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571 results for “hydrothermal vents”
Figure 19 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 19. Yamankasia rifeia, Silurian, Yaman Kasy, Russia. A, NHMUK VF84, large tube in hand specimen. B, NHMUK VF97, cast of tube exhibiting fold. C, NHMUK VF78, pyritized fibres or filamentous micro-organisms preserved on the outside of a tube. D, NHMUK VF78, fine longitudinal wrinkles preserved on outer tube surface. E, NHMUK OR6468a, tube in transverse section with thick, multi-layered wall. F, NHMUK OR6468b, tube wall in transverse section preserved as several layers. G, UL 61633, detail of tube transverse section showing colloform pyrite interpreted as having grown on the outside of the tube. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 500 µm; D = 3 mm; E = 1.5 mm; F, G = 500 µm.
Figure 22 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 22. Strict consensus cladogram of the three most parsimonious trees of tubes built by a total of 43 modern annelid taxa (best score = 14.344, consistency index = 0.308, retention index = 0.629). The analysis was based on the 48 mostly morphological tube characters and was performed using implied character weighting (k = 3). Numbers on nodes represent groups present/contradicted support values. Symbols/colours indicate taxonomic affinities.
Figure 18 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 18. Eoalvinellodes annulatus, Silurian, Yaman Kasy, Russia. A–C, NHMUK OR1388a, NHMUK VF52 and NHMUK VF53, respectively, hand specimens of gently curving tubes with folded fabric-like tube wall texture. D, E, UL YKB1, transverse sections of tubes showing thick walls with thick, possibly multi-layered walls. F, UL YKB1, detail of tube wall in transverse section showing preservation by colloform pyrite many layers thick. Scale bars: A, B = 2 mm; C = 1 mm; D, E = 500 µm; F = 100 µm.
Figure 16. A–C in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 16. A–C, Tevidestus serriformis tubes, Devonian, Sibay, Russia, NHMUK VF71; A, tube fragment exhibiting numerous short collars; B, C, detail of tube wall showing small collars and meshwork of fibres. D, Phyllochaetopterus prolifica outer tube wall detail for comparison, NHMUK 1915.5.1.4-6. Scale bars: A = 4 mm; B, C = 1 mm; D = 10 µm.
Figure 17 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 17. 'Sibay tubes', NHMUK VF71, Devonian, Sibay, Russia. A, hand specimen showing cluster of tubes in various orientations. B, detail of tube wall showing smooth appearance. C, detail of the walls of three adjacent tubes in transverse section; walls appear thick and multi-layered. D, detail of framboidal pyrite preserving tube walls. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 1 mm; C = 500 µm; D = 10 µm.
Figure 14 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 14. 'Sassenfjorden area tubes', Volgian–Ryazanian, Svalbard. A–C, hand specimens of tubes; A, Svalbard 2007-03, long tube with poorly preserved walls; B, PMO 2009-01, smooth-walled tube possibly with a small collar; C, PMO 2009-03, tube with possible longitudinal wrinkles. D, E, 171.002D, near-transverse sections of tubes with thick, neatly-multi-layered walls. F, 170.996, detail from transverse section of a tube where the tube exhibits curving layers that have separated. G, 171.027, tube with poorly preserved walls. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 2 mm; C = 5 mm; D, E = 300 µm; F = 100 µm; G = 200 µm.
Figure 13 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 13. 'Wilbur Springs tubes', WS-45, Hauterivian, California, USA. A, smooth-walled, tapering tube in hand specimen. B, transverse section of tube with replaced wall that may have been originally calcareous in composition. C–E, tube walls in near-transverse section with poorly preserved walls that may have originally been organic in composition. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 500 µm; C, E = 200 µm; D = 400 µm.
