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Fig. 2 in Prevalence of fish-borne zoonotic trematode infection in Jilin Province, China
Fig. 2. The metacercariae and eggs of C. sinensis, M. orientalis and E. japonicus.C. sinensis metacercariae encysted on the flesh of P. parva, scale bar = 50 μm (A). M. orientalis metacercariae encysted on the flesh of P. parva, scale bar = 50 μm (B). E. japonicus metacercariae encysted on the gills of R. sinensis, scale bar = 50 μm (C). C. sinensis metacercariae isolated from P. parva, scale bar = 50 μm (D). M. orientalis metacercariae isolated from P. parva, scale bar = 50 μm (E); E. japonicus metacercariae isolated from R. sinensis, scale bar = 50 μm (F). C. sinensis egg in feces of canine, scale bar = 10 μm (G). M. orientalis egg in feces of duck, scale bar = 10 μm (H). E. japonicus eggs in feces of canine and duck, scale bar = 10 μm (I, J). EC, excretion cyst; ET, excretion tube; EO, egg operculum; IW, inner cyst wall; OW, outer cyst wall; ME, metacercariae; MI, miracidium; SP, shoulder peaks; SE, small spine at the rear end; OS, oral sucker; VS, ventral sucker.
Fig. 1 in Sero-prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild cervids in Denmark
Fig. 1. The geographical distribution of wild cervids included in the study and the number of animals tested positive for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in the hunting season 2017–2018 in Denmark (n = 428). Shown by region and proportion of species sampled (roe deer, fallow deer or red deer) in each region. Pie charts indicate proportion of samples from each cervid species. Note Sika deer was only sampled in Mid-Jutland (n = 14), and hence not included in the map. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) decrease nymphal infection prevalence for tick-borne pathogens Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a coastal dune ecosystem
<p>1. Understanding which factors determine tick-borne disease hazard can contribute to effective disease control. In Europe, the hazard of the pathogens <em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em> s.l. and <em>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</em> is determined by local tick densities (mainly <em>Ixodes ricinus</em>) and the reservoir competence of the host species community. Sand lizards (<em>Lacerta agilis</em>) are common hosts for larvae and nymphs of <em>I. ricinus</em> and non-competent reservoirs for both pathogens. Consequently, high relative abundance of <em>L. agilis</em> is hypothesized to be associated with lower infection prevalence in nymphs. Here, we aimed to test whether this effectively occurs in natural settings.</p> <p>2. We sampled different habitat types within a heterogenous dune landscape at the Dutch coast and estimated 1) <em>L. agilis</em> densities, 2) host community competence, 3) the density and infection prevalence of questing<em> I. ricinus</em> ticks, and 4) the number and infection prevalence of ticks feeding on <em>L. agilis</em>.</p> <p>3. Captured <em>L. agilis</em> had high tick burdens and contributed substantially to feeding <em>I. ricinus</em> larvae in their natural habitat. <em>B. burgdorferi</em> s.l. and <em>A. phagocytophilum</em> were virtually absent from feeding larvae and nymphs.</p> <p>4. The nymphal infection prevalence of both pathogens in questing ticks was lower in habitat types where <em>L. agilis</em> was more abundant. Hence, <em>L. agilis</em> strongly reduced community competence.</p> <p>5. The density of questing nymphs was higher in habitat types with denser vegetation and also varied more between habitat types than infection prevalence. As a result, nymphal density had a stronger effect on the density of infected ticks than did nymphal infection prevalence.</p> <p>6. Synthesis and applications. Coastal dune habitats favourable for <em>L. agilis</em> have lower densities of questing nymphs, and a lower human infection hazard. These results might be applicable to similar ecosystems where <em>L. agilis</em> is present. From a public health perspective, this underlines the importance of preserving early successional habitat, as encroaching shrubs are associated with higher tick-borne disease hazard, and vegetation removal might be a solution to reduce hazard in coastal dunes. The high degree of spatial heterogeneity in the abundance of tick-borne pathogens also poses opportunities to manage recreational activities to limit human exposure to tick-borne diseases.</p>
Sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) decrease nymphal infection prevalence for tick-borne pathogens Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a coastal dune ecosystem
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Data from: Genetic diversity, infection prevalence, and possible transmission routes of Bartonella spp. in vampire bats
Bartonella spp. are globally distributed bacteria that cause endocarditis in humans and domestic animals. Recent work has suggested bats as zoonotic reservoirs of some human Bartonella infections; however, the ecological and spatiotemporal patterns of infection in bats remain largely unknown. Here we studied the genetic diversity, prevalence of infection across seasons and years, individual risk factors, and possible transmission routes of Bartonella in populations of common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in Peru and Belize, for which high infection prevalence has previously been reported. Phylogenetic analysis of the gltA gene for a subset of PCR-positive blood samples revealed sequences that were related to Bartonella described from vampire bats from Mexico, other Neotropical bat species, and streblid bat flies. Sequences associated with vampire bats clustered significantly by country but commonly spanned Central and South America, implying limited spatial structure. Stable and nonzero Bartonella prevalence between years supported endemic transmission in all sites. The odds of Bartonella infection for individual bats was unrelated to the intensity of bat flies ectoparasitism, but nearly all infected bats were infested, which precluded conclusive assessment of support for vector-borne transmission. While metagenomic sequencing found no strong evidence of Bartonella DNA in pooled bat saliva and fecal samples, we detected PCR positivity in individual saliva and feces, suggesting the potential for bacterial transmission through both direct contact (i.e., biting) and environmental (i.e., fecal) exposures. Further investigating the relative contributions of direct contact, environmental, and vector-borne transmission for bat Bartonella is an important next step to predict infection dynamics within bats and the risks of human and livestock exposures.
