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opencc-by-4.0Aug 2014View details →

Fig. 2 in A walk on the tundra: Host-parasite interactions in an extreme environment

Fig. 2. Representation of historical drivers for host and parasite distributions across North America during the Last Glacial Maximum and the post-Pleistocene. The map depicts the current geography of the continent showing an overlay of the maximum extent of past glaciations, pathways for expansion and episodic range shifts by ungulates and parasitic nematodes, and the contemporary distributions of caribou of the migratory Dolphin and Union herd, and of the sedentary Kangerlussuaq-Sisimiut and AkiaManiitsoq herds of West Greenland.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2014View details →

Fig. 1 in A walk on the tundra: Host-parasite interactions in an extreme environment

Fig. 1. The parasite fauna of Arctic ungulates has been shaped by historical and contemporary processes. Today, the Arctic today is characterized by extremes in temperature, high seasonality, and low host species diversity and abundance. Rapid climate warming is now a dominant feature that is altering host–parasite interactions in several ways. Temperatures directly affect parasite development and survival in the environment and in ectotherm hosts, and although warming temperatures may initially accelerate transmission, they may quickly exceed the upper thermal tolerance limits for some arctic parasites. Using the Metabolic Theory of Ecology, temperature dependencies can be modeled and generalized to provide broader insights across genera and ecological regions. Climate changes may also alter both host and parasite life-history strategies and phenology, including migration patterns, leading to non-linear changes and tipping points in transmission ecology. Climate warming and associated changes in the cryosphere also alters ecological barriers and corridors, leading to range shifts and new contact zones.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2018View details →

Fig. 2 in Molecular confirmation of Hymenolepis hibernia in field mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) from St Kilda has potential to resolve a host-parasite relationship

Fig. 2. The Sanger sequence of 385 bp of mt-Cox-1 fragments of cyclophyllidean DNA generated from eggs recovered from mouse 9 and faeces X (6. H-HA25), aligned with 5 corresponding H. hibernia sequences published in the NCBI Genbank database. There are 12 intraspecific SNPs at positions 5, 60, 78, 84, 90, 156, 216, 219, 252, 262, 291 and 318. GeneBank submission ID: 2151861.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2018View details →

Fig. 1 in Molecular confirmation of Hymenolepis hibernia in field mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) from St Kilda has potential to resolve a host-parasite relationship

Fig. 1. Examples of cyclophyllidean tapeworms and eggs recovered from Apodemus sylvaticus viscera and faeces. A: Unarmed scolex of an intact tapeworm - mouse 5. B: Anoplocephalid tapeworm egg - mouse 8. C: Hymenolepidid egg cropped without changing dimensions from the same image as B, for comparison - mouse 8. D: Anoplocephalid tapeworm egg - mouse X (faeces from a cleat). E: Anoplocephalid onchosphere released after squashing an egg under a cover slip - mouse X (faeces from a cleat). F: Tapeworm from mouse 8 (scolex not intact). G: hymenolepidid tapeworm egg - mouse X (faeces from a cleat). H: Hexacanth onchosphere surrounded by an onchospheral membrane and inner zone of the embryophore, which has swollen, having been released from the egg shell by squashing under a cover slip - mouse 9. I: Hymenolepidid tapeworm egg - mouse 7. J: Hexacanth onchosphere surrounded by an intact onchospheral membrane and inner and outer zones of the embryophore, being released from a cracked egg shell by squashing under a cover slip - mouse 7. K: Hymenolepidid tapeworm egg - mouse 8. L: Hexacanth onchosphere surrounded by an onchospheral membrane and inner zone of the embryophore, which has swollen, having been released from the egg shell by squashing under a cover slip - mouse 8.

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Fig. 3. Maximum Likelihood tree for the 35 haplotypes identified from 39 in Molecular confirmation of Hymenolepis hibernia in field mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) from St Kilda has potential to resolve a host-parasite relationship

Fig. 3. Maximum Likelihood tree for the 35 haplotypes identified from 39 mt-cox-1 sequences of Hymenolepis species. Of these, 19, 5, 2 and 8 haplotypes are identified in the Genbank database as H. diminuta, H. hibernia, H. microstoma and H. nana, respectively, and one haplotype (H-HA25) was identified here from the faeces of St Kilda mice 9 and X. Branches with bootstrap values (1000 replications) represented at the base of the nodes. The phylogeny is rooted with mt-cox-1 sequence of parasitic nematode H. contortus.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2019View details →

Fig. 1 in Role of temperature and carbonate system variability on a host-parasite system: Implications for the gigantism hypothesis

Fig. 1. Study sites along the Chilean coast (Quintay and Concepción), and variability in temperature, pH, salinity, total alkalinity, partial pressure of CO2, and aragonite saturation state. Bars indicate ± 1 standard error. Asterisk represents significant differences between sites (p <0.001).

Fig. 3 in Host-parasite interaction and impact of mite infection on mosquito population

Fig. 3. Attachment preferences of mites for mosquito body parts. Bars show ± SE, comparisons are made at 95% confidence using ANOVA. Bars without SE = no variations.

Fig. 4 in Host-parasite interaction and impact of mite infection on mosquito population

Fig. 4. Attachment preference of mites for mosquito sexes. Bars show ± SE, comparisons are made at 95% confidence using ANOVA. Bars without SE = no variations.

