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992 results for “imagery”
Seasonal and annual summary statistics of urbanization, vegetation, land surface temperature, and bioclimatic variables derived from remotely-sensed imagery in areas surrounding long-term bird monitoring locations in the greater Phoenix, Arizona, USA metropolitan area (1997-2023)
This data package consists of 26 years (1998-2023) of environmental data and 22 years (2000-2022) years of bioclimatic data associated with CAP-LTER long-term point-count bird censusing sites (https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/4777d7f0a899f506d6d4f9b5d535ba09), temporally aggregated by year and by four meteorological seasons (Winter, Spring, Summer, Fall). The environmental variables include land surface temperature (LST), three spectral indices of vegetation and water – the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) – and four spectral indices of impervious surface/urbanization. Impervious surface indices include the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), the normalized difference impervious surface index (NDISI), the enhanced normalized differences impervious surface index (ENDISI), and the normalized impervious surface index (NISI). LST and all spectral indices were derived from annual and seasonal composites of 30-m resolution Landsat 5-9 Level-2 Surface Reflectance imagery. The seven bioclimatic variables (e.g., air temperature, precipitation) were sourced from 1-km resolution gridded estimates of daily climatic data from NASA Daymet V4. We created temporally-aggregated Daymet raster images by calculating mean pixel-values for each season and year, as well as seasonally and annually summed precipitation. We summarized the values of each environmental variable by generating variously-sized (100-m, 500-m, 1000-m) buffers around each bird point count location and extracting weighted mean values of each environmental variable, with each pixel's values weighted by the proportion of its area falling within the buffer. All imagery retrieval and data processing were completed with Google Earth Engine (Gorelick et al. 2017) and program R. A complete description of data processing methods, including the aggregation of imagery by year and season and the calculation of s
Long-term composited Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) for the greater Phoenix, Arizona, USA, metropolitan area and the surrounding Sonoran desert derived from annual and seasonal Landsat imagery, 1998 to 2023
Abstract ======== This data package consists of multiple decades of modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) raster data across the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER) study area within metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona (USA), temporally aggregated by year and by four meteorological seasons (Winter, Spring, Summer, Fall). By providing a metric by which to reliably identify bodies of open water, these MNDWI data are intended to facilitate analyses of land-based environmental variables (e.g., urbanization, vegetation, land surface temperature) and can also be used to track long-term and seasonal change in the coarse extent of open water as a land-cover type. MNDWI was derived, following the methods of Xu (2006), from annual and seasonal composites of 30-m resolution Landsat 5-9 Level-2 Surface Reflectance imagery. All imagery retrieval and data processing were completed with Google Earth Engine (Gorelick et al. 2017) and program R. A complete description of data processing methods, including the aggregation of imagery by year and season and the calculation of the spectral index, can be found in the data package metadata (see \'Methods and Protocols\') and accompanying Javascript code. **Citations:** - Gorelick N, Hancher M, Dixon M, et al. (2017) Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment 202:18--27. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031> - Xu, H. (2006). Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery. *International Journal of Remote Sensing*, *27*(14), 3025--3033. <https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160600589179>
Ground Truth and Automated Classification from Copernicus Sentinel-2 Imagery
<p>Ground-Truth and Sentinel2 imagery classification of <em>Trees Outside Forest</em> in an agroforestry landscape in Umbria, Italy.</p> <p>Location: Alfina plains, Castelgiorgio area, Umbria, Italy. Reference system: EPSG:32632 (WGS84, UTM zone 32 North) Extent: West 740609 — East 750828, South 4726490 — North 4737250</p> <p>Dataset format: geopackage, a single file <strong>data.gpkg</strong> containing 9 vector layers (in alphabetical order):</p> <ol> <li>Areas — Areas of interest, 2 polygons</li> <li>Classification — Automated classification from Sentinel2 imagery, 11781 polygons</li> <li>Hedgerows1 — Ground truth, hedgerows of Area1, 148 lines</li> <li>Hedgerows2 — Ground truth, hedgerows of Area2, 135 lines</li> <li>Sentinel2 — Sentinel2 scenes footprint, one polygon</li> <li>Trees1 — Ground truth, isolated trees of Area1, 55 points</li> <li>Trees2 — Ground truth, isolated trees of Area2, 64 points</li> <li>Woods1 — Ground truth, small forest patches of Area1, 33 polygons</li> <li>Woods2 — Ground truth, small forest patches of Area2, 37 polygons</li> </ol> <p>Accompanying map: <strong>map.qgz</strong>, Qgis 3.6 format. The geopackage dataset is supposed to be stored in the same directory of the map (relative path = ./)</p> <p>Dataset description and metadata: <strong>meta.pdf</strong> </p> <p> </p>
Hail Event on 2022-06-28 in Locarno-Monti (TI), Switzerland: Drone Photogrammetry Imagery, Mask R-CNN Model and Analysis Data of Hailstones
<p>This hail data collection belongs to a drone hail survey performed on 2022-06-28 in Locarno-Monti (TI, Switzerland). The supercell reached the location around 07:50 UTC in the morning. Only one photogrammetry flight could be performed and thus no estimation of the hail melting process is available. The orthophoto is masked to ignore parts where detection of hail is unwanted.</p> <p> </p> <p>Expert 1 (lai, mlainer), Expert 2 (jtm), Expert 3 (por, jportmann)</p>
