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58 results for “host switching”
Data from: Symbiont infection and psyllid haplotype influence phenotypic plasticity during host switching events
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Angiosperm to Gymnosperm host-plant switch entails shifts in microbiota of the Welwitschia bug, Probergrothius angolensis (Distant, 1902)
<p>Adaptation of herbivorous insects to new host plants is key to their evolutionary success in diverse environments. Many insects are associated with mutualistic gut bacteria that contribute to the host's nutrition and can thereby facilitate dietary switching in polyphagous insects. However, how gut microbial communities differ between populations of the same species that feed on different host plants remains poorly understood. Most species of Pyrrhocoridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are specialist seed-feeders on plants in the family Malvaceae, however populations of one species, <i>Probergrothius angolensis</i>, has switched to the very distantly related <i>Welwitschia mirabilis </i>plant in the Namib Desert. We first compared development and survival of laboratory populations of <i>Pr. angolensis</i> with two other pyrrhocorids on seeds of <i>Welwitschia</i> and found only <i>Pr. angolensis</i> capable of successfully completing its development. We then collected <i>Pr. angolensis</i> in Namibia<i> </i>from Malvaceae and <i>Welwitschia</i> host plants, respectively, to assess their bacterial and fungal community profiles using high-throughput amplicon sequencing. Comparison with long-term lab reared insects indicated stable associations of <i>Pr. angolensis</i> with core bacteria (<i>Commensalibacter, Enterococcus, Bartonella, </i>and <i>Klebsiella</i>), but not fungi or yeasts. Phylogenetic analyses of core bacteria revealed relationships to other insect-associated bacteria, but also found new taxa indicating potential host-specialized nutritional roles. Importantly, the microbial community profiles of bugs feeding on <i>Welwitschia</i> vs. Malvaceae revealed stark and consistent differences in the relative abundance of core bacterial taxa that correlate with the host-plant switch; a result we were able to recreate through feeding experiments. Thus, a dynamic gut microbiota may provide a means for insect adaptation to new host plants in new environments when food plants are extremely divergent.</p>
Data from: Early wasp plucks the flower: disparate extant diversity of sawfly superfamilies (Hymenoptera: 'Symphyta') may reflect asynchronous switching to angiosperm hosts
The insect order Hymenoptera originated during the Permian nearly 300 million years ago. Ancestrally herbivorous hymenopteran lineages today make up the paraphyletic suborder 'Symphyta,' which encompasses circa 8200 species with very diverse host-plant associations. We used phylogeny-based statistical analyses to explore drivers of diversity dynamics within the 'Symphyta,' with a particular focus on the hypothesis that diversification of herbivorous insects has been driven by the explosive radiation of angiosperms during and after the Cretaceous. Our ancestral-state estimates reveal that the first symphytans fed on gymnosperms, and that shifts onto angiosperms and pteridophytes—and back—have occurred at different time intervals in different groups. Trait-dependent analyses indicate that average net diversification rates do not differ between symphytan lineages feeding on angiosperms, gymnosperms, or pteridophytes, but trait-independent models show that the highest diversification rates are found in a few angiosperm-feeding lineages that may have been favored by the radiations of their host taxa during the Cenozoic. Intriguingly, lineages-through-time plots exhibit signs of an early Cretaceous mass extinction, with a recovery starting first in angiosperm-associated clades. Hence, the oft-invoked assumption of herbivore diversification driven by the rise of flowering plants may overlook a Cretaceous global turnover in insect herbivore communities during the rapid displacement of gymnosperm- and pteridophyte-dominated floras by angiosperms.
FIGURE 7 in Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., a new bivalve-associated shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from East Kalimantan, revealing intrageneric host switching
FIGURE 7. Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., holotype male, pocl. 2.1mm, MZB 5341. A, left fifth pereiopod, lateral view; B, idem, distal part propodus and dactylus, medial view. Scale bar: A = 0.5mm; B = 0.125mm.
FIGURE 3 in Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., a new bivalve-associated shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from East Kalimantan, revealing intrageneric host switching
FIGURE 3. Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., holotype male, pocl. 2.1mm, MZB 5341. A, left antennula, dorsal view; B, idem, ventral view; C, left antenna, ventral view; D, left mandible; E, left maxillula (lower lacinia missing); F, left maxilla (proximal part of scaphognathite missing); G, left first maxilliped. Scale bar: = 0.5mm.
FIGURE 6 in Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., a new bivalve-associated shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from East Kalimantan, revealing intrageneric host switching
FIGURE 6. Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., holotype male, pocl. 2.1mm, MZB 5341. A, left third pereiopod, lateral view; B, idem, distal part propodus and dactylus. Scale bar: A = 0.5mm; B = 0.125mm.
FIGURE 8 in Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., a new bivalve-associated shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from East Kalimantan, revealing intrageneric host switching
FIGURE 8. Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., holotype male, pocl. 2.1mm, MZB 5341. A, left first pleopod; B, left second pleopod; C, idem, appendix masculina and appendix interna; D, right exopod of uropod, distolateral part. Scale bars: A, B = 0.5mm; C, D = 0.125mm.
FIGURE 4 in Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., a new bivalve-associated shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from East Kalimantan, revealing intrageneric host switching
FIGURE 4. Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., holotype male, pocl. 2.1mm, MZB 5341. A, left second maxilliped; B, left third maxilliped; C, left first pereiopod. Scale bar: = 0.5mm.
FIGURE 1 in Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., a new bivalve-associated shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from East Kalimantan, revealing intrageneric host switching
FIGURE 1. Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., holotype male, pocl. 2.1mm, MZB 5341, habitus, lateral view (second pereiopods detached, not drawn). Scale bar: = 2mm.
