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87 results for “inundation”
Tracing and visualisation of contributing water sources in a model of flood inundation: video supplement
<p>These are video supplement files to Wilson & Coulthard (2021), produced using version 1.8f-WS of CAESAR-Lisflood software, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5541122">available on Zenodo here</a>. For a full description of the methodology and case studies, please refer to the paper which is available here: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2021-340">https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2021-340</a>.</p> <p>Video animations (no audio) for the following case studies are included:</p> <p>1. <strong>Carlisle, United Kingdom</strong> (carlisleanimation-sourcetracing.avi and carlisleanimation-depthonly.avi):</p> <ul> <li>Simulation of the January 2005 flood event at the confluence of the Rivers Caldew, Petteril and Eden, using a 5 m grid.</li> <li>Both water source tracing and depth only versions are provided.</li> <li>In the water tracing version, blue colours represent flows from the River Eden, reds are from the River Petteril and greens are from the River Caldew; darker shades represent deeper water. Available on YouTube here: <a href="https://youtu.be/xOtOi06cXvA">https://youtu.be/xOtOi06cXvA</a></li> <li>In the depth only version, darker shades of blue represent deeper water, with no information about the water source in a grid cell. Available on YouTube here: <a href="https://youtu.be/aFz-sPRGHVE">https://youtu.be/aFz-sPRGHVE</a></li> </ul> <p>2. <strong>Avon-Heathcote estuary in Christchurch, New Zealand</strong> (avonheathcoteanimation.avi):</p> <ul> <li>Simulation for July 2017, which included a high flow event on 22 July, using a model grid of 10 m.</li> <li>Blue colours represent flows from tide, reds are from the River Avon and greens are from the Heathcote River; darker shades represent deeper water.</li> <li>Available on YouTube here: <a href="https://youtu.be/Fczr5tczzXU">https://youtu.be/Fczr5tczzXU</a></li> </ul> <p>3. <strong>Amazon </strong>(amazonanimation.avi):</p> <ul> <li>Simulation at the confluence of the Solimões (mainstem Amazon) and Purus rivers in the central Amazon, Brazil, for the period of 1 October 2013 through December 2014, using a ~270 m model grid.</li> <li>Red colours are from the Solimões, green colours are from the Purus; darker shades represent deeper water.</li> <li>Available on YouTube here: <a href="https://youtu.be/PknAL_8fd1I">https://youtu.be/PknAL_8fd1I</a></li> </ul> <p>4. <strong>Planar slope</strong> (planaranimation.avi):</p> <ul> <li>A simple test case consisting of a 2000 x 1000 m planar slope (0.001 m/m), with walls added at 250 m intervals across the slope, each of which has several gaps through which water can flow. Model grid was 5 m.</li> <li>Eight water sources were traced in total, with three visualised in the animation: red = source 2, green = source 4, blue = source 6. Depths are shown in the middle plot.</li> <li>Available on YouTube here: <a href="https://youtu.be/DTw8ysJtx8o">https://youtu.be/DTw8ysJtx8o</a></li> </ul> <p>Please feel free to use these animations, under the terms of the CC-BY-4.0 license. Please provide a link back to this site and a citation to Wilson & Coulthard (2021).</p> <p>Reference:</p> <p>Wilson, M. D. and Coulthard, T. J.: Tracing and visualisation of contributing water sources in the LISFLOOD-FP model of flood inundation, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. [preprint], <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2021-340">https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2021-340</a>, in review, 2021</p>
Nitrogen cycling in accidental urban wetlands in the Salt River (central Arizona, USA): the effects of season, inundation and plants on denitrification (2013-2014)
This project sought to understand the spatial and temporal patterns and drivers of denitrification in nine accidental wetlands in the Salt River in Phoenix, AZ. Accidental urban wetlands are the result from human activities but are not designed nor managed for any specific purpose; thus, they are useful for examining the effects of both human and non-human drivers of ecosystem processes. For this study, we examined how seasonal monsoon and winter floods affected denitrification in different plant patch types at wetlands with different inundation regimes. Inundation regimes of the study wetlands are driven by storm drains that supply urban baseflow to the wetlands; however, the timing and frequency of discharges differ among storm drains resulting in different durations of inundation. Some storm drains provide enough baseflow that wetlands remain inundated year-round (perennially inundated) while others provide very little baseflow, so inundation is largely in response to rain events (ephemerally inundated). Intermittently inundated wetlands receive enough baseflow to remain inundated for part of the year. At each study wetland, we identified 2-4 dominant plant patch types, including one unvegetated patch. We took 2-4 soil samples from each patch type at each site in each season (pre-monsoon, post-monsoon and winter rainy seasons). We measured denitrification potential, soil organic matter, soil moisture, soil nitrate, soil texture, and water depth. In addition to soil characteristics, we also collected data on plant traits for each patch type. Plant functional traits provide one method to examine mechanistic links between plants and ecosystem processes. Measured plant traits were above- and belowground biomass, above- and belowground C:N ratios, and rooting depth.
