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684 results for “hyperdiverse”
Data from: Evolution of flexible biting in hyperdiverse parasitoid wasps
<p>One key event in insect evolution was the development of mandibles with two joints, which allowed powerful biting, but restricted their movement to a single degree of freedom. These mandibles define the Dicondylia, which constitute over 99 percent of all extant insect species. It was common doctrine that the dicondylic articulation of chewing mandibles remained unaltered for more than 400 million years. We report highly modified mandibles overcoming the restrictions of a single degree of freedom and hypothesize their major role in insect diversification. These mandibles are defining features of parasitoid chalcid wasps, one of the most species-rich lineages of insects. The shift from powerful chewing to precise cutting likely facilitated adaptations to parasitize hosts hidden in hard substrates, which pose challenges to the emerging wasps. We reveal a crucial step in insect evolution and highlight the importance of comprehensive studies even of putatively well-known systems.</p>
Phylogenomic resolution of the root of Panpulmonata, a hyperdiverse radiation of gastropods: new insight into the evolution of air breathing
<p class="MsoBodyText">Transitions to terrestriality have been associated with major animal radiations including land snails and slugs in Stylommatophora (>20,000 described species), the most successful lineage of 'pulmonates' (a non-monophyletic assemblage of air-breathing gastropods). However, phylogenomic studies have failed to robustly resolve relationships among traditional pulmonates and affiliated marine lineages that comprise clade Panpulmonata (Mollusca, Gastropoda), especially two key taxa: Sacoglossa, a group including photosynthetic sea slugs; and Siphonarioidea, intertidal limpet-like snails with a non-contractile pneumostome (narrow opening to a vascularized pallial cavity). To clarify the evolutionary history of the panpulmonate radiation, we performed phylogenomic analyses on datasets of up to 1,160 nuclear protein-coding genes for 110 gastropods, including 40 new transcriptomes for Sacoglossa and Siphonarioidea. All 18 analyses recovered Sacoglossa as the sister group to a clade we named Pneumopulmonata, within which Siphonarioidea was sister to the remaining lineages in most analyses. Comparative modeling indicated shifts to marginal habitat (estuarine, mangrove and intertidal zones) preceded and accelerated the evolution of a pneumostome, present in the pneumopulmonate ancestor along with a one-sided plicate gill. These findings highlight key intermediate stages in the evolution of air-breathing snails, supporting the hypothesis that adaptation to marginal zones played an important role in major sea-to-land transitions.</p>
Supporting data and code for Nakov, Beaulieu, Alverson: Accelerated diversification is related to life history and locomotion in a hyperdiverse lineage of microbial eukaryotes (Diatoms, Bacillariophyta)
<p>This archive includes:</p> <p>1. Character and species richness datasets</p> <p>2. Phylogenies and time-calibration files</p> <p>3. R scripts</p>
High species turnover and unique plant–pollinator interactions make a hyperdiverse mountain
<p>1. We studied α- and β-diversity of pollinators, flowering plants, and plant–pollinator interactions along the altitudinal gradient of Mt. Olympus, a legendary mountain and biodiversity hotspot in Central Greece.</p> <p>2. We explored ten study sites located on the north-eastern slope of the mountain, from 327 to 2,596 m a.s.l. Insect surveys were conducted once a month using hand netting (years 2013, 2014, and 2016), and they were combined with recordings of flowering plant diversity (species richness and flower cover). We then calculated α- and β-diversity of pollinators, plants in flower, and plant–pollinator interactions, and explored their demographic response along the altitudinal gradient.