Fig. 2 in Host-parasite interaction and impact of mite infection on mosquito population

Fig. 2. Mosquitoes parasitized by mites. Tukey's multiple comparison tests were applied at 95% confidence to compare differences. Bars (±SE) with different letters show significant differences at p ≤ 0.05. Bars without SE = no variations.

Fig. 1 in Host-parasite interaction and impact of mite infection on mosquito population

Fig. 1. (A) Culex pipiens fatigans infected by Arrenurus danbyensis; (B and C) Coquillettidia sp. infected with Leptus sp.; (D) Aedes sp., infected with Arrenurus danbyensis.

Fig. 7 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations

Fig. 7. Distribution of the records of parasitic arthropods in relation to host species and their distribution in the sub-regions of the Antarctic region. Legend: AAP = Antarctic Peninsula (including South Shetland Islands and Palmer Archipelago), AWS = Antarctica Weddell Sea sector, AAT = Antarctica Atlantic Ocean sector (including Bouvet Island), AIW = Antarctica Indian Ocean West sector, AIE = Antarctica Indian Ocean East sector, ARS = Antarctica Ross Sea sector (including Scott and Balleny Islands), APW = Antarctica Pacific Ocean West sector, APE = Antarctica Pacific Ocean East sector (including Peter I Island), SOI = South Orkney Island, SGI = South Georgia Island, SSI = South Sandwich Islands, PEI = Prince Edward Islands, CRI = Crozet Islands, KEI = Kerguelen Islands, HMI = Heard and McDonald Islands.

Fig. 6 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations

Fig. 6. Distribution of host species and host-parasite-location records in the Antarctic region, excluding stragglers and contaminants. Legend: (A) avian hosts, (B) pinniped hosts, (C) chewing lice, (D) sucking lice, (E) fleas, (F) ticks, (G) nasal mites, (H) feather mites.

Fig. 4 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations

Fig. 4. Genera of fleas (Ceratophyllidae – 1, Pygiopsyllidae – 2, Rhopalopsyllidae – 3), pentastomes (Reighardiidae – 4), hard ticks (Ixodidae – 5), parasitic mites (Laelapidae – 6, Halarachnidae – 7, Rhinonyssidae – 8) and feather mites (Alloptidae – 9, Avenzoariidae – 10, Freyanidae – 11, Xolalgidae – 12) recorded infesting Antarctic birds and mammals.

Fig. 5 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations

Fig. 5. Network representation and mean and standard deviation of degrees and betweenness centrality of the host-parasite associations by host families (A) and parasite families (B), excluding stragglers and contaminants. Degrees (number of connections of a given node) may be interpreted as a measure of the host breadth of a given parasite species or the parasite diversity of a given host species; node size is drawn proportional to the number of degrees. Betweenness centrality (proportion of shortest paths between nodes that pass through a given node) may be interpreted as a measure of the potential influence a species has over the spread of vectorborne pathogens through the network.

Fig. 3 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations

Fig. 3. Genera of sucking lice (Echinophthiriidae – 1) and chewing lice (Menoponidae – 2, Philopteridae – 3) recorded infesting Antarctic birds and mammals.

Fig. 2 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations

Fig. 2. Host-parasite associations at the family level between Antarctic birds and mammals and arthropods, excluding stragglers and contaminants. Phylogenetic trees are not drawn to scale (adapted from Dabert and Mironov, 1999; Whiting, 2002; Dowling and O'Connor, 2010; Zhang, 2011; Prum et al., 2015).

Fig. 1 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations

Fig. 1. Sub-areas of the Antarctic region. Legend: AAP = Antarctic Peninsula (including South Shetland Islands and Palmer Archipelago), AWS = Antarctica Weddell Sea sector, AAT = Antarctica Atlantic Ocean sector (including Bouvet Island), AIW = Antarctica Indian Ocean West sector, AIE = Antarctica Indian Ocean East sector, ARS = Antarctica Ross Sea sector (including Scott and Balleny Islands), APW = Antarctica Pacific Ocean West sector, APE = Antarctica Pacific Ocean East sector (including Peter I Island), SOI = South Orkney Island, SGI = South Georgia Island, SSI = South Sandwich Islands, PEI = Prince Edward Islands, CRI = Crozet Islands, KEI = Kerguelen Islands, HMI = Heard and McDonald Islands. The Antarctic Polar Front was drawn from Moore et al. (1999).

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2021View details →

Fig. 3 in Detection of Eumonospora henryae (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) from Falco columbarius (Falconiformes: Aves): Comparison of host-parasite phylogram and comments on the family Sarcocystidae Poche, 1913

Fig. 3. Phylograms of the genus Eumonospora on the left and core land birds modified from McClure et al. (2019) on the right. The boxes under Eumonospora spp. represent detected host species and the shaded boxes encompass the Afroaves. The lines connect parasites and hosts encountered, with the dotted line indicating host switching across order boundaries.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in Detection of Eumonospora henryae (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) from Falco columbarius (Falconiformes: Aves): Comparison of host-parasite phylogram and comments on the family Sarcocystidae Poche, 1913

Fig. 1. Optical (A, B) and differential interference contrast photomicrographs (C, D) of oocysts and sporocysts of Eumonospora sp. detected from Falco columbarius. Fig. 1A. Sporulated oocyst with stout sporozoites (SZ) inside a sporocyst (SP). Fig. 1B. A collapsed oocyst with a compact sporocyst residuum (SR) within an SP. Fig. 1C. Randomly diffused SR within an SP. Fig. 1D. Eight SZs with diffused SR. Scale bars = 10 μm.