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Figure 8 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 8. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Teeth of the holotype (MAUL 229/1). A, reconstruction of the original orientation of two isolated maxillary teeth; B, three mandibular teeth in place showing the gingival collar and the occlusal wear of the roots; C, D, two isolated maxillary teeth (arrows show the wear due to the opposite teeth).
Figure 9 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 9. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Mandible (A–E) and isolated upper teeth (F, G) of the holotype (MAUL 229/1). A, anterior view; B, ventral view of the anterior portion of the symphysis; C, dorsal view; D, lateral view; E, medial view of left posterior portion of right dentary; F, lateral or medial views; G, posterior views.
Figure 10 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 10. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Postcranial skeleton of the holotype (MAUL 229/1). A, atlas; B, D, thoracic vertebrae; E, lumbar vertebra; in (1) anterior, (2) dorsal and (3) lateral views; F–Q, right ribs in lateral view; R, left scapula in medial view.
Figure 6 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 6. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Left incomplete ear bones of the holotype (MAUL 229/1). A–F, periotic in (A) dorsal, (B) dorsomedial, (C, D) ventral, (E) medial and (F) anterior views. G, articulated periotic and tympanic bulla in lateral view; H–L, tympanic bulla in (H) dorsal, (J) ventral, (K) medial and (L) anterior views. D shows detail of the anterior process with the accessory ossicle not removed.
Figure 13 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 13. Posterior portion of dentary of (A) Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, MAUL 229/1), (B) Naganocetus shigensis (from Hirota & Barnes, 1995: Fig. 9), (C) 'Aulophyseter' rionegrensis (from Gondar, 1975: pl. 1, Fig. c), (D) Physeter macrocephalus (MSNTUP M267), (E) Kogia sima (from Caldwell & Caldwell, 1989: Fig. 6D), (F) Kogia breviceps (MBMS 4000), (G) Mesoplodon bowdoini (MSNTUP M269), (H) Delphinus delphis (MSNTUP M287) and (I) Zygorhiza kochii (cast of USNM 11962). A, medial view; B–I, lateral views. The arrows indicate the location of the condyle.
Figure 7 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 7. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Incomplete left periotic of the holotype (MAUL 229/1) in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral and (C) medial views.
Figure 5 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 5. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Details (A–D) and lateral view (E) of the cranium of the holotype (MAUL 229/1). A, narial area in dorsal view; B, foramina and antorbital lamina of maxilla in dorsal view; C, left orbital area in ventral view; D, posteroventral surface. The vertical scale bar refers to A–D.
Figure 4 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 4. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Skull of holotype (MAUL 229/1) in (A) dorsal and (B) lateral views. The non-preserved portion is reconstructed in dorsal view and is shaded in lateral view.
Figure 3 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 3. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Skull of holotype (MAUL 229/1) in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral and (C) lateral views.
Figure 2 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 2. Sketch showing in plain view the relative positions of the skeletal elements of MAUL 229/1, holotype of Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. as they were preserved. CV, caudal vertebrae; LV, lumbar vertebrae; MD, mandible; RB, ribs; SC(l), left scapula; SC(r), right scapula; SK, skull; TV, thoracic vertebrae.
Figure 1 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy
Figure 1. Map of south-eastern Italy showing the location of the Cisterna Quarry, the type locality of Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov.