</p> <p>3. Alpha‐diversity of pollinators, plants, and plant–pollinator interactions were altitude-dependent; α‐diversity of all pollinators, bees, non-bumblebee bees, bee flies, and butterflies showed linear declines with altitude, whereas those of hoverflies and bumblebees showed unimodal patterns. Beta-diversity and its turnover component of all pollinators, hoverflies, bees, bumblebees, non-bumblebee bees, butterflies, and plants showed linear increases, whereas those of bee flies and of plant–pollinator interactions varied independently from the pairwise altitudinal difference.</p> <p>4. The high dissimilarity and uniqueness of pollination networks, which is probably a result of the high biodiversity and endemism of Mt. Olympus, is driven by species turnover and the formation of new interactions between new species. Contrasting to the monotonic decline of the remaining groups, the unimodal patterns of hoverfly and bumblebee α‐diversity are probably the effect of a higher tolerance of these groups to high-altitude environmental conditions. Our findings highlight that the high turnover of species and of pollination interactions along the altitudinal gradient is the mainstay of hyperdiverse mountains, a fact that conveys important historical, ecological, and conservational implications.</p>
Data from: Evolution of flexible biting in hyperdiverse parasitoid wasps
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Data from: Evolution of the latitudinal gradient in the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole
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High species turnover and unique plant–pollinator interactions make a hyperdiverse mountain
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Phylogenomics resolve the systematics and biogeography of the ant tribe Myrmicini and tribal relationships within the hyperdiverse ant subfamily Myrmicinae
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Data from: Temperature accounts for the biodiversity of a hyperdiverse group of insects in urban Los Angeles
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Phylogenomic resolution of the root of Panpulmonata, a hyperdiverse radiation of gastropods: new insight into the evolution of air breathing
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Data from: Evolution across the adaptive landscape in a hyperdiverse beetle radiation
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FIG. 2 in Roosting Ecology of Amazonian Bats: Evidence for Guild Structure in Hyperdiverse Mammalian Communities
FIG. 2. UPGMA dendrogram of 34 Amazonian bat species clustered by roosting-niche distance (see text). Numbers adjacent to internal nodes are bootstrap percentages, Roman numerals indicate multispecies groups discussed in the text, and arrows indicate unaffiliated species. Key to terminal taxa: 1, Cormura brevirostris; 2, Peropteryx kappleri; 3, P. leucoptera; 4, P. macrotis; 5, P. pallidoptera; 6, Rhynchonycteris naso; 7, Saccopteryx bilineata; 8, S. leptura; 9, Noctilio albiventris; 10, Artibeus anderseni; 11, A. glaucus; 12, A. gnomus; 13, A. planirostris; 14, Carollia brevicauda; 15, C. castanea; 16, C. perspicillata; 17, Choeroniscus minor; 18, Gardnerycteris crenulatum; 19, Glossophaga soricina; 20, Hsunycteris thomasi; 21, Lophostoma silvicolum; 22, Mesophylla macconnelli; 23, Micronycteris hirsuta; 24, M. megalotis; 25, M. microtis; 26, Phyllostomus elongatus; 27, P. hastatus; 28, Rhinophylla pumilio; 29, Trachops cirrhosus; 30, Uroderma bilobatum; 31, Furipterus horrens; 32, Thyroptera tricolor; 33, Eumops auripendulus; 34, Molossus rufus.
FIG. 1 in Roosting Ecology of Amazonian Bats: Evidence for Guild Structure in Hyperdiverse Mammalian Communities
FIG. 1. Amazonian localities from which roost observations were compiled for this report. Numbers are keyed to gazetteer entries (appendix 1). Grayscale indicates elevations>1000 m above sea level.