Building footprints Oldenburg derived from aerial imagery
<p>This data set contains about 78000 georeferenced polygons representing all building footprints within the administrative boundaries of the city of Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. These geometries were created by a deep learning-based image segmentation. The model for this was trained at the State Office of Lower Saxony for Geoinformation and Surveying (LGLN).</p> <p>We publish this data under the CC0 license. <br>You can do whatever you want with it. There are no restrictions.<br><br>If you do something great with the data set, we'd love to hear about it: <a href="mailto:ki-gebaeudeerkennung@geolabs.atlassian.net">ki-gebaeudeerkennung@geolabs.atlassian.net</a><br>If you use this dataset, you are welcome to reference it - but you don't have to.<br>Would you like builiding footprints for another area? We'd love to hear about it.</p>
Sentinel2GlobalLULC: A dataset of Sentinel-2 georeferenced RGB imagery annotated for global land use/land cover mapping with deep learning (License CC BY 4.0)
<p>Sentinel2GlobalLULC is a deep learning-ready dataset of RGB images from the Sentinel-2 satellites designed for global land use and land cover (LULC) mapping. Sentinel2GlobalLULC v2.1 contains 194,877 images in GeoTiff and JPEG format corresponding to 29 broad LULC classes. Each image has 224 x 224 pixels at 10 m spatial resolution and was produced by assigning the 25th percentile of all available observations in the Sentinel-2 collection between June 2015 and October 2020 in order to remove atmospheric effects (i.e., clouds, aerosols, shadows, snow, etc.). A spatial purity value was assigned to each image based on the consensus across 15 different global LULC products available in Google Earth Engine (GEE). </p> <p> </p> <p>Our dataset is structured into 3 main zip-compressed folders, an Excel file with a dictionary for class names and descriptive statistics per LULC class, and a python script to convert RGB GeoTiff images into JPEG format. The first folder called "Sentinel2LULC_GeoTiff.zip" contains 29 zip-compressed subfolders where each one corresponds to a specific LULC class with hundreds to thousands of GeoTiff Sentinel-2 RGB images. The second folder called "Sentinel2LULC_JPEG.zip" contains 29 zip-compressed subfolders with a JPEG formatted version of the same images provided in the first main folder. The third folder called "Sentinel2LULC_CSV.zip" includes 29 zip-compressed CSV files with as many rows as provided images and with 12 columns containing the following metadata (this same metadata is provided in the image filenames): </p> <ul> <li>Land Cover Class ID: is the identification number of each LULC class</li> <li>Land Cover Class Short Name: is the short name of each LULC class</li> <li>Image ID: is the identification number of each image within its corresponding LULC class </li> <li>Pixel purity Value: is the spatial purity of each pixel for its corresponding LULC class calculated as the spatial consensus across up to 15 land-cover products </li> <li>GHM Value: is the spatial average of the Global Human Modification index (gHM) for each image</li> <li>Latitude: is the latitude of the center point of each image</li> <li>Longitude: is the longitude of the center point of each image</li> <li>Country Code: is the Alpha-2 country code of each image as described in the ISO 3166 international standard. To understand the country codes, we recommend the user to visit the following website where they present the Alpha-2 code for each country as described in the ISO 3166 international standard:https: //www.iban.com/country-codes</li> <li>Administrative Department Level1: is the administrative level 1 name to which each image belongs</li> <li>Administrative Department Level2: is the administrative level 2 name to which each image belongs</li> <li>Locality: is the name of the locality to which each image belongs</li> <li>Number of S2 images : is the number of found instances in the corresponding Sentinel-2 image collection between June 2015 and October 2020, when compositing and exporting its corresponding image tile</li> </ul> <p>For seven LULC classes, we could not export from GEE all images that fulfilled a spatial purity of 100% since there were millions of them. In this case, we exported a stratified random sample of 14,000 images and provided an additional CSV file with the images actually contained in our dataset. That is, for these seven LULC classes, we provide these 2 CSV files:</p> <ul> <li>A CSV file that contains all exported images for this class </li> <li>A CSV file that contains all images available for this class at spatial purity of 100%, both the ones exported and the ones not exported, in case the user wants to export them. These CSV filenames end with "including_non_downloaded_images".</li> </ul> <p>To clearly state the geographical coverage of images available in this dataset, we included in the version v2.1, a compressed folder called "Geographic_Representativeness.zip". This zip-compressed folder contains a csv file for each LULC class that provides the complete list of countries represented in that class. Each csv file has two columns, the first one gives the country code and the second one gives the number of images provided in that country for that LULC class. In addition to these 29 csv files, we provided another csv file that maps each ISO Alpha-2 country code to its original full country name.</p> <p>© <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5055632">Sentinel2GlobalLULC Dataset </a>by Yassir Benhammou, Domingo Alcaraz-Segura, Emilio Guirado, Rohaifa Khaldi, Boujemâa Achchab, Francisco Herrera & Siham Tabik is marked with Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)</p>
VHR orthomosaic imageries produced by dedicated drone flight campaigns over Lithuania (2021-2022) - Vilnius -AOI 1, Sub-region 1