Temporal dynamics of mother-offspring relationships in Bigg's killer whales: opportunities for kin-directed help by post-reproductive females
<p>Age-related changes in the patterns of local relatedness (kinship dynamics) can be a significant selective force for shaping the evolution of life history and social behaviour. In humans and some species of toothed whales, average female relatedness increases with age which can select for a prolonged post-reproductive lifespan in older females due to both the costs of reproductive conflict and the benefits of late-life helping of kin. Killer whales (<em>Orcinus</em> <em>orca</em>) provide a valuable system for exploring social dynamics related to such costs and benefits in a mammal with an extended post-reproductive female lifespan. We use >40 years of demographic data to investigate the opportunities for helping and harming in the mammal-eating Bigg's killer whale by quantifying how mother-offspring social relationships change with offspring age. Our results suggest a high degree of male philopatry and female-biased budding dispersal in Bigg's killer whales, with some variability in the dispersal rate for both sexes. These patterns of dispersal provide opportunities for late-life helping of particularly adult sons, while partly mitigating the costs of mother-daughter reproductive conflict. This is an important step towards understanding the evolution of menopause in the few species it occurs.</p>
Data from: Revised age estimates for Northern Resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) based on observed life-history events and demographic discounting
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Temporal dynamics of mother-offspring relationships in Bigg’s killer whales: opportunities for kin-directed help by post-reproductive females
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Data from: Genetic evidence of killer whale predation on white sharks in Australia
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Mitogenome alignment of 159 unique haplotypes representing 455 individual killer whales
<p><span>Genome sequences can reveal the extent of inbreeding in small populations. Here we present the first genomic characterization of type D killer whales, a distinctive eco/morphotype with a circumpolar, subantarctic distribution. Effective population size is the lowest estimated from any killer whale genome and indicates a severe population bottleneck. Consequently, type D genomes show among the highest level of inbreeding reported for any mammalian species (F<sub>ROH</sub> </span><span></span><span> 0.65). Detected recombination events of different haplotypes are up to an order of magnitude rarer than in other killer whale genomes studied to date. Comparison of genomic data from a museum specimen of a type D killer whale that stranded in New Zealand in 1955, with three modern genomes from the Cape Horn area, reveals high covariance and identity-by-state of alleles, suggesting these genomic characteristics and demographic history are shared among different social groups within this morphotype. Limitations to the insights gained in this study stem from the </span><span>non-independence of the three closely related modern genomes, the short coalescence time of most variation within the genomes, and the nonequilibrium population history which violates the assumptions of many model-based methods. Long-range linkage disequilibrium and extensive runs of homozygosity found in type D genomes provide the potential basis for coupling of genetic barriers to gene flow with other killer whale populations, and the distinctive morphology. </span></p>
Data from: Dietary plasticity and broad North Atlantic origins inferred from bulk and amino acid-specific δ15N and δ13C favor killer whale range expansions into Arctic waters
<p>Killer whales (<em>Orcinus orca</em>) occur seasonally in the eastern Canadian Arctic (ECA), where their range expansion associated with declining sea ice have raised questions about the impacts of increasing killer whale predation pressure on Arctic-endemic prey. We assessed diet and distribution of ECA killer whales using bulk and compound specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of amino acids (AA) of 54 skin biopsies collected from 2009-2020 around Baffin Island, Canada. Bulk ECA killer whale skin δ15N and δ13C values did not overlap with potential Arctic prey after adjustment for trophic discrimination, and instead reflected foraging history in the North Atlantic prior to their arrival in the ECA. Adjusted killer whale stable isotope (SI) values primarily overlapped with several species of North Atlantic baleen whales or tuna. Amino acid (AA)-specific δ15N values indicated the ECA killer whales fed primarily on marine mammals, having similar glutamic acid δ15N – phenylalanine δ15N (δ15NGlx-Phe) and threonine δ15N (δ15NThr) as mammal-eating killer whales from the eastern North Pacific (ENP) that served as a comparative framework. However, one ECA whale grouped with the fish-eating ENP ecotype based δ15NThr. Distinctive essential AA δ13C of ECA killer whale groups, along with bulk SI similarity to killer whales from different regions of the North Atlantic, indicate different populations converge in Arctic waters from a broad source area. Generalist diet and long-distance dispersal capacity favor range expansions, and integration of these insights will be critical for assessing ecological impacts of increasing killer whale predation pressure on Arctic-endemic species.</p>