End of Year Biomass for the 1st UPC Inundation Experiment in Upper Phillips Creek marsh 1999-2014
The objective of this study was to determine the individual and compound effects of inundation and wrack deposition on high marsh community structure. Inundation pattern and wrack presence were manipulated individually and in combination, in two neighboring communities (a Juncus roemerianus-dominated and an adjacent Spartina patens and Distichlis spicata-dominated) in 1994 and 1995. Aboveground biomass was used to assess marsh response to the stressors of increased inundation and wrack presence (Tolley and Christian 1999) and continues to be collected from these experimental plots on an annual basis. Details of initial manipulation may be found in: Tolley, P.M. and R.R. Christian. 1999. Effects of increased inundation and wrack deposition on a high salt marsh plant community. Estuaries 22:944-954.
End of Year Biomass for the 2nd UPC Inundation Experiment in Upper Phillips Creek marsh 1999-2010
The objective of this study is to determine the effect of increasing inundation on healthy (in-tack turf) and unhealthy (hollow and hummock topography) high marsh habitat. Brinson et al. (1995) developed a model representing the change that occurs in ecosystem state (or habitat type) along the shorezone, from the forest -> high marsh -> low marsh -> mud flat, in response to the increased inundation caused by rising sea-level. They suggested that a seaward shift in ecosystem state is largely dependent on local slope and sediment supply. The states are associated with the dominant vegetation found within each. The most seaward (lowest in elevation) state is the mud flat. It is frequently inundated by tide and typically supports algal species. The next landward state is the mineral low marsh; it is dominated by Spartina alterniflora and is typically flooded at high tide. Sediments here may be largely mineral in origin. The next landward state is the high marsh; it may be dominated by S. patens, Distichlis spicata, and Juncus roemerianus. It is occasionally inundated by high tides and the soil is usually organic. The transition zone between the high marsh and the forest is typically dominated by Iva frutescens, Baccharis hamifolia, and Juniperus virginiana. It is only inundated during severe storm surges. The forest may be dominated by either pines or hardwoods and is again flooded with sea water only by storm surges. Goals: The goal of this long-term project is to evaluate how sea-level rise affects marsh evolution and ecosystem state change. Seventeen sites along Virginia's eastern shore have been selected to study marsh evolution on both the mainland and the barrier islands. These sites will be available for long-term seasonal to annual observations. Some sites will also be available for experimentation and short-term studies. The initial project is to establish initial site characteristics.
Cumberland River Dam Break Inundation Areas obtained with DSS-WISE
<p>This dataset corresponds to the inundation areas obtained with DSS-WISE for dam failure simulations in the Cumberland River Basin in the United States (in shapefie format). The dam names, National Inventory of Dams (NID) IDs and characteristics are included in the file TestDams.csv. This file also includes the relation between the shapefile file names and the dams.The folder includes the reports generated by DSS-WISE, which include the simulation parameters, and the Human Consequence (HCOM) reports.</p>
Supplementary Material: Automated Extraction of Inundated Areas from Multi-Temporal Dual-Polarization RADARSAT-2 Images of the 2011 Central Thailand Flood
<p>Supplementary figures for Figure 4. Automated threshold values using the neighborhood valley method of water references in the red elliptical areas from the HH, HV and HH + HV sigma-naught values. The dashed lines represent unimodal distributions, and the solid lines represent bimodal distributions.</p>
Fecal bacteria contamination of floodwaters and a coastal waterway from tidally-driven stormwater network inundation
<p>Inundation of coastal stormwater networks by tides is widespread due to sea-level rise (SLR). The water quality risks posed by tidal water rising up through stormwater infrastructure (pipes and catch basins), out onto roadways, and back out to receiving water bodies are poorly understood but may be substantial given that stormwater networks are a known source of fecal contamination. In this study, we (1) documented temporal variation in concentrations of <em>Enterococcus spp</em>. (ENT), the fecal indicator bacteria standard for marine waters, in a coastal waterway over a two-month period and more intensively during two perigean spring tide periods, (2) measured ENT concentrations in roadway floodwaters during tidal floods, and (3) explained variation in ENT concentrations as a function of tidal inundation, antecedent rainfall, and stormwater infrastructure using a pipe network inundation model and robust linear mixed effect models. We find that ENT concentrations in the receiving water body vary as a function of tidal stage and antecedent rainfall, but also site-specific characteristics of the stormwater network that drains to the waterbody. Tidal variables significantly explain measured ENT variance in the waterway, however, runoff drove higher ENT concentrations in the receiving waterway. Samples of floodwaters on roadways during both perigean spring tide events were limited, but all samples exceed thresholds for safe public use of recreational water. These results indicate that inundation of stormwater networks by tides could pose public health hazards in receiving water bodies and on roadways, which will likely be exacerbated in the future due to continued SLR.</p>