Causation without correlation: Parasite-mediated frequency-dependent selection and infection prevalence
<p>Parasite-mediated selection is thought to maintain host genetic diversity for resistance. We might thus expect to find a strong positive correlation between host genetic diversity and infection prevalence across natural populations. Here, we used computer simulations to examine host–parasite coevolution in 20 simi-isolated clonal populations across a broad range of values for both parasite virulence and parasite fecundity. We found that the correlation between host genetic diversity and infection prevalence can be significantly positive for intermediate values of parasite virulence and fecundity. But the correlation can also be weak and statistically non-significant, even when parasite-mediated frequency-dependent selection is the sole force maintaining host diversity. Hence correlational analyses of field populations, while useful, might underestimate the role of parasites in maintaining host diversity.</p>
Dose relationships can exacerbate, mute, or reverse the impact of heterospecific host density on infection prevalence
The likelihood an individual becomes infected depends on the community in which it is embedded. For environmentally transmitted parasites, host community composition can alter host density, the density of parasites that hosts encounter in the environment, and the dose to which hosts are subsequently exposed. While some multi-host theory incorporates some of these factors (e.g., competition among hosts), it does not currently consider the nonlinear relationships between parasite exposure dose and per-propagule infectivity (dose-infectivity relationships), between exposure dose and infected host mortality (dose-mortality relationships), and between exposure dose and parasite propagule excretion (dose-excretion relationships). This makes it difficult to predict the impact of host species on one another's likelihood of infection. To understand the implications of these non-linear dose relationships for multi-host communities, we first performed a meta-analysis on published dose-infectivity experiments to quantify the proportion of accelerating, linear, or decelerating dose-infectivity relationships; we found that most experiments demonstrated decelerating dose-infectivity relationships. We then explored how dose-infectivity, dose-mortality, and dose-excretion relationships might alter the impact of heterospecific host density on infectious propagule density, infection prevalence, and density of a focal host using two host, one parasite models. We found that dose relationships either decreased the magnitude of the impact of heterospecific host density on propagule density and infection prevalence via negative feedback loops (decelerating dose-infectivity relationships, positive dose-mortality relationships, and negative dose-excretion relationships), or increased the magnitude of the impact of heterospecific host density on infection prevalence via positive feedback loops (accelerating dose-infectivity relationships and positive dose-excretion relationships). Further, positive dose-mortality relationships resulted in hosts that traditionally decrease disease (e.g. low-competence, strong competitors) increasing infection prevalence, and vice versa. Finally, we found that dose-relationships can create positive feedback loops that facilitate friendly competition (i.e., increased heterospecific density has a positive effect on focal host density because the reduction in disease outweighs the negative effects of interspecific competition). This suggests that without taking dose relationships into account, we may incorrectly predict the effect of heterospecific host interactions, and thus host community composition, on environmentally transmitted parasites.