Figure 20 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 20. Morphology of tubes made by annelid lineages occurring at modern hydrothermal vents and cold seeps (see Supplementary Table S3 for details). A, disorganized tubes of Alvinella spp. (Alvinellidae). B, agglutinated tube of Mesochaetopterus taylori (Chaetopteridae). C, agglutinated Sabellidae tube. D, branched tube of Phyllochaetopterus claparedii (Chaetopteridae). E, segmented tubes of Spiochaetopterus costarum (Chaetopteridae). F, Phyllochaetopterus polus (Chaetopteridae) tubes bearing short collars and wrinkled-fabric ornamentation. G, collared Serpulidae tubes (likely Serpula narconensis). H, collared tubes of Serpula vermicularis (Serpulidae). I, large tube of the vestimentiferan Riftia pachyptila (Siboglinidae). J, collared, ornamented tube of the vestimentiferan Ridgeia piscesae (Siboglinidae). K, smooth tube of the vestimentiferan Escarpia southwardae (Siboglinidae). L, collared tubes of the frenulate Polybrachia canadensis (Siboglinidae). M, hard tubes of the frenulate Siphonobrachia lauensis (Siboglinidae). N, Glyphanostomum tube. O, detail of the wall of an Alvinella spp. tube in transverse section. P, detail of the wall of an M. taylori tube in transverse section. Q, detail of the wall of a Megalomma vesiculosum (Sabellidae) tube in transverse section. R, detail of the wall of a Serpulidae tube in transverse section. S, T, detail of the wall of a Spiochaetopterus typicus (Chaetopteridae) tube; S, transverse section; T, same tube in longitudinal section. U, V, detail of the wall of a P. polus tube; U, transverse section; V, same tube in longitudinal section. W, X, E. southwardae tube; W, detail of the anterior tube wall in transverse section; X, transverse section of the posterior tube wall. Y, Z, A', frenulate Unibrachium colombianum (Siboglinidae) tube; Y, transverse section of the very anterior portion of the tube; Z, longitudinal section of the ringed middle region of the same tube; A', transverse section of the middle tube region. Scale bars: A, B, D, E, F, H, I, J, M = 10 mm; G = 3 mm; C, L = 5 mm; K = 20 mm; N = 1 mm; O = 200 µm; P, S, U, V = 500 µm; Q, Y = 300 µm; R = 50 µm; T, W, Z, A' = 200 µm; X = 125 µm.
Figure 12 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 12. 'Cold Fork Cottonwood Creek tubes', Hauterivian, California, USA. A, CFC-G, tubes in hand specimen, walls largely obscured by rock matrix. B, CFCC-10-02, tube with some visible wall which appears smooth. C, CC-F8, transverse section of a tube showing the hazy nature of the walls. D, CFCC-2A, detail of tube wall in transverse section showing delaminated, curving tube layers. E, CC-F8, detail of tube wall in transverse section showing multi-layered nature. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 5 mm; C, D = 100 µm; E = 50 µm.
Figure 11. Tubes from the Albian Christopher Formation, Canada. A, B, D, E in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 11. Tubes from the Albian Christopher Formation, Canada. A, B, D, E, 'Ellef Ringnes tubes'; A, NRC C-581891 QQA-10-22, tubes in hand specimen; B, NRC C-581891 QQA-10-22, sections of tubes; D, NRC C-541891CPPL, detail of a transverse section of a tube showing thick, multi-layered tube walls, with some possible misaligned torn fibres (white arrow); E, NRC C-541891CPPL, detail of a transverse section of a tube showing a break in the tube wall where it appears broken fibres have curved slightly and misaligned (white arrow). C, F, G, 'Prince Patrick tubes'; C, NRC C-453952 1–4, tubes in hand specimen; F, NRC C-453961PPL, transverse section of a tube exhibiting thick, multi-layered tube walls; G, NRC C-453989PPL, longitudinal section of a tube with thinner walls containing round pellets. Scale bars: A–C = 10 mm; D, F, G = 1 mm; E = 500 µm.
Figure 10 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 10. Tubes from the Turonian of Cyprus. A–C, 'Troodos collared tubes'; A, B, Kambia 4061 and Memi 212b2, respectively, sinuous worm tubes with collars; C, Kambia 401b, worm tube with collar attached at an oblique angle. D, E, 'Troodos wrinkled tubes', Kapedhes 2101 and 204b, respectively, worm tubes bearing longitudinal and transverse wrinkles. F, G, 'Troodos attached tubes', Memi 2021 and Kinousa 2023, respectively, sinuous tubes that appear attached to a surface, tubes in F bearing fine parallel transverse wrinkles. Scale bars: A–D, F, G = 1 mm; E = 0. 5 mm.
Figure 9. Cenomanian tubes from Okukinenbetsu River, Japan. A–D in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 9. Cenomanian tubes from Okukinenbetsu River, Japan. A–D, 'Okukinenbetsu yellow tubes'; A, OKb4-5, long fragment of a tube exhibiting fine longitudinal wrinkles; B, OKb4-5, short tube fragments also exhibiting fine longitudinal wrinkles; C, OKb4-4, transverse section of tube with yellowish walls; D, OKb4-2, detail of a yellow tube wall, showing some evidence of multi-layering. E–I, 'Okukinenbetsu brown tubes'; E, OKb4, partial longitudinal and transverse sections of a tube with brown walls; F, OKb4, detail of brown-walled tube revealing a multi-layered, fibrous nature; G–I, detail of thick, multi-layered brown-walled tubes in OKb4-3 (G), OKb4-2 (H) and OKb4 (I). Scale bars: A, B = 2 mm; C, F = 300 µm; D, I = 50 µm; E = 1 mm; G = 150 µm; H = 200 µm.
Figure 7 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 7. 'Bear River tubes', LACMIP 5802 BRB-1, late Eocene, Washington State, USA. A, multiple tubes in transverse section with neat round profiles. B, small-diameter tube with thick wall. C, large-diameter tube with thick wall and showing evidence of multi-layering. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B = 300 µm; C = 200 µm.