Phylogenomic data for hyperdiverse daisy tribes
<p>Asteraceae account for 10% of all flowering plant species, and 35-40% of these are in five closely-related tribes that total over 10,000 species. These tribes include Anthemideae, Astereae, Calenduleae, Gnaphalieae, and Senecioneae, which form one of two enormous clades within Subfamily Asteroideae. We took a phylogenomics approach to resolve evolutionary relationships among these five tribes. We sampled the nuclear and plastid genomes via HybSeq target enrichment and genome skimming, and recovered 74 plastid genes and nearly 1000 nuclear loci, known as Conserved Orthologous Sequences. We tested for conflicting support in both datasets and used network analyses to assess patterns of reticulation to explain the early evolutionary history of this lineage which has experienced whole genome duplications and rapid radiations. We found both concordance and conflicting support in both datasets and documented four ancient hybridization events. Due to the timing of the early radiation of this five-tribe lineage, shortly before the Eocene-Oligocene extinction event (34 MYA), early lineages were likely lost, obscuring some details of their early evolutionary history.</p>
Diversity and phylogenetic community structure across elevation during climate change in a family of hyperdiverse neotropical beetles (Staphylinidae)
<p>Environmental stress from abiotic conditions imposes physiological limits on individuals within communities, and these stressful conditions can act as a filter on the species present in any given environment. Such abiotic stressors can reduce a community's diversity and make its composition more phylogenetically clustered. Using a decade of staphylinid beetle (Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles) collections made across a 1,500 m elevation gradient in northwestern Costa Rica (2008-2017) we asked what species lived there, how large and overlapping were the communities across this gradient, and what relationship was there between elevation and diversity. Using DNA barcodes for identification and phylogenetic estimates of community structure, we found high turnover across elevation, and that staphylinid diversity increased linearly with elevation. Because of this, we found staphylinid diversity was negatively related to surface area and temperature, and positively with precipitation. We suggest that historical biogeography and contemporary environmental stress have combined to produce these observed patterns. The forests in which these beetles are found are heating and drying rapidly and our finding that diversity increases with elevation suggests that there will be catastrophic biodiversity loss in the coming decades.</p>
Data from: Soil types select for plants with matching nutrient‐acquisition and ‐use traits in hyperdiverse and severely nutrient‐impoverished campos rupestres and cerrado in Central Brazil
1. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the generation of beta-diversity remains a challenge in ecology. Underground plant adaptations to environmental gradients have received relatively little attention. 2. We studied plant nutrient-acquisition strategies and nutrient-use efficiency at three stages of pedogenesis in infertile soils from campos rupestres and on less infertile soil from cerrado sensu stricto in Brazil. All soils support very high plant diversity with high species turnover between soil types at small spatial scales (meters). We expected that differences in nutrient–acquisition and –use strategies would be associated with this high species turnover. With severely decreasing phosphorus (P) availability, we expected the effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses for plant P acquisition to decrease, and reliance on non-mycorrhizal strategies (NM) to increase, while maintaining efficient nutrient-use. 3. Concentrations of total soil P and nitrogen (N) were greater in soils in cerrado than in those from campos rupestres, and the more weathered soils from campos rupestres were severely P– and N–impoverished. The proportion of the root length colonised by AM fungi was 71% in the soils from the cerrado and campos rupestres. Conversely, the proportion of species with non-mycorrhizal P-acquisition strategies such as rhizosheaths was greater in the most P-impoverished soils. Leaf [P] and [N] were very low and decreased with decreasing soil [P] and [N]. Leaf N: P ratios suggest P-limitation of plant productivity in the campos rupestres but N-P co-limitation in the cerrado. Photosynthetic rates decreased with increasing P-impoverishment, but photosynthetic P-use efficiency was very high and photosynthetic N-use efficiency moderately high on all soils. Most species had very high P-remobilisation efficiency during leaf senescence (>70%), but only moderate N-remobilisation efficiency (~50%). 4. Synthesis. We observed very high P-use efficiency and moderately high N-use efficiency in campos rupestres and cerrado species, consistent with plant productivity being more strongly limited by P than by N. Our findings demonstrate that different soil characteristics (nutrient availability and soil texture) select for species differing in nutrient-acquisition and -use strategies (especially belowground traits) which is likely key for the very high species turnover at a very small scale between soil types (i.e. beta-diversity) in campos rupestres and cerrado.