<p>In the context of the EU-funded project DIONE (No. 870378), targeted drone flight campaigns were conducted in determined Areas of Interest (AOIs) in the Lithuanian territory as a complementary source of information to the spaceborne Earth Observation (EO) open-accessed data. Such an activity attempted to overcome the limited capabilities of EO coarse resolution data to identify small-scale features alongside the agricultural fields, such as the non-productive Ecological Focus Areas (EFAs) and overall to enhance the quality and accuracy (1m or less) of the estimated Land Cover/Land Use elements.</p> <p>The dataset is in fact a collection of drone orthomosaic images delivered in GeoTIFF data format, which were acquired from the drone flight missions over the first subregion of the first AOI located near the capital of Lithuania, (Vilnius). For each area, four flight campaigns were scheduled and conducted on the following dates: </p> <ul> <li><strong>1st flight:</strong> 24-27/5/2021</li> <li><strong>2nd flight:</strong> 26-29/7/2021</li> <li><strong>3rd flight:</strong> 13-16/9/2021</li> <li><strong>4th flight:</strong> 25-28/8/2022</li> </ul>
VHR orthomosaic imageries produced by dedicated drone flight campaigns over Lithuania (2021-2022) - Vilnius -AOI 2
<p>In the context of the EU-funded project DIONE (No. 870378), targeted drone flight campaigns were conducted in determined Areas of Interest (AOIs) in the Lithuanian territory as a complementary source of information to the spaceborne Earth Observation (EO) open-accessed data. Such an activity attempted to overcome the limited capabilities of EO coarse resolution data to identify small-scale features alongside the agricultural fields, such as the non-productive Ecological Focus Areas (EFAs) and overall to enhance the quality and accuracy (1m or less) of the estimated Land Cover/Land Use elements.</p> <p>The dataset is in fact a collection of drone orthomosaic images delivered in GeoTIFF data format, which were acquired from the drone flight missions over the second AOI located near the capital of Lithuania, (Vilnius). For each area, four flight campaigns were scheduled and conducted on the following dates: </p> <ul> <li><strong>1st flight:</strong> 24-27/5/2021</li> <li><strong>2nd flight:</strong> 26-29/7/2021</li> <li><strong>3rd flight:</strong> 13-16/9/2021</li> <li><strong>4th flight:</strong> 25-28/8/2022</li> </ul>
VHR orthomosaic imageries produced by dedicated drone flight campaigns over Cyprus (2021-2022) - Choirokoitia region
<p>In the context of the EU-funded project DIONE (No. 870378), targeted drone flight campaigns were conducted in determined Areas of Interest (AOIs) in the Cypriotic territory as a complementary source of information to the spaceborne Earth Observation (EO) open-accessed data. Such an activity attempted to overcome the limited capabilities of EO coarse resolution data to identify small-scale features alongside the agricultural fields, such as the non-productive Ecological Focus Areas (EFAs) and overall to enhance the quality and accuracy (1m or less) of the estimated Land Cover/Land Use elements.</p> <p>The dataset is in fact a collection of drone orthomosaic images delivered in GeoTIFF data format, which were acquired from the drone flight missions over one of the two determined locations in Cyprus (e.g. Choirokoitia). For each area, four flight campaigns were scheduled and conducted on the following dates: </p> <ul> <li><strong>1st flight:</strong> 29/3/2021- 1/4/2021</li> <li><strong>2nd flight:</strong> 30/8/2021-2/9/2021</li> <li><strong>3rd flight:</strong> 29/11/2021-03/12/2021</li> <li><strong>4th flight:</strong> 17-20/5/2022</li> </ul>
VHR orthomosaic imageries produced by dedicated drone flight campaigns over Cyprus (2021-2022) - Akaki region
<p>In the context of the EU-funded project DIONE (No. 870378), targeted drone flight campaigns were conducted in determined Areas of Interest (AOIs) in the Cypriotic territory as a complementary source of information to the spaceborne Earth Observation (EO) open-accessed data. Such an activity attempted to overcome the limited capabilities of EO coarse resolution data to identify small-scale features alongside the agricultural fields, such as the non-productive Ecological Focus Areas (EFAs) and overall to enhance the quality and accuracy (1m or less) of the estimated Land Cover/Land Use elements.</p> <p>The dataset is in fact a collection of drone orthomosaic images delivered in GeoTIFF data format, which were acquired from the drone flight missions over one of the two determined locations in Cyprus (e.g. Akaki). For each area, four flight campaigns were scheduled and conducted on the following dates: </p> <ul> <li><strong>1st flight:</strong> 29/3/2021- 1/4/2021</li> <li><strong>2nd flight:</strong> 30/8/2021-2/9/2021</li> <li><strong>3rd flight:</strong> 29/11/2021-03/12/2021</li> <li><strong>4th flight:</strong> 17-20/5/2022</li> </ul>
VHR orthomosaic imageries produced by dedicated drone flight campaigns over Lithuania (2021-2022) - Vilnius -AOI 1, Sub-region 2
<p>In the context of the EU-funded project DIONE (No. 870378), targeted drone flight campaigns were conducted in determined Areas of Interest (AOIs) in the Lithuanian territory as a complementary source of information to the spaceborne Earth Observation (EO) open-accessed data. Such an activity attempted to overcome the limited capabilities of EO coarse resolution data to identify small-scale features alongside the agricultural fields, such as the non-productive Ecological Focus Areas (EFAs) and overall to enhance the quality and accuracy (1m or less) of the estimated Land Cover/Land Use elements.</p> <p>The dataset is in fact a collection of drone orthomosaic images delivered in GeoTIFF data format, which were acquired from the drone flight missions over the second subregion of the first AOI located near the capital of Lithuania, (Vilnius). For each area, four flight campaigns were scheduled and conducted on the following dates: </p> <ul> <li><strong>1st flight:</strong> 24-27/5/2021</li> <li><strong>2nd flight:</strong> 26-29/7/2021</li> <li><strong>3rd flight:</strong> 13-16/9/2021</li> <li><strong>4th flight:</strong> 25-28/8/2022</li> </ul>
