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410 results for “hybrid species”
Figs. 2, 3. Fig. 2 in Molecular and morphological approaches for species delimitation and hybridization investigations of two Cichla species
Figs. 2, 3. Fig. 2 (adapted of Kullander & Ferreira, 2006), body measures used for morphological analyses of Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801 individuals: Standard length (1); head length (2); snout length (3); length of the lower jaw (4); length of the upper jaw (5); orbit diameter (6); head height (7); body height (8); length of pectoral fin (9); length of the dorsal fin spines (10); length of the dorsal fin radius (11); length of caudal peduncle (12); caudal peduncle height (13); and inter-orbital width (14). Fig. 3 (adapted of Kullander & Nijssen 1989): meristic parameters included the following measures. Numbers of dorsal fin spines (ED); dorsal fin radius (RD); upper lateral line scales (LS); lower lateral line scales (LI); pectoral fin radius (RP); and anal fin radius (RA).
Data from: Ancestral hybridization yields evolutionary distinct hybrids lineages and species boundaries in crocodiles, posing unique conservation conundrums
<p>Interspecific hybridization can lead to adaptation and speciation, especially in the context of recent radiations. The emblematic <em>Crocodylus</em> (true crocodiles) is the most broadly distributed, ecologically diverse, and species-rich crocodylian genus. Nonetheless, their within-species evolutionary processes are poorly resolved mainly due to their potential for hybridization. Notably, the evolutionary outcomes when hybridization is ancient and involves long-lived species, like crocodiles, remain largely unexplored. Here, we evaluate the genomic admixture between the American (<em>Crocodylus</em> <em>acutus</em>) and the Morelet's (<em>Crocodylus</em> <em>moreletii</em>) species, and demonstrate that this hybridization system challenges the definition of species boundaries and poses a triple conservation conundrum: what has been recognized as <em>C. acutus</em> is actually two distinct species, therefore its taxonomic reassessment is needed; we identified two evolutionary distinct hybrids lineages, which are genetically discernible from the parental species; the remaining <em>C. moreletii </em>populations evidence its likely extinction as a species and/or evolution via hybridization. Hence, the crocodiles' distinct species and hybrids lineages warrant recognition and need urgent conservation efforts.</p>
Hybridization and the coexistence of species: HZAM-Sym code and data files
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>It is thought that two species can coexist if they use different resources present in the environment, yet this assumes that species are completely reproductively isolated. We model coexistence outcomes for two sympatric species that are ecologically differentiated but have incomplete reproductive isolation. The consequences of interbreeding depend crucially on hybrid fitness. When hybrid fitness is high, just a small rate of hybridization can lead to collapse of two species into one. Low hybrid fitness can cause population declines, making extinction of one or both species likely. High intrinsic growth rates result in higher reproductive rates when populations are below carrying capacity, reducing the probability of extinction and increasing the probability of stable coexistence at moderate levels of assortative mating and hybrid fitness. Very strong but incomplete assortative mating can induce low hybrid fitness via a mating disadvantage to rare genotypes, and this can stabilize coexistence of two species at high but incomplete levels of assortative mating. Given these results and evidence that it may take many millions of years of divergence before related species become sympatric, we postulate that coexistence of closely-related species is more often limited by insufficient assortative mating than by insufficient ecological differentiation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Complex hybridization between deeply diverged fish species in a disturbed ecosystem
<p>Over the past two decades, researchers have documented the extent of natural hybridization between closely related species using genomic tools. Many species across the tree of life show evidence of past hybridization with their evolutionary relatives. In some cases, this hybridization is complex – involving gene flow between more than two species. While hybridization is common over evolutionary timescales, some researchers have proposed that it may be even more common in contemporary populations where anthropogenic disturbance has modified a myriad of aspects of the environments in which organisms live and reproduce. Here, we develop a flexible tool for local ancestry inference in hybrids derived from three source populations and describe a complex, recent hybridization event between distantly related swordtail fish lineages (<em>Xiphophorus</em>) and its potential links to anthropogenic disturbance.</p>
Fig. 1. A. ASTRAL and B. wASTRAL-hybrid species trees for the superfamily Elapoidea from the 50 in Ultraconserved elements-based phylogenomic systematics of the snake superfamily Elapoidea, with the description of a new Afro-Asian family
Fig. 1. A. ASTRAL and B. wASTRAL-hybrid species trees for the superfamily Elapoidea from the 50 % complete dataset, consisting of 4561 loci. Circles on the branch represent a local posterior probability support of 0.95 to 1.0. Abbreviations – AT – Atractaspidinae, CL – Cyclocoridae, EL – Elapidae, LM – Lamprophiinae, MC – Micrelapidae fam. nov., OG – outgroup, PD – Pseudaspidinae, PR – Prosymninae, PS – Psammophiinae, PX – Pseudoxyrhophiinae.