Data from: Reconstructing hyperdiverse food webs: gut content metabarcoding as a tool to disentangle trophic interactions on coral reefs
1. Anthropogenic stressors have strong impacts on ecosystems. To understand their influence, detailed knowledge about trophic relationships among species is critical. However, this requires both exceptional resolution in dietary assessments and sampling breadth within communities, especially for highly-diverse, tropical ecosystems. 2. We used gut content metabarcoding across a broad range of coral reef fishes (8 families, 22 species) in Mo'orea, French Polynesia to test whether this technique has the potential to capture the structure of a hyperdiverse marine food web. Moreover, we explored whether taxonomic groups (families) and traditional, broad-scale trophic assignments explained fish diet across four different metrics of quantifying predator-prey interactions. 3. Metabarcoding yielded a large number (4,341) of unique operational taxonomic units (i.e. prey) with high-resolution taxonomic assignments (i.e. often to the level of genus or species). We demonstrate that across multiple metrics, taxonomic group at the family level is a consistently better, albeit still weak, predictor of empirical trophic relationships than frequently-used, broad-scale functional assignments. Our method also reveals a complex trophic network with fine-scale partitioning among species, further emphasizing the importance of examining fish diets beyond broad trophic categories. 4. We demonstrate the capacity of metabarcoding to reconstruct diverse and complex food webs with exceptional resolution, a significant advancement from traditional food web reconstruction. Further, this method allows us to pinpoint the trophic niche of species with niche-based modelling, even across hyperdiverse species assemblages such as coral reefs. In conjunction with complementary techniques such as stable isotope analysis, applying metabarcoding to whole communities will provide unparalleled information about energy and nutrient fluxes and inform their susceptibility to disturbances even in the world's most diverse ecosystems.
Data from: The oldest actinopterygian highlights the cryptic early history of the hyperdiverse ray-finned fishes
Osteichthyans comprise two divisions, each containing over 32,000 living species: Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes). Recent discoveries from China highlight the morphological disparity of early sarcopterygians and extend their origin into the late Silurian. By contrast, the oldest unambiguous actinopterygians are roughly 30 million years younger, leaving a long temporal gap populated by fragments and rare body fossils of controversial phylogenetic placement. Here we reinvestigate the enigmatic osteichthyan Meemannia from the Early Devonian (∼415 million years ago) of China, previously identified as an exceptionally primitive lobe-finned fish. Meemannia combines "cosmine"-like tissues taken as evidence of sarcopterygian affinity with actinopterygian-like skull roof and braincase geometry, including endoskeletal enclosure of the spiracle and a lateral cranial canal. We report comparable histological structures in undoubted ray-finned fishes and conclude that they are general osteichthyan features. Phylogenetic analysis places Meemannia as an early-diverging ray-finned fish, resolving it as the sister lineage of Cheirolepis plus all younger actinopterygians. This brings the first appearance of ray-fins more in line with that of lobe-fins and fills a conspicuous faunal gap in the otherwise diverse late Silurian-earliest Devonian vertebrate faunas of the South China Block.
Transgressing Wallace´s Line brings hyperdiverse weevils down to earth
<p>Wallace´s Line, located in the heart of the Indo-Australian archipelago, has historically been hypothesized to strongly inhibit dispersal. Taxa crossing this barrier are confronted with different biota of Asian or Australian origin, respectively, but the extent to which these conditions have affected the evolution of the colonizing lineages remains largely unknown. We examined the potential correlations of body size, lifestyle and biogeographical distribution in the weevil genus Trigonopterus. These beetles are highly diverse both on foliage and in litter east of Wallace´s Line but occur exclusively in leaf litter in the west. Based on a comprehensive, dated phylogeny of 303 species, we inferred nine crossing events of Wallace´s Line, all from east to west. Five previously foliage-dwelling lineages changed their lifestyle to leaf litter habitats after crossing this barrier. Our results indicate that dispersal is not more likely in edaphic lineages, but rather that, abiotic and/or biotic factors may be responsible for the exclusive leaf litter habitat of Trigonopterus in Sundaland. This includes differences in climate, and the different predatory faunas of Australia-New Guinea, Wallacea, and Sundaland. A mimicry complex in New Guinea with Trigonopterus species as presumable model may be of relevance in this context.</p>
FIGURE 16 in The hyperdiverse oribatid mite genus Scapheremaeus (Acari: Oribatida: Cymbaeremaeidae) in Australia, with descriptions of new species and consideration of biogeographical affinities
FIGURE 16. The cumulative species description rate of Scapheremaeus per five-year period since 1886, with the fitted Beta-P function curve.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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