Figure 8. A–H in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 8. A–H, 'Omagari tubes', Campanian, Hokkaido, Japan; A, OMG03-4a, hand specimen with many, similar-diameter tubes with brown walls encased in carbonate; B, OMG03-3b, detail of tube with brown wall, outer wall appears smooth; C, D, OMG03-1, cluster of tubes (C) with mineralized walls but not encased in carbonate, and detail of individual tubes (D); E, OMG03-2, tubes with brown walls in section; F, OMG03-4b, large-diameter tube in transverse section with wall comprised of many layers; G, OMG03-1, preserved tear in the wall of a tube suggesting an originally fibrous nature; H, clump of Omagari tubes (reproduced from Hikida et al. 2003). I, clump of the roots of the seep vestimentiferan Lamellibrachia luymesi (donated by C. Fisher). Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 1 mm; C = 5 mm; D, E = 2 mm; F = 500 µm; G = 50 µm; H, I = 20 mm.
Figure 6 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 6. 'Canyon River tubes', Oligocene, Washington State, USA. A–C, WA-CR LACMIP 16957; A, large-diameter tubes in hand specimen; B, smooth small-diameter tubes; C, small-diameter tube with longitudinal wrinkles. D–F, JLG 473; D, delaminated tube wall with a fragment of preserved multi-layered tube wall (white arrow); E, uncompressed transverse section of a small diameter tube; F, detail of tube wall showing fluorescent bands that likely indicate the presence of preserved organic matter from the tube wall, imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy (see online for colour version). Scale bars: A = 20 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 3 mm; D = 150 µm; E = 300 µm; F = 30 µm.
Figure 15. A–F, H, I in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 15. A–F, H, I, 'Figueroa tubes', Pliensbachian, California, USA; A–C, tubes in hand specimen; A, FFC-12, straight, tapering tube with fine longitudinal wrinkles; B, FFC-00-21, tube fragment bearing longitudinal wrinkles and collars; C, FFC-18B, tube with longitudinal wrinkles and a fine, obliquely positioned collar; D, FFC-18, longitudinal section of tube exhibiting long, flaring collars; E, FFC-12, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image showing details of tube wall ornamentation; F, FFC-12, greater detail of same tube; H, FFC-19, detail of tube transverse section showing preservation of tube walls; I, FFC-19, detail of tube wall in transverse section. G, Ridgeia piscesae (Siboglinidae) tube, JdF317, showing detail of the ornamentation. Scale bars: A, C = 2 mm; B, D, G, H = 1 mm; E = 500 µm; F = 100 µm; I = 300 µm.
Figure 4 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 4. 'West Fork Satsop River tubes', Oligocene, Washington State, USA. A, B, WFSR-3B and WFSR JLG 459C, respectively, tubes in hand specimen showing wavy nature and smooth tube walls. C, D, WFSR 3A-1; C, transverse section of tube showing multilayered brown walls of varying thickness; D, detail of tube wall where a potential preserved fibrous tear occurs, revealing frayed fibre endings (white arrow). Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 300 µm; D = 100 µm.
Figure 5 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 5. 'Murdock Creek tubes', WA-MC LACMIP loc. 6295, Early Oligocene, Washington State, USA. A, a single tube in hand specimen possibly bearing longitudinal wrinkles. B, detail of tube wall in transverse section with thick, multi-layered and delaminated tube wall. C, transverse section of tube which appears to have originally been flexible. D, detail of tube wall where a preserved tear occurs, revealing fibre endings (grey arrow). Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 150 µm; C = 100 µm; D = 50 µm.
Figure 3 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 3. Serpulidae sp., 'Bexhaven', BXG, Middle Miocene, New Zealand. A, tubes in hand specimen. B, detail of tubes in hand specimen showing fine parallel transverse wrinkles on tube surfaces. C, tubes in section. D, cluster of five attached tubes in transverse section. E, detail of partial transverse section of tube wall showing its chevron-like appearance. Scale bars: A = 20 mm; B = 3 mm; C = 2 mm; D, E = 500 µm.
Figure 2 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 2. 'Upper Waiau River tubes', UWT3-4,?late Early Miocene–Middle Miocene, New Zealand. A, tubes in hand specimen. B, tube with grainy wall in hand specimen. C, detail of tube wall in B. D, detail of tube wall in near transverse section showing brown bands that make up the multi-layered tube wall, where a tear in the wall is also preserved (grey arrow); a small sphere is preserved towards the outside of the tube (white arrow). E, detail of tube wall in transverse section showing a thick calcareous band occurring on the outside of the brown tube wall layers. Scale bars: A = 20 mm; B = 2 mm; C = 1 mm; D, E = 200 µm.
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