Data from: Genetic and morphological evidence of a geographically widespread hybrid zone between two crocodile species, Crocodylus acutus and Crocodylus moreletii
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Hybridization and the coexistence of species: HZAM-Sym code and data files
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Complex hybridization between deeply diverged fish species in a disturbed ecosystem
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Hybridization and polyploidy shaped the evolutionary history of a complex of cryptic species in European woodrushes (<em>Luzula</em> sect. <em>Luzula</em>)
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Data from: Contrasting effect of hybridization on genetic differentiation in three rockfish species with similar life history
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On the impermanence of species: The collapse of genetic incompatibilities in hybridizing populations
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Hybrid lizards with introgressed mtDNA show increased resistance to DNA damage from Reactive Oxygen Species
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Fine-scale variation in soil properties promotes local taxonomic diversity of hybridizing oak species (Quercus spp.)
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Data for: Assortative mating in an ecological context: Effects of mate choice errors and relative species abundance on the frequency and asymmetry of hybridization
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Data from: Ancestral hybridization yields evolutionary distinct hybrids lineages and species boundaries in crocodiles, posing unique conservation conundrums
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Breaking a species barrier by enabling hybrid recombination
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hybrid sterility maintains reproductive isolation between species by preventing them from exchanging genetic material. Anti-recombination can contribute to hybrid sterility when different species' chromosome sequences are too diverged to cross-over efficiently during hybrid meiosis, resulting in chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy. The genome sequences of the yeasts <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> and <i>Saccharomyces paradoxus</i> have diverged by about 12% and their hybrids are sexually sterile: nearly all of their gametes are aneuploid and inviable. Previous methods to increase hybrid yeast fertility have targetted the anti-recombination machinery, enhancing meiotic crossing over but also having counteracting detrimental effects on gamete viability due to increased mutagenesis and ectopic recombination. Therefore the role of anti-recombination has not been fully revealed, and it is often dismissed as a minor player in speciation. By repressing two genes, <i>SGS1</i> and <i>MSH2</i>, specifically during meiosis, whilst maintaining their mitotic expression we were able to increase hybrid fertility 70-fold, to the level of non-hybrid crosses, confirming that anti-recombination is the principal cause of hybrid sterility. Breaking this species barrier allows us to generate, for the first time, viable euploid gametes containing recombinant hybrid genomes from these two highly diverged parent species. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Intraspecific genomic variation and local adaptation in a young hybrid species
<p>Hybridization increases genetic variation, hence hybrid species may have greater evolutionary potential once their admixed genomes have stabilized and incompatibilities have been purged. Yet, little is known about how such hybrid lineages evolve at the genomic level following their formation, in particular their adaptive potential. Here we investigate how the Italian sparrow (<i>Passer italiae</i>), a homoploid hybrid species, has evolved and locally adapted to its variable environment. Using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) on several populations across the Italian peninsula, we evaluate how genomic constraints and novel genetic variation have influenced population divergence and adaptation. We show that population divergence within this hybrid species has evolved in response to climatic variation, suggesting ongoing local adaptation. As found previously in other non-hybrid species, climatic differences appear to increase population differentiation. We also report strong population divergence in a gene known to affect beak morphology. Most of the strongly divergent loci among Italian sparrow populations do not seem to be differentiated between its parent species, the house and Spanish sparrows. Unlike in the hybrid, population divergence within each of the parental taxa has occurred mostly at loci with high allele frequency difference between the parental species, suggesting that novel combinations of parental alleles in the hybrid have not necessarily enhanced its evolutionary potential. Rather, our study suggests that constraints linked to incompatibilities may have restricted the evolution of this admixed genome, both during and after hybrid species formation.</p>
Natural hybrid origin of a controversial "species", Clematis pinnata (Ranunculaceae), based on multidisciplinary evidence