Males miss and females forgo: auditory masking from vessel noise impairs foraging efficiency and success in killer whales - CALIBRATED MOVEMENT DATA AND VARIABLES SUPPORTING ANALYSES
<p><strong>Description of the data and file structure<br></strong>This record contains data from animal-borne biologging instruments (Dtags) temporarily affixed to fish-eating killer whales, supporting the analyses presented in the following article:</p> <p> Tennessen. J.B., Holt, M.M., Wright, B.M., Hanson, M.B., Emmons, C.K., Giles, D.A., Hogan, J.T., Thornton, S.J., Deecke, V.B. 2024. Males miss and females forgo: auditory masking from vessel noise impairs foraging efficiency and success in killer whales. <em>Global Change Biology</em>.<strong> </strong>In press.</p> <p>The data include the following: (1) calibrated movement data from analyzed Dtag deployments, and (2) a spreadsheet containing the variables included in the fully-saturated and final models listed in Table 2 in the article cited above. All methodological details necessary to contextualize analysis procedures are provided in the methods section of the article. The following data files are available under separate DOIs: 10.5281/zenodo.13333019 - all 2009 & 2010 audio data; 10.5281/zenodo.13328931 - all 2011 & 2014 audio data.</p> <p>These data are provided by NOAA Fisheries' Northwest Fisheries Science Center, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada, to support reproducibility of all statistical analyses presented in the article. Please cite your usage of our data. For inquiries about data use, or for general questions, please contact Dr. Jennifer B. Tennessen, at jtenness@uw.edu.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Description of the movement data files<br></strong>The movement files have been calibrated from the raw data and are ready to use. The files contain the .mat extension, and need to be opened using Matlab and the tagtools tool kit available at https://github.com/animaltags . Tutorials for working with the toolkit are available at animaltags.org . These files contain several vector and matrix variables. We define those used in our analyses below. For questions about how to work with these files, please contact Dr. Jennifer B. Tennessen, at jtenness@uw.edu.</p> <p>Aw: calibrated triaxial accelerometer data (converted from tag frame to whale frame)</p> <p>fs: sample rate (50 Hz)</p> <p>head: animal's circular heading (rotation about the dorsal-ventral axis, in radians)</p> <p>Mw: calibrated triaxial magnetometer data (converted from tag frame to whale frame)</p> <p>p: depth (in meters)</p> <p>pitch: animal's pitch (rotation about the left-right axis, in radians)</p> <p>roll: animal's roll (rotation about the anterior-posterior axis, in radians)</p> <p>tempr: temperature recorded on tag (in Celsius)</p> <p>TT: time cues for the start and end of every analyzed dive within a deployment. This matrix contains 6 columns:<br>-col 1: start cue (in sec)<br>-col 2: end cue (in sec)<br>-col 3: maximum depth of dive (m)<br>-col 4: time cue at max depth (in sec)<br>-col 5: mean depth (m)<br>-col 6: mean compression</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Description of the analyzed variables<br></strong>The data are provided column-wise in a spreadsheet, whereby each column contains one of several variables used to build the corresponding models listed in Table 2 in the above article. Model details are provided in the above article, including the statistical packages needed to run the models. </p> <p><em>The following is a list of variable names (column headers) and their corresponding definitions:<br></em><strong>bzsounds:</strong> binary presence (1)/absence (0) of buzz bouts within a dive. Buzzing is defined as the occurrence of echolocation clicks with an inter-click interval < 11 ms<br><strong>code:</strong> categorical identifier of the numerical week of year in which the tag was deployed (e.g., week 33 of 2009 is different than week 33 of 2011)<br><strong>deployment:</strong> the event whereby a tag was affixed to an individual killer whale and data were collected via tag sensors; each deployment was assigned a unique deployment ID, consisting of the first letter of the Genus and species names (“oo” for Orcinus orca), followed by two digits corresponding to the year (“09” = 2009), followed by the Julian day of the year (e.g. “234”), followed by a letter indicating the deployment order of the day. NRKW deployments were assigned a through l, and SRKW deployments were assigned m through z (e.g. “a” = first deployment of the day for NRKW, “m” = first deployment of the day for SRKW)<br><strong>durwho: </strong>duration of a whole dive, in seconds. Dives were defined as all departures from the surface, to at least 1 m or deeper, followed by a return to within 0.5 m of the surface<br><strong>divenum: c</strong>hronological identifier for dive position within a deployment (e.g., for the 10<sup>th</sup> dive within a deployment, divenum = 10)<br><strong>kindet: </strong>binary presence (1)/absence (0) of a prey capture event within a dive. Prey capture was informed by the occurrence of stereotyped movement signatures in sensor data indicative of prey capture, following an established method validated with visual and acoustic confirmation of predation events. Prey capture is defined as the occurrence of three movement variables indicative of prey capture (peak jerk, roll and heading variance) each exceeding pre-determined thresholds (see Tennessen et al. 2019b in above article for details)<br><strong>maxdep:</strong> maximum depth of a dive, in meters<br><strong>NLmax: </strong>the maximum noise level received during a dive, measured as the root-mean-square sound pressure level (dB re 1 mPa) within one second bins over the 15-45 kHz frequency band<br><strong>population:</strong> population to which the tagged whale belongs (NRKW = Northern Resident killer whale; SRKW = Southern Resident killer whale)<br><strong>sex:</strong> sex of tagged whale (F = female, M = male, NA = unknown)<br><strong>sc:</strong> binary presence (1)/absence (0) of slow-click sounds within a dive. Slow-clicking is defined as the occurrence of echolocation clicks with an inter-click interval >100 ms<br><strong>tagID:</strong> identifier for the individual tag used for each deployment<br><strong>year:</strong> year of deployment</p>
Table 1 in Revised taxonomy of eastern North Pacific killer whales (Orcinus orca): Bigg's and resident ecotypes deserve species status
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Measures of differentiation, divergence and diagnosability based on nuclear microsatellite and SNP data. All frequency-based metrics (FST, F’ST, G’ST) were significantly different from zero at p <0.05.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>divergence metric</th><th></th><th>reference</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>dA (CR)</th><td>0.007 46a</td><td>[114]</td></tr><tr><th>dA (mitogenome)</th><td>0.003 91b</td><td>[114]</td></tr><tr><th>FST (microsatellite)</th><td>0.21–0.23</td><td>[56,85]</td></tr><tr><th>F’ST (microsatellite)</th><td>0.47</td><td>[56]</td></tr><tr><th>G’ST (microsatellite)</th><td>0.28</td><td>[56]</td></tr><tr><th>FST (SNP)</th><td>0.28</td><td>[15]</td></tr><tr><th>F(RADseq, neutral)c ST</th><td>0.27</td><td>[58]</td></tr><tr><th>F(RADseq, selected)c ST</th><td>0.67</td><td>[58]</td></tr><tr><th>FST (genomes)</th><td>0.32</td><td>[9] (electronic supplementary material, table S2)</td></tr><tr><th>diagnosability (CR)</th><td>100%</td><td>[114]</td></tr><tr><th>diagnosability (mitogenome)</th><td>100%</td><td>[114]</td></tr><tr><th>fixed differences (mitogenome)</th><td>57</td><td>[7]</td></tr><tr><th>fixed differences (3281 nuclear SNPs)</th><td>2–7</td><td>[58]</td></tr><tr><th>fixed differences (6 435 100 nuclear SNPs)</th><td>6361d</td><td>[113]</td></tr></tbody></table><p>a 95% confidence interval:0.00727–0.00772. b 95% confidence interval: 0.00388–0.00393. c Alaska transients (Bigg’s) versus Alaska residents. d Based on analysis of raw SNP data from Kardos et al. [113].</p>
Divergent foraging strategies between populations of sympatric matrilineal killer whales
<p>In gregarious species, collective behavior maximizes individual fitness benefits while minimizing costs. Despite the relevance of behavior to conservation, the link between the robustness of behavioral patterns across populations and population health is poorly understood. We studied the collective foraging behavior of two closed, sympatric populations of piscivorous killer whales, leveraging two contemporaneously-collected data sets from suction cup-attached bio-logging tags, to quantify patterns of fine-scale foraging movements and their relationships with demography. We reveal striking plasticity in collective foraging behavior between populations. Prey capture rate and foraging efficiency were greater for males in the endangered Southern Resident (SRKW) population, yet greater for females in the Northern Resident (NRKW) population. The presence of a calf (≤ 3 y) reduced the number of prey captured by adult females in both populations, with the greatest effect in SRKW, in which no mothers with calves captured prey while bearing tags. SRKW adult males with a living mother tended to capture more prey than those whose mother had died, whereas the opposite was true for NRKW adult males. Moreover, males generally tended to forage in areas with deeper bathymetry than females, and SRKW captured prey deeper than NRKW. These population-level differences in sex-specific foraging behavior challenge the existing paradigm that mothers are disproportionate foragers in gregarious killer whales, underscoring that an endangered population is employing a potentially unstable collective foraging strategy mismatched to recovery. Thus, our study provides a mechanistic link between fine-scale, collective foraging behavior and population health in an apex marine predator.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.