Data from: Evaluating temporal and spatial transferability of a tidal inundation model for foraging waterbirds
<p>For ecosystem models to be applicable outside their context of development, temporal and spatial transferability must be demonstrated. This presents a challenge for modeling intertidal ecosystems where spatiotemporal variation arises at multiple scales. Models specializing in tidal dynamics are generally inhibited from having wider ecological applications by coarse spatiotemporal resolution or high user competency. The Tidal Inundation Model of Shallow-water Availability (TiMSA) uniquely simulates tides to empirically derive a time-integrated measure of availability for a shallow water depth range defined by the user. To evaluate temporal and spatiotemporal transferability, we employed TiMSA at the development site in the Florida Keys and at novel sub-sites in the Florida Bay (application site) under a different time period (application period). We used foraging Little Blue Herons (<em>Egretta caerulea</em>) as the ecological unit with which to constrain the model's 'water depth window', i.e., range of water depths to estimate shallow-water availability. At the development site, temporally consistent water depth windows contrasted with interannual variation in shallow-water availability which revealed short-term changes in Little Blue Heron foraging habitat. At the application site, water depth accuracy varied by sub-site and was correlated with spatial error in bathymetric elevation. Although TiMSA parameters were sensitive to environmental temporal variation and uncertainty in spatial data, a spatially-explicit water depth window generated reliable estimates of shallow-water conditions over space and time at the development and application sites. By exploring the contributing factors to model error, we provide solutions to reduce uncertainty of TiMSA parameters at potential application sites and recommendations for addressing bathymetric inaccuracy in digital elevation models. Accurately quantifying spatiotemporal changes of shallow-water has implications for monitoring habitat conditions for tidally-influenced species and projecting future changes to coastal ecosystems in response to anthropogenic stressors and natural disturbances such as sea level rise.</p>
Data from: Increasing tidal inundation corresponds to rising porewater nutrient concentrations in a southeastern U.S. salt marsh
<p>Salt marshes are ecologically and economically important features of coastal environments that are vulnerable to sea level rise, the rate of which has accelerated in recent decades along the southeastern US Atlantic coast. Increased flooding frequency and duration across the marsh platform is predicted to impact vegetation community structure and overall marsh persistence, but the effect of changing inundation patterns on biogeochemical processes in marsh sediments remains largely unexplored. As part of a long-term monitoring effort to assess how marshes are responding to sea level rise in North Inlet estuary (South Carolina, USA), we collected data on porewater nutrient concentrations from a series of permanent monitoring plots across multiple transects spanning the marsh elevation gradient during the growing season from 2009 to 2019. Additionally, we calculated time inundated for each plot using local water level data and high-resolution elevation measurements to assess the change in time flooded at each plot. Our results indicate that both NH<sub>4</sub> and PO<sub>4</sub> nutrient concentrations have increased in most permanent plots over the 11-year study period and that nutrient concentrations are higher with increasing proximity to the creek. Spatial patterns in nutrient increases through time are coincident with considerable increases in tidal inundation observed over the marsh platform. Across plots located in the low marsh, porewater NH<sub>4</sub> and PO<sub>4</sub> concentrations have risen at average rates of 8.96 µM/year and 0.86 µM/year, respectively, and have reached rates as high as 27.25 µM/year and 3.13 µM/year. We suggest that increased inundation time due to rising sea level has altered biogeochemical conditions influencing nutrient availability in marsh porewater, resulting in increases that likely have relevance for larger scale nutrient cycles as well as marsh ecosystem stability and function.</p>
