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236 results for “immigration”
FIG. 6 in First record of immigrant (Mammalia, Ursidae, Carnivora) from Southern California
FIG. 6. — Phoberogale bugtiensis Forster-Cooper, 1923, BMNH M12338, holotype from Dera Bugti, Baluchistan, Pakistan; lateral (A) and occlusal stereo (B, C) views of left maxillary. Scale bar: 20 mm.
Structural genomic variation in the inbred Scandinavian wolf population contributes to the realized genetic load but is positively affected by immigration
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Data for: Multi-generational fitness effects of natural immigration indicate strong heterosis and epistatic breakdown in a wild bird population
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Temporal change in the contribution of immigration to population growth in a wild seabird experiencing rapid population decline
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Data and code for: Multiple genetic impacts of immigration interact to shape local population persistence versus extinction
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Sites of the Quebec Ministry of Immigration from 2012 to 2018 web archive collection derivatives
<p>Web archive derivatives of the Sites of the Quebec Ministry of Immigration from 2012 to 2018 collection from the <a href="https://www.banq.qc.ca/accueil/">Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec</a>. The derivatives were created with the <a href="https://github.com/archivesunleashed/aut/">Archives Unleashed Toolkit</a>. Merci beaucoup BAnQ!</p> <p>These derivatives are in the <a href="https://parquet.apache.org/">Apache Parquet format</a>, which is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column-oriented_DBMS">columnar storage</a> format. These derivatives are generally small enough to work with on your local machine, and can be easily converted to Pandas DataFrames. See <a href="https://github.com/archivesunleashed/notebooks/blob/master/parquet_pandas_example.ipynb">this</a> notebook for examples.</p> <p><strong>Domains</strong></p> <pre><code class="language-java">.webpages().groupBy(ExtractDomainDF($"url").alias("url")).count().sort($"count".desc)</code></pre> <p>Produces a DataFrame with the following columns:</p> <ul> <li>domain</li> <li>count</li> </ul> <p><strong>Web Pages</strong></p> <pre><code class="language-java">.webpages().select($"crawl_date", $"url", $"mime_type_web_server", $"mime_type_tika", RemoveHTMLDF(RemoveHTTPHeaderDF(($"content"))).alias("content"))</code></pre> <p>Produces a DataFrame with the following columns:</p> <ul> <li>crawl_date</li> <li>url</li> <li>mime_type_web_server</li> <li>mime_type_tika</li> <li>content</li> </ul> <p><strong>Web Graph</strong></p> <pre><code class="language-java">.webgraph()</code></pre> <p>Produces a DataFrame with the following columns:</p> <ul> <li>crawl_date</li> <li>src</li> <li>dest</li> <li>anchor</li> </ul> <p><strong>Image Links</strong></p> <pre><code class="language-java">.imageLinks()</code></pre> <p>Produces a DataFrame with the following columns:</p> <ul> <li>src</li> <li>image_url</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://github.com/archivesunleashed/aut-docs/blob/master/current/binary-analysis.md#binary-analysis"><strong>Binary Analysis</strong></a></p> <ul> <li>Audio</li> <li>Images</li> <li>PDFs</li> <li>Presentation program files</li> <li>Spreadsheets</li> <li>Text files</li> <li>Videos</li> <li>Word processor files</li> </ul>
Data from: Frequency dependence limits divergent evolution by favouring rare immigrants over residents
Two distinct forms of natural selection promote adaptive biological diversity. Divergent selection occurs when different environments favour different phenotypes, leading to increased differences between populations. Negative frequency-dependent selection occurs when rare variants within a population are favoured over common ones, increasing diversity within populations. These two diversifying forces promote genetic variation at different spatial scales, and may act in opposition, but their relative effects remain unclear because they are rarely measured concurrently. Here we show that negative frequency-dependent selection within populations can favor rare immigrants over locally adapted residents. We reciprocally transplanted lake and stream ecotypes of threespine stickleback into lake and stream habitats, while manipulating the relative abundance of residents versus immigrants. We found negative frequency-dependence: survival was highest for the locally rare ecotype, rather than natives. Also, individuals with locally rare major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIb genotypes were infected by fewer parasites. This negative frequency-dependent selection will tend to favour rare immigrants over common residents, amplifying the effect of migration and undermining the efficacy of divergent natural selection to drive population differences. The only signal of divergent selection was a tendency for foreign fish to have higher parasite loads than residents, after controlling for MHC genotype rarity. Frequency-dependent ecological interactions have long been thought to promote speciation. Our results suggest a more nuanced view in which negative frequency dependence alters the fate of migrants to promote or constrain evolutionary divergence between populations.