Effects of an alternative host on the prevalence and infection intensity of a bumble bee parasite
<p>Several bee parasites are transmitted through flowers, and some of them can infect multiple host species. Given the shared use of flowers by bee species, parasites can potentially encounter multiple host species, which could affect the evolution of parasite virulence. We used the trypanosomatid parasite <em>Crithidia bombi</em> and its host, the common eastern bumble bee (<em>Bombus impatiens</em>), to explore the effect of infecting an alternative host, the alfalfa leaf-cutter bee (<em>Megachile rotundata</em>), on parasite infectivity and ability to replicate. We conducted a serial passage experiment on primary and alternative hosts, assessing infectivity and intensity of infection during five passes. Parasite cells from each pass through the alternative host were also used to infect a group of primary hosts. We found that serial passes through the alternative host increased infectivity, but there was no effect on intensity of infection. Interestingly, both the probability and intensity of infection on the primary host increased after serial passage through the alternative host. This increase in intensity of infection could be due to maladaptation after selection of new <em>C. bombi</em> strains has occurred in the alternative host. This study suggests that host switching has the potential to affect the adaptation of bee parasites to their hosts.</p>
MHC class II genotype-by-pathogen genotype interaction for infection prevalence in a natural rodent-Borrelia system
<p><span>MHC genes are extraordinarily polymorphic in most taxa. Host-pathogen coevolution driven by negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) is one of the main hypotheses for the maintenance of such immunogenetic variation. Here we test a critical but rarely tested assumption of this hypothesis—that MHC alleles affect resistance/susceptibility to a pathogen in a strain-specific way, i.e. that there is a host genotype-by-pathogen genotype interaction. </span><span>In a field study of bank voles naturally infected with the tick-transmitted bacterium </span><em><span>Borrelia afzelii</span></em><span>, we tested for MHC class II (</span><em><span>DQB</span></em><span>) genotype-by-</span><span><em>B. afzelii</em> </span><span>strain interactions for infection prevalence between ten </span><em><span>DQB</span></em><span><em> </em>alleles and seven strains. One allele (<em>DQB</em>*37) showed an interaction</span><span>, </span><span>such that voles carrying <em>DQB</em>*37 had higher prevalence of two strains and lower prevalence of one strain than individuals without the allele. These findings were corroborated by analyses of strain composition of infections, which revealed an effect of <em>DQB</em>*37 in the form of lower </span><span>b</span><span> diversity among infections in voles carrying the allele. Taken together, these results provide rare support at the molecular genetic level for a key assumption of models of antagonistic coevolution through NFDS. </span></p>
Figure 1 in Prevalence of cestodes infection among school children of urban parts of Lower Dir district, Pakistan
Figure 1. Study sites of the area in Lower Dirdistrict (Khyber, Pakhtunkhwa, province, Pakistan.
Fig. 1 in Wild horse populations in south-east Australia have a high prevalence of Strongylus vulgaris and may act as a reservoir of infection for domestic horses
Fig. 1. Map illustrating location of sampling sites.
Fig. 4 in Prevalence of fish-borne zoonotic trematode infection in Jilin Province, China
Fig. 4. The number of FZTs infecting wild freshwater fish of different sizes.
Fig. 1 in Prevalence of fish-borne zoonotic trematode infection in Jilin Province, China
Fig. 1. Sampling sites of freshwater fish, freshwater snails and the definitive hosts' feces.
Figure 3. A in Prevalence of intestinal nematodes infection in school children of urban areas of district Lower Dir, Pakistan
Figure 3. A. lumbricoides fertile egg.
Figure 2. A in Prevalence of intestinal nematodes infection in school children of urban areas of district Lower Dir, Pakistan
Figure 2. A. lumbricoides unfertile egg.
Figure 6 in Prevalence of intestinal nematodes infection in school children of urban areas of district Lower Dir, Pakistan
Figure 6. Trichuris trichiura.
Figure 5 in Prevalence of intestinal nematodes infection in school children of urban areas of district Lower Dir, Pakistan
Figure 5. Trichuris trichiura.