StreetSurfaceVis: a dataset of street-level imagery with annotations of road surface type and quality
<h1>StreetSurfaceVis</h1> <p><em>StreetSurfaceVis</em> is an image dataset containing <strong>9,122 street-level images from Germany</strong> with labels on <strong>road surface type and quality.</strong> The CSV file <code>streetSurfaceVis_v1_0.csv</code> contains all image metadata and four folders contain the image files. All images are available in four different sizes, based on the image width, in 256px, 1024px, 2048px and the original size.<br>Folders containing the images are named according to the respective image size. Image files are named based on the <code>mapillary_image_id</code>.</p> <p>You can find the corresponding publication here: <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-024-04295-9#citeas">StreetSurfaceVis: a dataset of crowdsourced street-level imagery with semi-automated annotations of road surface type and quality</a></p> <p> </p> <h3>Image metadata</h3> <p>Each CSV record contains information about one street-level image with the following attributes:</p> <ul> <li><code>mapillary_image_id</code>: ID provided by Mapillary (see information below on Mapillary)</li> <li><code>user_id</code>: Mapillary user ID of contributor</li> <li><code>user_name</code>: Mapillary user name of contributor</li> <li><code>captured_at</code>: timestamp, capture time of image</li> <li><code>longitude</code>, <code>latitude</code>: location the image was taken at</li> <li><code>train</code>: Suggestion to split train and test data. `True` for train data and `False` for test data. Test data contains data from 5 cities which are excluded in the training data.</li> <li><code>surface_type</code>: Surface type of the road in the focal area (the center of the lower image half) of the image. Possible values: asphalt, concrete, paving_stones, sett, unpaved</li> <li><code>surface_quality</code>: Surface quality of the road in the focal area of the image. Possible values: (1) excellent, (2) good, (3) intermediate, (4) bad, (5) very bad (see the attached <strong>Labeling Guide document</strong> for details)</li> </ul> <p> </p> <h3>Image source</h3> <p>Images are obtained from <a href="https://www.mapillary.com/">Mapillary</a>, a crowd-sourcing plattform for street-level imagery. More metadata about each image can be obtained via the <a href="https://www.mapillary.com/developer/api-documentation">Mapillary API . </a>User-generated images are shared by Mapillary under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC-BY-SA</a> License.</p> <p>For each image, the dataset contains the <code>mapillary_image_id</code> and <code>user_name</code>. <br>You can access user information on the Mapillary website by <code>https://www.mapillary.com/app/user/<USER_NAME> </code><br>and image information by <code>https://www.mapillary.com/app/?focus=photo&pKey=<MAPILLARY_IMAGE_ID></code></p> <p>If you use the provided images, please adhere to the <a href="https://www.mapillary.com/terms">terms of use of Mapillary.</a></p> <p> </p> <h3>Instances per class</h3> <p>Total number of images: 9,122</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> </td> <td><strong>excellent</strong></td> <td><strong>good</strong></td> <td><strong>intermediate</strong></td> <td><strong>bad</strong></td> <td><strong>very bad</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>asphalt</strong></td> <td>971</td> <td>1697</td> <td>821</td> <td>246</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>concrete</strong></td> <td>314</td> <td>350</td> <td>250</td> <td>58</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>paving stones</strong></td> <td>385</td> <td>1063</td> <td>519</td> <td>70</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>sett</strong></td> <td>-</td> <td>129</td> <td>694</td> <td>540</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>unpaved</strong></td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>326</td> <td>387</td> <td>303</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p>For modeling, we recommend using a train-test split where the test data includes geospatially distinct areas, thereby ensuring the model's ability to generalize to unseen regions is tested. We propose five cities varying in population size and from different regions in Germany for testing - images are tagged accordingly.</p> <p>Number of test images (train-test split): 776</p> <h3>Inter-rater-reliablility</h3> <p>Three annotators labeled the dataset, such that each image was annotated by one person. Annotators were encouraged to consult each other for a second opinion when uncertain.<br>1,800 images were annotated by all three annotators, resulting in a <em>Krippendorff's alpha</em> of 0.96 for surface type and 0.74 for surface quality.</p> <h3>Recommended image preprocessing</h3> <p>As the focal road located in the bottom center of the street-level image is labeled, it is recommended to crop images to their lower and middle half prior using for classification tasks.</p> <p>This is an exemplary code for recommended image preprocessing in <strong>Python</strong>:</p> <pre><code>from PIL import Image<br></code><code>img = Image.open(image_path)</code><br><code>width, height = img.size</code><br><code>img_cropped = img.crop((0.25 * width, 0.5 * height, 0.75 * width, height))</code></pre> <h3><br><strong>License</strong></h3> <p><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC-BY-SA</a></p> <p> </p> <h3><strong>Citation</strong></h3> <p>If you use this dataset, please cite as: </p> <p> </p> <p>Kapp, A., Hoffmann, E., Weigmann, E. <em>et al.