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Data from: Temperature accounts for the biodiversity of a hyperdiverse group of insects in urban Los Angeles
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Main Plots All Arthropod Insect Sweepnet Sampling 1996-200: Biodiversity II: Effects of Plant Biodiversity on Population and Ecosystem Processes
Biodiversity II (E120) is designed to determine how the number of plant species affects the dynamics of ecological processes at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. By experimentally manipulating the number of species and the kinds of species, the amount of plant growth and the change from year to year, that result can be examined. Plots are large (9m x 9m actively maintained) and well-replicated, allowing responses of plant pathogens, insect herbivores, seed predators, soil parameters, invasive plant species and other variables to also be studied. Plots were seeded in May 1994 to have 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 species, with roughly 30 replicates of each diversity level. The species composition of each plot was chosen by random draw from a pool of 18 grassland perennials that included four warm-season (C4) grasses, four cool-season (C3) grasses, four legumes, four non-legume forbs, and two woody species. All species occur in monoculture allowing comparison of responses of each species in monoculture to combinations of these same species. The experiment was established in 1994 by the lead investigators David Tilman, Peter Reich, Johannes Knops, and David Wedin. Experiment 120 is similar to Experiment 123, but it uses larger plots to provide a large capacity for long-term subexperiments.
Local and landscape scale variables shape insect diversity in an urban biodiversity hotspot.
<p>Local community structure is shaped by processes acting at local and landscape scales. The relative importance of drivers operating across different spatial scales are difficult to test without observations across regional or latitudinal gradients. Cities exhibit strong but predictable environmental gradients overlaying a mosaic of highly variable but repeated habitat types within a constrained area. Thus, cities present a unique opportunity to explore how both local and landscape factors influence local biotic communities. We used insect communities to examine the interactions among local environmental variables (such as temperature and relative humidity), local habitat characteristics (such as plant community composition), and broad-scale patterns of urbanization (including biophysical, human-built, and socio-economic variables) on local insect abundance, species richness, and species composition in Los Angeles, a hot, dry, near-desert city. After accounting for seasonal trends, insect species richness and abundance were highest in drier and hotter sites, but the magnitude of local environmental effects varied with the degree of urbanization. In contrast, insect species composition was best predicted by broad-scale urbanization trends, with the more native communities occurring in less urbanized sites and more cosmopolitan insects occurring in highly urbanized sites. However, insect species richness and abundance were >30% higher and insect composition was similar across sites that hosted either native or drought-tolerant plants, regardless of the degree of urbanization. These results demonstrate that urban insect biodiversity is a product of interacting mechanisms working at both local and landscape scales. However, local scale changes to urban habitats, such as cultivating plants that are adapted to the natural environment nearest the city, can positively impact urban biodiversity regardless of location.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Zapponi L, Mazza G, Farina A, Fedrigoli L, Mazzocchi F, Roversi PF, Sabbatini Peverieri G, Mason F (2017) The role of monumental trees for the preservation of saproxylic biodiversity: re-thinking their management in cultural landscapes. In: Campanaro A, Hardersen S, Sabbatini Peverieri G, Carpaneto GM (Eds) Monitoring of saproxylic beetles and other insects protected in the European Union. Nature Conservation 19: 231-243. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.19.12464
List of recorded species : Explanation note: The supplementary material contains the list of species recorded during the 1982 and 2017 inventories, showing for each species: number of individuals, average circunference and average height.
FIGURE 44 in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURE 44. Trophic web of Asphodeline lutea. Horizontal scale bars proportional to the numbers of reared specimens examined that are indicated in the bars. Arrows pointing out the direction of the trophic relationships: from phytophagous Bruchophagus spp. to the asphodel and from parasitoids to chalcid hosts.
FIGURE 43 in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURE 43. Trophic web of A. fistulosus. Horizontal scale bars proportional to the numbers of reared specimens examined that are indicated in the bars. Arrows pointing out the direction of the trophic relationships: from phytophagous Bruchophagus spp. to the asphodel and from parasitoids to chalcid hosts.
FIGURE 38 in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURE 38. Distribution map of Eupelmus confusus, E. microzonus (only the occurrence of these two Eupelmus species on asphodels shown), Idiomacromerus asphodeli, Pteromalus tethys and Puklina depilata.
FIGURES 27A–F. Aximopsis balajasi. A–E in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURES 27A–F. Aximopsis balajasi. A–E, ♀. F, ♂. A, head in frontal view. B, same in dorsal view. C, antenna. D, propodeum. E, procoxa in anterior view. F, antenna. A, D & E, ex A. ramosus, Vizzini, Monte Iblei, Sicilia, Italy. B & C, holotype ♀, ex A. ramosus, Aléria, Vaccaja, Corse, France [voucher GDEL1610]. F, ex A. ramosus, Sòller, Mallorca, Spain.
