em> specimens suggest that the iconic SK 54 juvenile calvaria from the southern African site of Swartkrans is more likely an early <em>Homo</em> specimen rather than <em>Paranthropus</em>. The results of this study shed light on the evolutionary relationships between different early hominin species and could help to identify the closest relative to the <em>Paranthropus/Homo</em> clade.</p>
Limestone spheroid 3D models for: The limestone spheroids of 'Ubeidiya: Intentional imposition of symmetric geometry by early hominins?
<p><span>Spheroids are one of the least understood lithic items yet are one of the most enduring, spanning from the Oldowan to the Middle Palaeolithic. Why and how they were made remains highly debated. We seek to address whether spheroids represent unintentional by-products of percussive tasks or if they were intentionally knapped tools with specific manufacturing goals. We apply novel 3D analysis methods, including spherical harmonics and surface curvature, to 150 limestone spheroids from 'Ubeidiya (c.1.4Ma), presently the earliest Acheulean occurrence outside of Africa, to bring a new perspective to these enigmatic artefacts. We reconstruct the spheroid reduction sequence based on trends in their scar facets and geometry, finding that the spheroid makers at 'Ubeidiya followed a premeditated reduction strategy. During their manufacture, the spheroids do not become smoother, but they become markedly more spherical. They approach an ideal sphere, a feat that likely required a mental template and skilful knapping. Acheulean bifaces are currently thought to represent the earliest evidence of hominins imposing a premeditated, symmetrical shape on stone. With evidence of spheroids occurring before the Acheulean, the intentional production of a sphere-like object now represents the oldest evidence of hominins desiring and achieving intentional geometry and symmetry in stone. </span></p>
Finite element models from: Mechanical compensation in the evolution of the early hominin feeding apparatus
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Data from: Sporadic sampling not climatic forcing drives observed early hominin diversity
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Uniform, Circular and Shallow (UCS) enamel pitting in hominins: Prevalence, morphological associations, and potential taxonomic significance
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Limestone spheroid 3D models for: The limestone spheroids of ‘Ubeidiya: Intentional imposition of symmetric geometry by early hominins?
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Data from: Pattern and process in hominin brain size evolution are scale-dependent
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Data from: Hominin fossils from Kromdraai and Drimolen inform Paranthropus robustus craniofacial ontogeny
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Postcranial characters for analyzing hominin relationships and adaptations
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Postcanine dental metrics for hominin fossils from the Omo, Ethiopia, and the comparative dataset
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Splice altering variant predictions in four archaic hominin genomes
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From smart apes to human brain boxes. A uniquely derived brain shape in late hominins clade: supplementary material
<p>DATA.rda: an RData file containing the phylogenetic tree, the landmark and semilandmark sets used in the analyses of the endocast shape (123 specimens), the semilandmark sets used in the asymmetry analyses (120 specimens), the vector of the corresponding ECV values and a mesh containing the triangulated semilandmark configuration.</p> <p>script.R: the annotated script used to replicate the analyses reported in this study.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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