</em> StreetSurfaceVis: a dataset of crowdsourced street-level imagery annotated by road surface type and quality. <em>Sci Data</em> <strong>12</strong>, 92 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04295-9</p> <p> </p> <p><code>@article{kapp_streetsurfacevis_2025,<br> title = {{StreetSurfaceVis}: a dataset of crowdsourced street-level imagery annotated by road surface type and quality},<br> volume = {12},<br> issn = {2052-4463},<br> url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04295-9},<br> doi = {10.1038/s41597-024-04295-9},<br> pages = {92},<br> number = {1},<br> journaltitle = {Scientific Data},<br> shortjournal = {Scientific Data},<br> author = {Kapp, Alexandra and Hoffmann, Edith and Weigmann, Esther and Mihaljević, Helena},<br> date = {2025-01-16},<br>}</code></p> <p> </p> <p>-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>This is part of the SurfaceAI project at the University of Applied Sciences, HTW Berlin.</p> <p><br>- Prof. Dr. Helena Mihajlević<br>- Alexandra Kapp<br>- Edith Hoffmann<br>- Esther Weigmann</p> <p>Contact: surface-ai@htw-berlin.de</p> <p>https://surfaceai.github.io/surfaceai/</p> <p><strong>Funding</strong>: SurfaceAI is a mFund project funded by the Federal Ministry for Digital and Transportation Germany.</p> <p> </p>
EEG data offline and online during motor imagery for standing and sitting
<p>The experiments were conducted in an acoustically isolated room where only the participant and the experimenter were present. Participants voluntarily signed an informed consent form in accordance with the experimental protocol approved by the ethics committee of the Universidad Antonio Nariño. The participant was seated in a chair in a posture that was comfortable for him/her but did not affect data collection. In front of the participant, a 40-inch TV screen was placed at about 3 m. On this screen, a graphical user interface (GUI) displayed images that guided the participant through the experiment. Each experimental session was divided into two phases: an offline phase and an online phase. </p> <p>The offline experiments consisted of recording participants' EEG signals during motor imagery trials for standing and sitting that were guided by the GUI presented on the TV screen. Six offline runs were conducted in which the participants were standing in three runs and sitting in the other three runs. In each run, the participant had to repeat a block of 30 trials of mental tasks indicated by visual cues continuously presented on the screen in a pseudo-random sequence.</p> <p>The first phase of the experimental session was conducted to construct the offline parts of the dataset: (A) Sit-to-stand and (B) Stand-to-sit. The participant's EEG data were collected from 90 sequences for part A (45 trials of MotorImageryA tasks and 45 trials of IdleStateA tasks) and 90 sequences for part B (45 trials of MotorImageryB tasks and 45 trials of IdleStateB tasks).</p> <p>For each participant, the two machine learning models obtained in the offline phase were used to carry out the online experiment parts of the dataset: (C) Sit-to-stand and (D) Stand-to-sit. Each participant was instructed to select, in no particular order, 30 sequences for part C (15 trials of MotorImageryA tasks and 15 trials of IdleStateA tasks) and 30 other sequences for part D (15 trials of MotorImageryB tasks and 15 trials of IdleStateB tasks). Each trial was unique and was generated pseudo-randomly before the experiment.</p> <p>The database consisted of 32 electroencephalographic files corresponding to the 32 participants. All recordings were collected on channels F3, Fz, F4, FC5, FC1, FC2, FC6, C3, Cz, C4, CP5, CP1, CP2, CP6, P3, Pz, and P4 according to the 10-20 EEG electrode placement standard, grounded to AFz channel and referenced to right mastoid (M2). Each data file contained the data stream in a 2D matrix where rows corresponded to channels and columns corresponded to time samples with a sampling frequency of 250Hz.</p> <p>The following marker numbers encoded information about the execution of the experiment. Marker numbers 200, 201, 202, and 203, indicated the beginning and end of the four steps of the sequence in a trial (resting, fixation, action observation, and imagining). Marker numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4, indicated the figure activated on the screen to the participant perform the task corresponding to 1. actively imagining the sit-to-stand movement (labeled as MotorImageryA), 2. sitting motionless without imagining the sit-to-stand movement (labeled as IdleStateA), 3. standing motionless while actively imagining the stand-to-sit movement (labeled as MotorImageryB), or 4. standing motionless without imagining the stand-to-sit movement (labeled as IdleStateB). Finally, marker numbers 101, 102, 103, and 104, indicated the task detected by the BCI in real time during the online experiment: 101. MotorImageryA, 102. IdleStateA, 103. MotorImageryB, or 104. IdleStateB.</p>
Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery Based Forest Fire Monitoring
<p><strong>Forest Fire in Villages near Berlin - Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR)</strong></p> <p>Villages in Treuenbrietzen (Frohnsdorf, Klausdorf and Tiefenbrunnen) around 50 km southwest of Berlin have been severely affected by recent unpredicted wildfire and the size of the burned area is about of 400 hectares, which started to spread on 23rd of August, 2018. More than 500 people had to leave their homes as a result of the fire in Treuenbrietzen and the burning fire with dense smoke continued for days. This year Europe has faced a long hot dry summer with almost no rain and as a consequence some European countries like Germany are on high alert regarding possible forest fires.</p>
Aversive imagery causes de novo fear conditioning (Open Data and Open Materials)