FIGURE 24 in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURE 24. Eurytoma genale Askew & Stojanova sp. n., ♀ ex Asphodeline lutea, Vizzini, Monte Iblei, Sicilia, Italy.
FIGURES 21A–H. Bruchophagus lecomtei. A–G in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURES 21A–H. Bruchophagus lecomtei. A–G, ♀. H, ♂. A, head in frontal view. B, same in dorsal view, C, pedicel and flagellum. D, antenna mounted on slide. E, mesonotum. F, propodeum. G, fore wing. H, pedicel and flagellum. A, C & G, ex A. fistulosus, Banyuls-sur-Mer, Pyrénées-Orientales, France. B & F, ex A. fistulosus, Sarroca, Lleida, Spain. E & H, collected on a flower spike of A. fistulosus, Mireval, Hérault, France.
FIGURE 17 in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURE 17. Bruchophagus gijswijti Askew & Ribes sp. n., ♀ collected on flower spike of A. fistulosus, Mireval, Hérault, France.
FIGURES 28A–E in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURES 28A–E. Aximopsis collina (Zerova), ♀. A, habitus. B, head in posterior view [SEM photograph], C, clava [SEM photograph]. D, petiole in lateral view [SEM photograph], E, same in ventral view. A & E, ex A. ramosus, Banyuls-sur-Mer, Pyrénées-Orientales, France. B–D, female collected by sweeping at Cébazan, Hérault, France.
FIGURE 15 in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURE 15. Bruchophagus asphodelinae Askew & Stojanova sp. n., ♀ ex Asphodeline lutea, Vizzini, Monte Iblei, Sicilia, Italy.
FIGURES 20A–D in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURES 20A–D. Bruchophagus lecomtei, ♀ [SEM photographs]. A, head in posterior view. B, clava. C, mesosoma in ventral view. D, petiole in lateral view. Specimen from Calpe, Alicante, Spain.
FIGURES 12A–L. Bruchophagus ribesi. A–K in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURES 12A–L. Bruchophagus ribesi. A–K, ♀. L, ♂. A, head in frontal view. B, same in dorsal view. C, antenna of first morphotype. D, antenna of alternate morphotype. E, clava mounted on slide. F, pro- and mesonotum. G, propodeum. H, metacoxa. I, fore wing. J, fore wing venation. K, metasoma. L, antenna. A, C, G, I, J & L, ex A. albus delphinensis from Vielha, Lleida, Spain. B, E & K, ex A. albus delphinensis from Vallée d'Ossoue, Gavarnie-Gèdre, Hautes-Pyrénées, France. D & F, female collected on flower spike of A. cerasiferus, Lapanouse-de-Cernon, Aveyron, France.
FIGURE 11 in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURE 11. Bruchophagus ribesi Askew sp. n., ♀ collected on a flower spike of A. cerasiferus, Lapanouse-de-Cernon, Aveyron, France.
FIGURES 10A–I. Bruchophagus abscedus. A–H in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURES 10A–I. Bruchophagus abscedus. A–H, ♀. I, ♂. A, head in frontal view. B, same in dorsal view. C, same in posterior view. D, pedicel and flagellum. E, clava mounted on slide. F, mesonotum. G, propodeum. H, fore wing. I, antenna. Abbreviation. pgg, postgenal groove. A, E & F, ex A. cerasiferus from Fraga, Huesca, Spain. G, ex A. ramosus from Banyulssur-Mer, Pyrénées-Orientales, France. B, D, G & I, ex A. cerasiferus from Pégairolles-de-l'Escalette, forêt de Parlatges, Hérault, France. C, ex A. cerasiferus from Aitona, Lleida, Spain.
FIGURE 9 in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURE 9. ML tree figuring the relationships of the Eurytomidae based on the barcoding fragment of the nuclear gene EF1-α. Annotations identical to those of the Fig. 7.
FIGURES 16A–G. Bruchophagus asphodelinae. A–F in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURES 16A–G. Bruchophagus asphodelinae. A–F, ♀. G, ♂. A, head in frontal view. B, same in dorsal view. C, pedicel and flagellum. D, apex of antenna mounted on slide. E, mesosoma in dorsal view. F, fore wing venation. G, antenna. All specimens ex A. lutea, Vizzini, Monte Iblei, Sicilia, Italy.
FIGURE 8 in Exploring insect biodiversity: the parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly Chalcidoidea, associated with seeds of asphodels (Xanthorrhoeaceae), with the description of nine new species belonging to Eurytomidae and Torymidae
FIGURE 8. ML tree figuring the relationships of the Eurytomidae based on the barcoding fragment of the mitochondrial gene CytB. Annotations identical to those of the Fig. 7.
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