Data from: Multi-generation genetic contributions of immigrants reveal cryptic elevated and sex-biased effective gene flow within a natural meta-population
<p>Impacts of immigration on micro-evolution and population dynamics fundamentally depend on net rates and forms of resulting gene flow into recipient populations. Yet, the degrees to which observed rates and sex ratios of physical immigration translate into multi-generational genetic legacies have not been explicitly quantified in natural meta-populations, precluding inference on how movements translate into effective gene flow and eco-evolutionary outcomes. Our analyses of three decades of complete song sparrow (<em>Melospiza melodia</em>) pedigree data show that multi-generational genetic contributions from regular natural immigrants substantially exceeded those from contemporary natives, consistent with heterosis-enhanced introgression. Further, while contributions from female immigrants exceeded those from female natives by up to three-fold, male immigrants' lineages typically went locally extinct soon after arriving. Both the overall magnitude, and the degree of female bias, of effective gene flow therefore greatly exceeded those which would be inferred from observed physical arrivals, reshaping the eco-evolutionary implications of immigration.</p>
Immigration delays but does not prevent adaptation following environmental change: experimental evidence
<p>In today's rapidly changing world, it is critical to examine how animal populations will respond to severe environmental change. Following events such as pollution or deforestation that cause populations to decline, extinction will occur unless populations can adapt in response to natural selection, a process called evolutionary rescue. Theory predicts that immigration can delay extinction and provide novel genetic material that can prevent inbreeding depression and facilitate adaptation. However, when potential source populations have not experienced the new environment before (<em>i.e.,</em> are naive), immigration can counteract selection and constrain adaptation. This study evaluated the effects of immigration of naive individuals on evolutionary rescue using the red flour beetle, <em>Tribolium castaneum, </em>as a model system. Small populations were exposed to a challenging environment, and three immigration rates (zero, one, or five migrants per generation) were implemented with migrants from a benign environment. Following an initial decline in population size across all treatments, populations receiving no immigration gained a higher growth rate one generation earlier than those with immigration, illustrating the constraining effects of immigration on adaptation. After seven generations, a reciprocal transplant experiment found evidence for adaptation regardless of immigration rate. Thus, while the immigration of naive individuals briefly delayed adaptation, it did not increase extinction risk or prevent adaptation following environmental change.</p>
Immigrant males' memory acts to reduce ranging overlap and mating competition in wild baboons
<p>Mechanistic models suggest that information acquired by animals ("knowledge") could shape home range patterns and dynamics, and how neighbours share space. In social species this would suggest that immigrants could bring new knowledge into social groups, potentially affecting the dynamics of home range overlap. We tested this "immigrant knowledge hypothesis" in a wild population of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus). We used data collected between 2005 and 2013 on two neighbouring troops in Namibia, comprising GPS records of daily ranges, male natal origins, daily females' reproductive status, and a satellite index of vegetation growth. We found that when the ratio of fertile females to adult males in the focal troop increased (i.e. increasing inter-troop mating competition costs for focal troop males), the focal troop tended to overlap less with a neighbouring troop's home range only when the alpha male had immigrated from that neighbouring troop and so was "knowledgeable" about its home range. When the alpha male was "not knowledgeable" the reverse was observed, with troops showing greater overlap, most likely reflecting an influence of fertile females on ranging patterns. Our findings support the immigrant knowledge hypothesis of group ranging behaviour, and suggest that dispersal and spatial memory may sometimes act to increase rather than decrease spatial segregation between groups. Very few previous studies have reported an effect of mating competition on ranging dynamics in social species, perhaps because previous studies did not consider divergent adaptive interest among group members and how they can be solved through collective-decision processes.</p>
Empirical tests of habitat selection theory reveal that conspecific density and patch quality, but not habitat amount, drive long-distance immigration in a wild bird