<p><strong>Open Data and Open Materials of: Mueller, E. M., Sperl, M. F. J., & Panitz, C. (2019). Aversive imagery causes de novo fear conditioning. <em>Psychological Science</em>, <em>30</em>(7), 1001–1015.</strong></p> <p>In classical fear conditioning, neutral conditioned stimuli (CS) that have been paired with aversive physical unconditioned stimuli eventually trigger fear responses. Here, we test whether aversive mental images systematically paired with a CS may also cause de novo fear learning in the absence of any external aversive stimulation. In two experiments, <em>N</em>=45 and <em>N</em>=41 participants were first trained to produce aversive, neutral, or no imagery in response to one of three different visual imagery cues. In a subsequent imagery-based differential conditioning paradigm, each of the three cues systematically co-terminated with one of three different neutral faces. Although the face that was paired with the aversive imagery cue was never paired with aversive external stimuli or threat-related instructions, participants rated it as more arousing, unpleasant, and threatening and displayed relative fear bradycardia and fear-potentiated startle. These results could be relevant for the development of fear and related disorders without trauma.</p>
Cup-marked stone, Zermatt-Hubelwäng, Switzerland - imagery and photogrammetrically derived 2.5D data, 3D data and orthophoto of stone slab no. 3920-01
<p>Imagery and derived 2.5D data, 3D data and orthophoto of cup-marked stone slab No. 3920-01 (http://www.ssdi.ch/), Zermatt-Hubelwäng, Switzerland.</p> <p>Supplemental data for: J. Reinhard, Was in den Rucksack passt… In: Chr. Rinne et al. (ed.), Vom Bodenfund zum Buch - Archäologie durch die Zeiten. Festschrift für Andreas Heege. Historische Archäologie Sonderband 1 (Bonn 2017), 503-520. URL: <a href="http://www.histarch.uni-kiel.de/sonderband01.htm">http://www.histarch.uni-kiel.de/sonderband01.htm</a>, DOI:<a href="https://doi.org/10.18440/ha.2017.101"> https://doi.org/10.18440/ha.2017.101</a> (original paper and additional poster contained in the upload). See <a href="http://skfb.ly/6sxJT">https://skfb.ly/6sxJT</a> for an online visualization of the data on Sketchfab.</p> <p> </p> <p>Contents:</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/166f08c2-3b28-4c6d-8fca-dcd6fadd8ef5/HASB2017_130_503.pdf?versionId=2c4ebd68-da57-42da-b49a-b95d10a9f4f8">HASB2017_130_503.pdf</a>: PDF of Reinhard 2017 (cited above).</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/166f08c2-3b28-4c6d-8fca-dcd6fadd8ef5/HASB2017_130_sup1.zip?versionId=87498b06-3e60-4dc1-a182-0157df73ad80">HASB2017_130_sup1.zip</a>: dense point cloud (full resolution, .ply)</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/166f08c2-3b28-4c6d-8fca-dcd6fadd8ef5/HASB2017_130_sup2.zip?versionId=951d3131-b09b-4efb-b768-adbd29e55e91">HASB2017_130_sup2.zip</a>: orthophoto (5 mm resolution, GeoTIFF)</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/166f08c2-3b28-4c6d-8fca-dcd6fadd8ef5/HASB2017_130_sup3.zip?versionId=8f5ac851-e596-4a31-b724-5f056a4940eb">HASB2017_130_sup3.zip</a>: DEM (1 mm resolution, GeoTIFF)</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/166f08c2-3b28-4c6d-8fca-dcd6fadd8ef5/HASB2017_130_sup4.zip?versionId=29043ecd-1bea-4fbd-8264-38e99c583691">HASB2017_130_sup4.zip</a>: orthophoto (1 mm resolution, GeoTIFF)</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/166f08c2-3b28-4c6d-8fca-dcd6fadd8ef5/HASB2017_130_sup5.zip?versionId=ae05c230-c25a-4a29-801f-202823648ade">HASB2017_130_sup5.zip</a>: 3D model (full resolution, .obj/.mtl/.jpg)</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3373713/files/Image-based_modeling_report.pdf?download=1">Image-based_modeling_report.pdf</a>: Image-based modeling report generated by Agisoft PhotoScan</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/166f08c2-3b28-4c6d-8fca-dcd6fadd8ef5/In_Rock_We_Trust_Poster_EAA_Bern_2019-09-07.pdf?versionId=7c003048-b261-45a6-803f-6affc3c48721">In_Rock_We_Trust_Poster_EAA_Bern_2019-09-07.pdf</a>: poster presented at the EAA annual conference 2019 in Bern</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3373713/files/Notes_on_image-based_modeling.pdf?download=1">Notes_on_image-based_modeling.pdf</a>: Notes on the image-based modeling process including scaling information</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/166f08c2-3b28-4c6d-8fca-dcd6fadd8ef5/Photos.zip?versionId=833aaf74-8c0e-48a5-8459-28d47af02d2e">Photos.zip</a>: complete set of images used in this project, taken in april 2016</p> <p> </p>
Data for estimating spruce tree health using drone-based RGB and multispectral imagery
<p>The dataset contains multispectral and RGB orthomosaics (.tif), and photogrammetric point clouds (.laz) of four study areas (about 25 ha each), where bark beetle-related decline of Norway spruce has been observed in Helsinki, Finland. The filenames refer to Area 1 (Männikkötie), Area 2 (Maunulanmaja), Area 3 (Hakuninmaa), and Area 4 (Paloheinä), described in detail in Junttila et al. 2022. Multispectral Imagery Provides Benefits for Mapping Spruce Tree Decline Due to Bark Beetle Infestation When Acquired Late in the Season, Remote Sensing 14(4), 909: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040909">https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040909</a> </p> <p>The image data was acquired between 11th and 14th September 2020.</p> <p>RE = Red-Edge M multispectral data<br>RGB = RGB data (Phantom 4 Pro)<br>Altum = Altum multispectral data</p> <p>The ground sampling distances (GSD) were approximately 3 cm, 5 cm, and 8 cm for RGB, Altum, and RedEdge, respectively.</p> <p>The field reference data file contains 556 geolocated trees assessed in the field (between 11.9. and 17.9.2020), of which 203 were dead and 353 were alive. The data is in polygon format, representing the crown delineation done during the data processing. The file includes tree heights estimated from airborne laser scanning data, dbh (for a subset of trees), discoloration, defoliation, resin flow, bark structural damage, and canopy size estimates. More details are in the journal article mentioned above.</p> <p>Key for Field Reference:</p> <p>Z = tree height<br>dbh = diameter-at-breast-height (cm)<br>vari = Discoloration (score 0-5)<br>harsu = Defoliation (score 0-4)<br>pihka = Resin flows (score 0-2)<br>runko = Stem/bark structural damage (score 0-2)<br>latvus = Significantly decreased canopy size (score 0-1)</p>
