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63 results for “infection costs”
Periprosthetic Joint Infections: Diagnostic Accuracy and Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Serum and Synovial Markers
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04858217. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 18.
Data from: Evolution of Drosophila resistance against different pathogens and infection routes entails no detectable maintenance costs
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Data from: The jack-of-all-trades is master of none: a pathogen's ability to infect a greater number of host genotypes comes at a cost of delayed reproduction.
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Data from: Survival costs of reproduction are mediated by parasite infection in wild Soay sheep
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Data from: Indirect effects of parasitism: costs of infection to other individuals can be greater than direct costs borne by the host
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Data from: Population-specific effect of Wolbachia on the cost of fungal infection in spider mites
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Data from: The costs of parasite infection: effects of removing lungworms on performance, growth and survival of free-ranging cane toads
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Data from: The cost of infection: Argulus foliaceus and its impact on the swimming performance of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
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Data from: Costs and drivers of helminth parasite infection in wild female baboons
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Data from: Host migration strategy is shaped by forms of parasite transmission and infection cost
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Data from: Evolutionary costs and benefits of infection with diverse strains of Spiroplasma in pea aphids
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Bacterial supergroup specific 'Cost' of Wolbachia infections in Nasonia vitripennis
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Data from: A rare study from the wintering grounds provides insight into the costs of malaria infection for migratory birds
Malaria parasites can have strong effects on the population dynamics and evolution of migratory bird species. In many species, parasite transmission occurs on the wintering grounds, but studies to determine the consequences of infection have taken place during the breeding season, when malaria parasites circulate at chronic levels. We examined the predictors of malarial infections for great reed warblers during the northern winter in Africa, where active parasite transmission is thought to occur and naïve individuals experience acute infections. Counter to expectations, we found that winter infection intensities were lower than those encountered on the breeding grounds. One potential explanation is that reduced immune function during breeding allows parasites to persist at higher chronic intensities. We found no relationships between the incidence or intensity of infection on condition (as measured by scaled mass index, plasma metabolites, and feather corticosterone), spring migration departure dates, or home range sizes. We also tested a prediction of the Hamilton–Zuk hypothesis and found that male ornament (song) quality was unrelated to parasitic infection status. Overall, our results provide the first evidence that long-distance migrants captured on their wintering grounds are in the chronic stage of infection, and suggest that winter studies may fare no better than breeding studies at determining the costs of acute malarial infection for great reed warblers.
Data from: Delayed virulence and limited costs promote fecundity compensation upon infection
Individuals invest limited resources across vital tasks, like reproduction and survival. Individuals can spread reproductive investment over their life, but cues of death or reduced fitness can influence this investment. In some systems cues of infection induce early but costly reproduction through fecundity compensation as future reproduction becomes uncertain. A key aspect of parasite biology is the delay between exposure to parasites and the onset of virulence. This creates an important window of opportunity for hosts to respond to infection. Existing models have not accounted for this delay or the costs borne by offspring. We combine a theoretical and experimental approach to assess the role of costs and the importance of delay in virulence on fecundity compensation. We find that a delay in virulence selects for plastic fecundity responses even with moderate offspring costs. We tested our model experimentally by exposing pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, to various ecologically relevant cues of infection and monitored lifetime reproduction and survival of these aphids and their offspring. Our challenges induced fecundity compensation but we did not detect any costs in mothers or offspring. We predict that the relationship between the costs and the delay in onset of virulence, as found here, determines the success of fecundity compensation as an adaptation against parasitism.
Data from: No energetic cost of tuberculosis infection in European badgers (Meles meles)
1. Energy availability and energy use directly influence an organism's life history, fitness and ecological function. In wild animals, abiotic factors such as ambient temperature, season and rainfall, and biotic factors such as body mass, age, social group size and disease status, all potentially influence energy balance. 2. Relatively few studies have examined the effects of disease on the energy expenditure of wild animals. Such studies could further our understanding of factors influencing the transmission of zoonotic diseases. The European badger (Meles meles) is a medium-sized carnivore that occurs in mixed-sex, familial groups across much of its range. In the UK they are a protected species but are also involved in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle. 3. We measured the daily energy expenditure (DEE) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) of wild badgers and related this to their TB infection status and a range of other interacting factors including season, group size, disease status, sex, age, body mass and body fat. 4. Individuals were larger and fatter when they were older and fatter during the winter. Males were also heavier than females during the summer. In addition, individuals from smaller groups that were exposed to TB tended to have lower body mass. 5. There were no direct effects of disease status on DEE or RMR, however, there was a significant interaction whereby DEE increased with body mass in small groups but decreased with body mass in large groups. 6. Results are consistent with the costs of TB infection being met by compensatory mechanisms enabling badgers to survive for extended periods without exhibiting measurable energetic consequences.
Data from: Influence of oxidative homeostasis on bacterial density and cost of infection in Drosophila–Wolbachia symbioses
The evolution of symbioses along the continuum between parasitism and mutualism can be influenced by the oxidative homeostasis, i.e. the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant molecules. Indeed, ROS can contribute to the host immune defence to regulate symbiont populations, but are also toxic. This interplay between ROS and symbiosis is notably exemplified by recent results in arthropod-Wolbachia interactions. Wolbachia are symbiotic bacteria involved in a wide range of interactions with their arthropods hosts, from facultative, parasitic associations to obligatory, mutualistic ones. In the present study, we used Drosophila-Wolbachia associations to determine whether the oxidative homeostasis plays a role in explaining the differences between phenotypically distinct arthropod-Wolbachia symbioses. We used Drosophila lines with different Wolbachia infections and measured the effects of pro-oxidant (paraquat) and antioxidant (glutathione) treatments on the Wolbachia density and the host survival. We show that experimental manipulations of the oxidative homeostasis can reduce the cost of the infection through its effect on Wolbachia density. We discuss the implication of this result from an evolutionary perspective and argue that the oxidative homeostasis could underlie the evolution of tolerance and dependence on Wolbachia.
Data from: Costs and benefits of sub-lethal Drosophila C virus infection
Viruses are major evolutionary drivers of insect immune systems. Much of our knowledge of insect immune responses derives from experimental infections using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Most experiments, however, employ lethal pathogen doses through septic injury, frequently overwhelming host physiology. While this approach has revealed several immune mechanisms, it is less informative about the fitness costs hosts may experience during infection in the wild. Using both systemic and oral infection routes we find that even apparently benign, sub-lethal infections with the horizontally transmitted Drosophila C Virus (DCV) can cause significant physiological and behavioral morbidity that is relevant for host fitness. We describe DCV-induced effects on fly reproductive output, digestive health, and locomotor activity, and we find that viral morbidity varies according to the concentration of pathogen inoculum, host genetic background and sex. Notably, sub-lethal DCV infection resulted in a significant increase in fly reproduction, but this effect depended on host genotype. We discuss the relevance of sub-lethal morbidity for Drosophila ecology and evolution, and more broadly, we remark on the implications of deleterious and beneficial infections for the evolution of insect immunity.
Dataset.Approximation of the cost of acute Coronavirus infection in primary health care services
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Individual and population level costs and health-related quality of life outcomes of third-generation cephalosporin resistant bloodstream infection in Malawi
<p>This file contains the original cleaned dataset used in the analysis</p>
Cost-Effectiveness Study Comparing Chlorhexidine Bathing With Active Surveillance Cultures to Prevent Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus & Other Hospital Infections
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00779246. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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