Global amplification factors for tsunami inundation
<p><strong>Global tsunami amplification factors used for estimation of tsunami run-up, based on wave input from offshore mariograms.</strong></p> <p>The off-shore maximum surface elevation is multiplied by the factor to achieve the MIH estimation. Two sets of factors are included, one for the Mediterranean Sea (Glimsdal et al., 2019) and one set of global factors (Løvholt et al., 2012). The factors depends on the wave period, polarity and coastal location.</p> <p>The primary objective of this service will be to give scientists a tool for regional tsunami hazard evaluations, based on time series extracted by tsunami propagation models, without running computational costly run-up models along the coastlines. Example on global evaluation of MIH is found in Figure 2.</p> <p>The model will provide the following features:</p> <ul> <li>Interface for extraction of the wave characteristics from off-shore mariograms (time history of the surface elevation at a gauge)</li> <li>Extract the amplification factors based on the wave characteristics</li> <li>Calculation of the maximum inundation height</li> </ul> <p>Examples on Python-codes that can be used to calculate factors for different types of input will be added soon.</p> <p>The method is described in the following open access publications:</p> <p><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00024-019-02091-w">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00024-019-02091-w</a></p> <p>This service is part of the <strong><a href="https://tsunamidata.org/">candidate Thematic Core Service for tsunami</a></strong> and will be integrated into the <a href="https://www.ics-c.epos-eu.org/"><strong>Integrated Core Service Data </strong></a>Portal of the <a href="https://www.epos-eu.org/"><strong>European Plate Observing System (EPOS)</strong>.</a></p>
Figure 2. A in Marine hermit crabs as indicators of freshwater inundation on tropical shores
Figure 2. A. Survival of Clibanarius taeniatus (shaded bars) and Clibanarius virescens (black bars) in 8‰ seawater at 15°C. B. Survival of Clibanarius taeniatus (shaded bars) and Clibanarius virescens (black bars) in 8‰ sea water at 25°C. C. Survival of Clibanarius taeniatus (shaded bars) and Clibanarius virescens (black bars) in 8‰ sea water at 35°C. D. Survival of Clibanarius taeniatus (shaded bars) and Clibanarius virescens (black bars) in 36‰ sea water (control) at 35°C.
Figure 1 in Marine hermit crabs as indicators of freshwater inundation on tropical shores
Figure 1. The rocky shore area of Queensland, Australia, covered by the coastal survey. Inset shows the geographical location of this coastal region.
Fig. 2 in Coniferous Forest Annual Growth Under Impact Of Beaver-Made Inundations In Dobele Forestry, Latvia
Fig. 2. Radial increment average values of sample Fig. 3. Average trend line of radial increment pine stands. average values of sample pine stands.
Fig. 4 in Coniferous Forest Annual Growth Under Impact Of Beaver-Made Inundations In Dobele Forestry, Latvia
Fig. 4. Radial increment average values of Fig. 5. Average trend line of radial increment sample spruce stands. average values of sample spruce stands.
Strategic Siting, Design and Operation of Dams minimizes Impacts on Seasonal Floodplain Inundation
<p>Repository of data files for the paper "Strategic Siting, Design and Operation of Dams minimizes Impacts on Seasonal Floodplain Inundation" submitted to Environmental Research Letters. </p>
Data from: Evaluating temporal and spatial transferability of a tidal inundation model for foraging waterbirds
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Fecal bacteria contamination of floodwaters and a coastal waterway from tidally-driven stormwater network inundation
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Sitka Debris Flow Inundation Model
This raster file contains the results of a debris flow inundation model that simulated 100,000+ debris flows from potential initiation sites across an area near Sitka, AK. Initiation locations were selected based on a landslide initiation susceptibility raster, and calibrated to debris flows which were triggered during a 2015 storm. Results were smoothed using a 50 meter gaussian filter.
A flood inundation hindcast for Europe based on 26-year simulated river discharge
<p>This data set contains hydrodynamic simulations at 1 km for Europe between 1990-2016 at a daily time step for 298 basins.</p>
Simulación hidráulica de las zonas inundables en Zamora con la avenida de caudal de 500 años de periodo de retorno
<p>Garrote Revilla, J., Díez Herrero, A. y Díez Marcelo, P. (2020). <em>Simulación hidráulica de las zonas inundables en Zamora con la avenida de caudal de 500 años de periodo de retorno. </em> Videograbación muda en formato mp4. Duración 00:21 minutos. Estrategia de Comunicación del Riesgo de Inundaciones en Zamora (ESCORIZA), Proyecto DRAINAGE.</p>
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