Navigating deep learning strategies for large-area land cover mapping using very-high-resolution imagery in Senegal: Validation Data
<p><span><span>R</span><span>apid</span><span> advances in deep learning</span><span> for</span> <span>land cover </span><span>classification of </span><span>trees, shrubs and </span><span>very small</span> <span>agricultur</span><span>al</span> <span>fields</span> <span>using</span> <span>very high</span><span>-</span><span>resolution satellite </span><span>data </span><span>(< 2 m</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span> has tremendous potential</span> <span>for resolving </span><span>current</span><span> challenges </span><span>in </span><span>quantifying</span> <span>land cover </span><span>change </span><span>in</span> <span>sub-</span><span>Saharan</span> <span>African (SSA</span><span>)</span><span>,</span> <span>due to</span> <span>growing </span><span>demand for food resources</span><span>.</span> <span>We</span> <span>conducted experiments </span><span>with</span><span> different training strategies for scaling up </span><span>UNet</span> <span>convolutional neural network </span><span>models for regional land cover mapping with multispectral </span><span>WorldView</span><span> (WV</span><span>)</span><span>-2 and –3,</span><span> imagery</span><span> in</span><span> three distinct regions of Senegal </span><span>which</span> <span>has</span><span> complex </span><span>seasonal wet/dry conditions and </span><span>cropland-savanna mosaics. </span></span></p> <p>The validation exercise of this research consisted in validating more than 70,000 km<sup>2</sup> across Senegal. The infrastructure was setup in the NASA SMCE system with a total of twelve George Mason University (GMU) students participating as operators. These operators validated more than 59 WV-2 and -3 images, each consisting of 200 stratified points in 5,000 x 5,000-pixel images. This effort resulted in a total of ~35,000 aggregated observations that are available through the eo-validation API for public consumption. Each validation point from this dataset has three individual observations.</p>
Dataset: Mapping saltmarsh communities in South Portugal using high spatiotemporal resolution satellite imagery
<div> <div> <div> <p>This repository containts the datasets from the article "Mapping saltmarsh communities in South Portugal using high spatiotemporal resolution satellite imagery" (Submitted). The dataset was used in a workflow used to create saltmarsh maps for the Algarve region (South Portugal), focused on the 4 main costal systems of the region: Alvor, Arade, Ria Formosa and Guadiana.</p> <p> </p> <p>For a description of the methodology see the article [link] and Github repo [link].</p> <p> </p> <h1>Repository content</h1> <h2>1. system-masks.zip</h2> <p>Contains 4 <code>geojson</code>files with a polygon which delimits the areas included in the study. The files are named after the respective systems that they delimit. Any region outside of these polygons were not used in the analysis.</p> <p><strong>CRS</strong> - EPSG:4326</p> <h2>2. manual-clean-up-masks.gpkg</h2> <p>Polygons which were manually created to mask out (exclude) pixels which were classified as saltmarsh, but are clearly not.</p> <p>File contains a single layer with 52 polygons and one variable.</p> <p><strong>Variables:</strong></p> <ul> <li>system [<em>string</em>] - Which system the polygon delimits</li> </ul> <h2>3. saltmarsh-training-data.gpkg</h2> <p>Data used for supervised model training. Each row represents one quadrat, and each column contains either quadrat identifiers, target classes, or predictor classes.</p> <p>File contains a single layer with 2448 points and 18 variables.</p> <p><strong>Variables:</strong></p> <ul> <li>water_system [<em>string</em>] - Study system in which the quadrat was sampled</li> <li>transect [<em>string</em>] - Name of transect in which the quadrat was sampled</li> <li>quad_id [<em>integer</em>] - Unique identifier per quadrat</li> <li>cluster [<em>integer</em>] - Vegetation cluster identified via hierarchical clustering. They are nested within <code>water_system</code>, and the same number within different systems will not correspond to the same vegetation type.</li> <li>marsh_type [<em>string</em>] - Functional groupings of saltmarsh vegetation (low, middle or high), created by grouping <code>cluster</code> based on niche of the defined clusters.</li> <li>train [<em>boolean</em>] - Was quadrat used in the train (TRUE) or test (FALSE) stage of model training?</li> <li>ndvi [<em>numerical</em>] - Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, calculated from the satellite image mosaic as (nir – red) / (nir + red).</li> <li>ndwi_high [<em>numerical</em>] - Normalized Difference Water Index estimated from images at high tide, calculated as (green – nir) / (green + nir)</li> <li>ndwi_low [<em>numerical</em>] - Normalized Difference Water Index estimated from images at low tide, calculated as (green – nir) / (green + nir)</li> <li>subtime [<em>numerical</em>] - Fraction of time that a cell is estimated to be submerged in water over one year.</li> <li>coastal_blue [<em>numerical</em>] - Surface reflectance values at 443 nm.</li> <li>blue [<em>numerical</em>] - Surface reflectance values at 490 nm.</li> <li>green_i [<em>numerical</em>] - Surface reflectance values at 531 nm.</li> <li>green [<em>numerical</em>] - Surface reflectance values at 565 nm.</li> <li>yellow [<em>numerical</em>] - Surface reflectance values at 610 nm.</li> <li>red [<em>numerical</em>] - Surface reflectance values at 665 nm.</li> <li>rededge [<em>numerical</em>] - Surface reflectance values at 705 nm.</li> <li>nir [<em>numerical</em>] - Surface reflectance values at 865 nm.