<p>Individuals that disperse long distances from their natal site must select breeding patches with no prior knowledge of patch suitability. Despite decades of theoretical studies examining which cues dispersing individuals should use to select breeding patches, few empirical studies have tested the predictions of these theories at spatial scales relevant to long-distance dispersal in wild animal populations. Here, we use a novel assignment model based on multiple intrinsic markers to quantify natal dispersal distances of Wood Thrush (<i>Hylocichla mustelina</i>) breeding in forest fragments. We show that long-distance natal dispersal in this species is more frequent than commonly assumed for songbirds and that habitat selection by these individuals is driven by density-dependence and patch quality but not the amount of habitat surrounding breeding patches. These results represent an important contribution to understanding habitat selection by dispersing individuals, especially with regards to long-distance dispersal.</p>
Descriptive representation of immigrant-origin citizens at the 2018 Local elections in Flanders
<p>This dataset contains information about the descriptive representation of immigrant-origin citizens at the 2018 local elections in Flanders. It covers 31,176 candidates over 1,312 lists. For each candidate list, this dataset contains information about the percentage of immigrant-origin candidates, their average relative list position and the proportion of elected immigrant-origin candidates. Extra variables are added at the party level (e.g. whether it was part of the local government prior to the 2018 local elections or whether the head of list had an immigrant background) and municipality level (e.g. population density or percentage of the immigrant-origin population) to allow a profound examination of which factors steer the descriptive representation of immigrant-origin citizens.</p> <p>The updated version also includes information about the gendered selection of the immigrant-origin candidates. During this additional coding process, I discovered some small coding errors included in the original version. These errors are corrected in the updated version. </p>
Estimates for US foreign-born population size and immigration flows, 2000-2019
<p>Detailed results files for "Bayesian evidence synthesis to infer unobserved population dynamics: an application to international migration into the United States, 2000-2019"</p>
Immigration credit of temperate forest herbs in fragmented landscapes – implications for restoration of habitat connectivity
<p>1. In many agricultural landscapes, it is important to restore networks of forests to provide habitat and stepping stones for forest specialist taxa. More knowledge is, however, needed on how to facilitate the immigration of such taxa in restored forest patches. Here, we present the first chronosequence study to quantify the dynamics of immigration credits of forest specialist plants in post-arable forest patches.</p> <p>2. We studied the distribution of herbaceous forest specialist plant species in 54 post-arable broadleaved forest patches along gradients of age (20-140 years since forest establishment), distance from ancient forest (0-2600 m) and patch area (0.5-9.6 ha). With Linear Mixed Models we estimated the effects of these factors on species richness, patch means of four dispersal-related plant traits and with Generalized Linear Models on the occurrence of 20 individual species.</p> <p>3. Post-arable forest patch age and spatial isolation from ancient forest, but not patch size, were important predictors for species richness of forest specialists, suggesting that also small patches are valuable for habitat connectivity. Compared to species richness in ancient forest stands, the immigration credit was reduced by more than 90% after 80 years in post-arable forest patches contiguous to ancient forest compared to 40% after 80 years and 60% after 140 years in isolated patches (at least 100 m to next forest). Tall-growing species with adaptations to long-distance dispersal were faster colonizers while species with heavy diaspores and clonal growth were slower to colonize.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications: We show that post-arable oak plantations have a high potential for restoration of forest herb vegetation. Dispersal-related plant traits play a key role in explaining interspecific differences among forest specialists. To facilitate forest herb immigration across all functional groups in agricultural landscapes, we suggest to create clusters of relatively small new forest patches nearby older forest with source populations.</p>
FIG. 1 in The oldest known European Neogene girdled lizard fauna (Squamata, Cordylidae), with comments on Early Miocene immigration of African taxa
FIG. 1. — Location of the Merkur-North locality, Czech Republic.