Data from: Population-based screening for hepatitis C antibodies and active infection using a point-of-care test in a low prevalence area
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Background.</b> Data on the true prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>general population is essential to health policies. We evaluated a program implementing free universal HCV screening using a non-invasive point-of-care test (POCT) (OraQuick-HCV rapid test) in oral fluid in an urban area in Valencia, South-Eastern Spain. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Methods.</b> A cross-sectional study was performed during 2015-2017. Free HCV screening was offered by regular mail to 11,500 individuals aged 18 and over, randomly selected from all census residents in the Health Department. All responding participants filled in a questionnaire about HCV infection risk factors and were tested in their tertiary Hospital. In those with a positive POCT, results were confirmed by enzyme-immunoassay and HCV-RNA.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Results.</b> 1,206 persons agreed to participate (response rate: 11.16%). HCV antibodies were detected in 19 (1.60%) cases (age-sex standardized rate: 1.31%; 95%CI: 0.82-2.07), but only 8 showed positive HCV-RNA (age-sex standardized rate: 0.56%; 95%CI: 0.28-1.14). The majority (89%) of the cases were born before 1965 and 74% had at least one known risk factor for HCV infection. All anti-HCV positive individuals were already aware of their infection, and no undiagnosed cases were detected. The performance of the POCT was excellent for detecting active infection. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Conclusions.</b> These preliminary data suggest that HCV population screening with a POCT is feasible but, in our setting, mailing recruiting is not effective (11% response rate). The low prevalence of HCV antibodies and active infection in the participant population (with no new diagnoses made) suggests that, in our setting, underdiagnosis may be uncommon.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Files uploaded include the study database (Stata v.13) and the do.file of the study.</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Drought, infection complexity (COI), and prevalence of Plasmodium mexicanum
<p>This data and R code were used for the research reported in the manuscript listed below, which was being reviewed by a journal at the time this data set was published.</p> <ul> <li>Title: Drought correlates with reduced infection complexity and possibly prevalence in a decades-long study of the lizard malaria parasite Plasmodium mexicanum</li> <li>Authors: Allison Neal, Joshua Sassi, Anne Vardo-Zalik</li> </ul> <p>There are 6 files:</p> <ol> <li><strong>HOPDroughtAnalysis20201221.R</strong>- an R script; the main data analysis file</li> <li><strong>DroughtAnalysisDataFull.csv</strong>- a data file containing data on all of the lizards collected at the University of California's Hopland Research and Extension Center from 1978 to 2016. This file does NOT contain any information on drought, but HOPDroughtAnalysis20201221.R will import data from both this file and the droughtMonitorDataUkiah.csv and align them. Alternatively, use DroughtData_AsAnalyzed.csv (see below). Metadata are provided in a separate file (see below).</li> <li><strong>DroughtData_AsAnalyzed.csv</strong>- this data set combines data from DroughtAnalysisDataFull.csv and droughtMonitorDataUkiah.csv. It contains only the lizards that were analyzed for this paper. This file may be useful for repeating the data analysis outside of R, but does not allow for easy adjustment of what data were excluded or how drought measures were aligned with prevalence and COI measures.</li> <li><strong>DroughtAnalysisMetadata.csv</strong>- a description of the data in DroughtAnalysisDataFull.csv and DroughtData_AsAnalyzed.csv.</li> <li><strong>droughtMonitorDataUkiah.csv</strong>- a data file containing a summary of data from the US Drought Monitor. The original data were downloaded here: <a href="https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/DmData/DataDownload.aspx">https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/DmData/DataDownload.aspx</a>. Week is reported as YYYYMMDD. The original data, as downloaded, were recorded as the percentage of Ukiah (Mendocino County, California) that was in each of six categories: no drought or drought of severity D0 (abnormally dry) to D4 (exceptional drought). We converted this data to a single number by converting the categories into a numerical scale (0 = no drought, 1 = D0, etc.) and calculating a weighted average of the drought severity for the county for each week. These averages are recorded in this file.</li> <li><strong>HRECRainfall.csv</strong>- a data file containing rainfall data from the Hopland Research and Extension Center (<a href="https://hrec.ucanr.edu/">https://hrec.ucanr.edu/</a>), posted with permission from John Bailey (HREC director, 2022). It reports the monthly rainfall at HREC from 1952 to 2017.</li> </ol>
Data from: Viral transmission and infection prevalence in a cannibalistic host–pathogen system
<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Cannibalism, while prevalent in the natural world, is often viewed as detrimental to a cannibal's health, especially when they consume pathogen-infected conspecifics. The argument stems from the idea that cannibalizing infected individuals increases the chance of coming into contact with a pathogen and subsequently becoming infected. Using an insect pest, the fall armyworm (<em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em>), that readily cannibalizes at the larval stage and its lethal pathogen, we experimentally examined how cannibalism affects viral transmission at both an individual and population level. Prior to death, the pathogen in the system stops the larval host from growing, resulting in infected individuals being smaller than healthy individuals. This leads to size-structured cannibalism of infected individuals with the larger healthy larvae consuming the smaller infected larvae, which is commonly observed. At the individual level, we show that the probability of cannibalism is relatively high for both infected and uninfected individuals especially when the cannibal is larger than the victim. However, the probability of the cannibal becoming infected given that a pathogen-infected individual has been cannibalized is relatively low. On a population level, when cannibalism is allowed to occur transmission rates decline. Additionally, by cannibalizing infected larvae, cannibals lower the infection risk for non-cannibals. Thus, cannibalism can decrease infection prevalence and, therefore, may not be as deleterious as once thought. Under certain circumstances, cannibalizing infected individuals, from the uninfected host's perspective, may even be advantageous, as one obtains a meal and decreases competition for resources with little chance of becoming infected.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.