FIGURE 5 in Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., a new bivalve-associated shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from East Kalimantan, revealing intrageneric host switching
FIGURE 5. Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., holotype male, pocl. 2.1mm, MZB 5341. A, right major second pereiopod, dorsomedial view; B, left minor second pereiopod, dorsomedial view; C, fingers of right major second chela, medial view. Scale bar: A, B = 1.25mm; C = 0.125mm.
FIGURE 2 in Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., a new bivalve-associated shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from East Kalimantan, revealing intrageneric host switching
FIGURE 2. Odontonia kerangcaris sp. nov., holotype male, pocl. 2.1mm, MZB 5341. A, anterior carapace and appendages, dorsal view; B, anterior part of carapace, rostrum and eyes, dorsolateral view; C, tail-fan and sixth abdominal segment, lateral view; D, telson and uropods, dorsal view; E, distal part of telson, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–C = 1mm; D = 0.5mm; E = 0.125mm.
Figure 5 in What causes transformation of the parasitic copepod? A new example of host switching in the family Anthessiidae (Cyclopoida) from Singaporean waters, with the proposal of a new genus
Figure 5. Merlionia zeeae, adult male, allotype (ZRC 2023.0306). A, habitus, dorsal. B, cephalosome, dorsal. C, rostral area, ventral. D, fifth pedigerous and genital somites, ventral. E, left antennule, anterior. F, left maxilliped, posterior. Scale bars: A, 400 μm; B, 200 μm; C, 50 μm; D–F, 100 μm.
Figure 6 in What causes transformation of the parasitic copepod? A new example of host switching in the family Anthessiidae (Cyclopoida) from Singaporean waters, with the proposal of a new genus
Figure 6. Fresh coloration of a specimen of Ichthyscopus lebeck (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) infected by the type series of Merlionia zeeae. Scale bar: 30 mm.
Figure 4 in What causes transformation of the parasitic copepod? A new example of host switching in the family Anthessiidae (Cyclopoida) from Singaporean waters, with the proposal of a new genus
Figure 4. Merlionia zeeae, adult female, holotype (ZRC 2023.0305). A, left leg 1, anterior. B, left leg 2, anterior. C, right leg 3, anterior. D, right leg 4, anterior. E, left leg 5, outer. Scale bars: A–E, 100 μm.
Figure 3 in What causes transformation of the parasitic copepod? A new example of host switching in the family Anthessiidae (Cyclopoida) from Singaporean waters, with the proposal of a new genus
Figure 3. Merlionia zeeae, adult female, holotype (ZRC 2023.0305). A, left antennule, anterior. B, same, distal portion, anterior. C, left antenna, anterior. D, same, distal portion, frontal. E, labrum, anterior. F, left mandible, posterior. G, right maxillule, posterior. H, right maxilla, posterior. I, labium, posterior. Scale bars: A, I, 100 μm; B, G, H, 30 μm; C, E, 50 μm; F, H, 40 μm.
Data from: Switching among natal and auxiliary hosts increases vulnerability of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to insecticides
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Data from: Early wasp plucks the flower: disparate extant diversity of sawfly superfamilies (Hymenoptera: 'Symphyta') may reflect asynchronous switching to angiosperm hosts
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Angiosperm to Gymnosperm host-plant switch entails shifts in microbiota of the Welwitschia bug, Probergrothius angolensis (Distant, 1902)
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Data from: Complex patterns of host switching in New World Arenaviruses
We empirically tested the long-standing hypothesis of codivergence of New World arenaviruses (NWA) with their hosts. We constructed phylogenies for NWA and all known hosts and used them in reconciliation analyses. We also constructed a phylogenetic tree of all Sigmodontinae and Neotominae rodents and tested whether viral–host associations were phylogenetically clustered. We determined host geographical overlap to determine to what extent opportunity to switch hosts was limited by host relatedness or physical proximity. With the exception of viruses from North America, no phylogenetically codivergent pattern between NWA and their hosts was found. We found that different virus clades were clustered differently and that Clade B with members pathogenic to humans was randomly distributed across the rodent phylogeny. Furthermore, viral relatedness within Clade B was significantly explained by the geographic overlap of their hosts' ranges rather than host relatedness, indicating that they are capable of host switching opportunistically. This has important bearings on their potential to become panzootic. Together, these analyses suggest that NWA have not codiverged with their hosts and instead have evolved predominantly via host switching.
Data from: Evolutionary relationships, cospeciation, and host switching in avian malaria parasites
We used phylogenetic analyses of cytochrome b sequences of malaria parasites and their avian hosts to assess the coevolutionary relationships between host and parasite lineages. Many lineages of avian malaria parasites have broad host distributions, which tend to obscure cospeciation events. The hosts of a single parasite or of closely related parasites were nonetheless most frequently recovered from members of the same host taxonomic family, more so than expected by chance. However, global assessments of the relationship between parasite and host phylogenetic trees, using Component and ParaFit, failed to detect significant cospeciation. The event-based approach employed by TreeFitter revealed significant cospeciation and duplication with certain cost assignments for these events, but host switching was consistently more prominent in matching the parasite tree to the host tree. The absence of a global cospeciation signal despite conservative host distribution most likely reflects relatively frequent acquisition of new hosts by individual parasite lineages. Understanding these processes will require a more refined species concept for malaria parasites and more extensive sampling of parasite distributions across hosts. If parasites can disperse between allopatric host populations through alternative hosts, cospeciation may not have a strong influence on the architecture of host–parasite relationships. Rather, parasite speciation may happen more often in conjunction with the acquisition of new hosts followed by divergent selection between host lineages in sympatry. Detailed studies of the phylogeographic distributions of hosts and parasites are needed to characterize these events.
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