<p>Hybridization is common and has often been viewed as a driving force of plant diversity. However, it may raise problems in taxonomy, biodiversity estimation, and biological conservation. Although previous molecular phylogenetic studies suggested that hybridization may be rather common in <em>Clematis</em>, and artificial hybridization has been widely applied to produce new <em>Clematis</em> cultivars for nearly two centuries, the issue of natural hybridization of <em>Clematis</em> has never been addressed in detail. In this study, we tested the hybrid origin of <em>Clematis</em> <em>pinnata</em>, a rare and taxonomically controversial species distributed in northern China. Using field observations, morphological statistics, flow cytometry, niche modelling, and phylogenomic analysis, we tested the hypothesis of the possible hybrid origin of <em>C. pinnata</em>. The results show morphologically intermediacy of <em>C. pinnata</em> between the putative progenitors. Homoploidy among all the tested species is confirmed by flow cytometric analysis. Niche modelling results demonstrate that <em>C. pinnata</em> had not been adapted to a novel ecological niche independent of its putative parents. The plastome phylogeny indicates that <em>C. pinnata</em> plants in different sampling sites originated by different hybridization events. Phylonet and HyDe analyses based on transcriptome data corroborate the hybrid origins of<em> C. pinnata</em> from <em>C. brevicaudata</em>×<em>C. heracleifolia</em>/<em>C. tubulosa</em>. Rare introgression event between <em>C. brevicaudata</em> and <em>C. heracleifolia</em>/<em>C. tubulosa</em> was also detected in this study. These findings show that <em>C. pinnata</em> is representing F1 progeny or early generation hybrids of its parental species and evolved independently in different sites. The present study also indicates that interspecific or even intersectional hybridization is a common mechanism that the genus <em>Clematis</em> uses to generate diversity and variation, and it may play an important role in the evolution and diversification of this genus. Our study implies that morphological diversity caused by natural hybridization may overstate the real species diversity in <em>Clematis</em>.</p>
Data from: Genomic islands of differentiation in two songbird species reveal candidate genes for hybrid female sterility
Hybrid sterility is a common first step in the evolution of postzygotic reproductive isolation. According to Haldane's Rule it affects predominantly the heterogametic sex. While the genetic basis of hybrid male sterility in organisms with heterogametic males has been studied for decades, the genetic basis of hybrid female sterility in organisms with heterogametic females has received much less attention. We investigated the genetic basis of reproductive isolation in two closely related avian species, the Common Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) and the Thrush Nightingale (L. luscinia), that hybridize in a secondary contact zone and produce viable hybrid progeny. In accordance with Haldane's Rule, hybrid females are sterile, while hybrid males are fertile, allowing gene flow to occur between the species. Using transcriptomic data from multiple individuals of both nightingale species we identified genomic islands of high differentiation (FST) and of high divergence (Dxy), and we analyzed gene content and patterns of molecular evolution within these islands. Interestingly, we found that these islands were enriched for genes related to female meiosis and metabolism. The islands of high differentiation and divergence were also characterized by higher levels of linkage disequilibrium than the rest of the genome in both species indicating that they might be situated in genomic regions of low recombination. This study provides one of the first insights into genetic basis of hybrid female sterility in organisms with heterogametic females.
Stable species boundaries despite ten million years of hybridization in tropical eels
<p>Genomic evidence is increasingly underpinning that hybridization between taxa is commonplace, challenging our views on the mechanisms that maintain their boundaries. Here, we focus on seven catadromous eel species (genus Anguilla), and use genome-wide sequence data from more than 450 individuals sampled across the tropical Indo-Pacific, morphological information, and three newly assembled draft genomes to compare contemporary patterns of hybridization with signatures of past gene flow across a time-calibrated phylogeny. We show that the seven species have remained distinct entities for up to 10 million years, despite a dynamic scenario of incomplete isolation whereby the current frequencies of hybridization across species pairs (over 5% of all individuals were either F1 hybrids or backcrosses) contrast remarkably with patterns of past introgression. Based on near-complete asymmetry in the directionality of hybridization and decreasing frequencies of later-generation hybrids, we identify cytonuclear incompatibilities and hybrid breakdown as two powerful mechanisms that can support species cohesion even when hybridization has been pervasive throughout the evolutionary history of entire clades.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.