Data for: Are immigrants outbred and unrelated? Testing standard assumptions in a wild metapopulation
<p><span>Immigration into small recipient populations is expected to alleviate inbreeding and increase genetic variation, and hence facilitate population persistence through genetic and/or evolutionary rescue. Such expectations depend on three standard assumptions: that immigrants are outbred, unrelated to existing natives at arrival, and unrelated to each other. These assumptions are rarely explicitly verified, including in key field systems in evolutionary ecology. Yet, they could be violated due to non-random or repeated immigration from adjacent small populations. We combined molecular genetic marker data for 150-160 microsatellite loci with comprehensive pedigree data to test the three assumptions for a song sparrow (<i>Melospiza melodia)</i> population that is a model system for quantifying effects of inbreeding and immigration in the wild. Immigrants were less homozygous than existing natives on average, with mean homozygosity that closely resembled outbred natives. Immigrants can therefore be considered outbred on the focal population scale. Comparisons of homozygosity of real or hypothetical offspring of immigrant-native, native-native and immigrant-immigrant pairings implied that immigrants were typically unrelated to existing natives and to each other. Indeed, immigrants' offspring would be even less homozygous than outbred individuals on the focal population scale. The three standard assumptions of population genetic and evolutionary theory were consequently largely validated. Yet, our analyses revealed some deviations that should be accounted for in future analyses of heterosis and inbreeding depression, implying that the three assumptions should be verified in other systems to probe patterns of non-random or repeated dispersal and facilitate precise and unbiased estimation of key evolutionary parameters.</span></p>
Replication Package for: Caught between Cultures: Unintended Consequences of Improving Opportunity for Immigrant Girls
<p>The package contains all the data and code necessary to reproduce the figures and tables in Dahl, Felfe, Frijters, and Rainer (forthcoming). "Caught between Cultures: Unintended Consequences of Improving Opportunity for Immigrant Girls", Review of Economic Studies.</p>
Replication package for: How the Other Half Died: Immigration and Mortality in US Cities
<p>The code in this replication package replicates *How the Other Half Died: Immigration and Mortality in US Cities*, RESTUD forthcoming. All code is in R. It first builds the analysis data from several raw data sources. It then produces all the figures and tables in the paper. One master file (`master.R`) runs all of the code to generate the input data and then the figures and tables in the paper (and then the figures and tables in the appendix).</p>
Complex life cycles drive community assembly through immigration and adaptive diversification
<p>Most animals undergo ontogentic niche shifts during their life. Yet, standard ecological theory builds on models that ignore this complexity. Here, we study how complex life cycles, where juvenile and adult individuals each feed on different sets of resources, affect community richness. Two different modes of community assembly are considered: gradual adaptive evolution and immigration of new species with randomly selected phenotypes. We find that under gradual evolution complex life cycles can lead to both higher and lower species richness when compared to a model of species with simple life cycles that lack an ontogenetic niche shift. Thus, complex life cycles do not per se increase the scope for gradual adaptive diversification. However, complex life cycles can lead to significantly higher species richness when communities are assembled through immigration, as immigrants can occupy isolated peaks of the dynamic fitness landscape that are not accessible via gradual evolution.</p>
Replication package for: Real Exchange Rates and the Earnings of Immigrants
<p>The package contains the code necessary to reproduce the tables and figures in Dustmann, Ku, and Surovtseva (forthcoming): "Real Exchange Rates and the Earnings of Immigrants". The Economic Journal. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.