</li> </ul> <h2>4. saltmarsh-transect-metadata.csv</h2> <p>Comma-delimited file with information about vegetation sampling transects. Each row represents one transect.</p> <p>File contains 6 variables.</p> <p><strong>Variables:</strong></p> <ul> <li>water_system [<em>string</em>] - Study system in which the transect was sampled</li> <li>transect_set [<em>string</em>] - Which set of transects was this transect sampled in? Set A was performed in 2019, set B in 2023.</li> <li>site [<em>string</em>] - Name of the site within the study system. This was used exclusively to plan transects.</li> <li>transect [<em>string</em>] - Name of transect in which the quadrat was sampled</li> <li>date [<em>date yyyy-mm-dd</em>] - Date of transect sampling.</li> <li>notes [<em>string</em>] - Notes taken during transect sampling and which might be relevant to understand data issues.</li> </ul> <h2>5. saltmarsh-vegetation-quadrats.gpkg</h2> <p>Data used for to create vegetation clusters (<code>cluster</code>) and saltmarsh community types (<code>marsh_type</code>). The later was used as the target class in the supervised model training. Each row represents one quadrat, and each column contains either quadrat identifiers, or presence/absence of species.</p> <p>File contains a single layer with 2448 points and 32 variables.</p> <p><strong>Variables:</strong></p> <ul> <li>water_system [<em>string</em>] - Study system in which the transect was sampled</li> <li>transect [<em>string</em>] - Name of transect in which the quadrat was sampled</li> <li>transect_set [<em>string</em>] - Which set of transects was this transect sampled in? Set A was performed in 2019, set B in 2023.</li> <li>quad_id [<em>integer</em>] - Unique identifier per quadrat</li> <li>distance_from_water <em>[integer]</em> - Distance from start of quadrat, which was the point closes to the water where saltmarsh was found for that transect.</li> <li>cluster [<em>integer</em>] - Vegetation cluster identified via hierarchical clustering. They are nested within <code>water_system</code>, and the same number within different systems will not correspond to the same vegetation type.</li> <li>marsh_type [<em>string</em>] - Functional groupings of saltmarsh vegetation (low, middle or high), created by grouping <code>cluster</code> based on niche of the defined clusters.</li> <li>Arthrocaulon.macrostachyum [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Tripolium.pannonicum [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Atriplex.halimus [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Cistanche.phelypaea [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Atriplex.portulacoides [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Limbarda.crithmoides [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Juncus.effusus [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Limoniastrum.monopetalum [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Myriolimon.ferulaceum [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Limonium.vulgare [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Phragmites.australis [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Polygonum.maritimum [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Puccinellia.maritima [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Salicornia.procumbens [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Salicornia.europaea [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Caroxylon.vermiculatum [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Salicornia.fruticosa [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Salicornia.perennis [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Bolboschoenus.maritimus [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Sporobolus.maritimus [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Spergularia.bocconei [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Suaeda.vera [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Triglochin.maritima [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> <li>Sporobolus.montevidensis [<em>boolean</em>] - Presence (1) or absence (0) of the species with the variable name.</li> </ul> <h2>6. predicted-map.tif</h2> <p>Geotiff file with a single layer for predicted saltmarsh community. Values are:<br> - <em>no data</em> - Not saltmarsh<br> - <em>1</em> - Low saltmarsh<br> - <em>2</em> - Middle saltmarsh<br> - <em>3</em> - High saltmarsh</p> <p><strong>CRS</strong> - EPSG:32629</p> </div> </div> </div>
Supraglacial lakes derived from Sentinel-1 SAR imagery over the Watson basin on the Greenland Ice Sheet.
<p>An experimental dataset produced for the 4D-Greenland project, one of the Polar+ projects funded by the European Space Agency. The dataset provides a classification of supraglacial lake extent, derived using Sentinel-1 SAR imagery, over the Watson case study site. The dataset is produced using a dynamic thresholding approach (Miles et al 2018). </p> <p>The dataset is produced for the period May 2017- Sept 2019. The temporal resolution of the dataset is approximately fortnightly (subject to methodological limitations) and is delivered as rasters in GeoTIFF format (epsg:3413). Raster pixels are denoted as: 0 where no surface water was detected; 1 where either HH or HV polarisation detected a backscatter signature representative of surface water; 2 where both HH and HV polarisations detected a backscatter signature representative of surface water; or 999 where the signal has been saturated and the output cannot distinguish if the signal is due to melt or other surface characteristics with the same backscattered signature. </p> <p>The naming convention indicates the original SAR tile used in the analysis and is identified by the sequence of fields described here:</p> <p><product_type>_<mission>_<mode>_<product>_<polarisation>_<starttime>_<endtime>_<orbitnumber>_<dataID>_<image>.fileextension</p> <p>For example:</p> <p>extent_S1B_EW_GRDH_1SDH_20180811T202931_20180811T203031_012220_016839_916F.tif</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.